Hâfiz Osman

{{about|the 17th-century calligrapher|the Singaporean footballer|Hafiz Osman}}

{{Infobox artist

| name = Hâfiz Osman

| image = Description of the Prophet (Hilya al-nabi), by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 559.4).jpg

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption = A hilye by Hâfiz Osman.

| birth_name =

| birth_date = 1642

| birth_place = Istanbul, Ottoman Empire

| death_date = {{death year and age|1698|1642}}

| death_place = Istanbul, Ottoman Empire

| known_for = Islamic calligraphy

| movement = Thuluth and Naskh

| notable_works =

| patrons =

}}

Hâfiz Osman ({{langx|ota|حافظ عثمان}} Modern Turkish: Hâfız Osman) (1642–1698) was an Ottoman calligrapher noted for improving the script and for developing a layout template for the hilye which became the classical approach to page design.

History

Born Osman Den Ali, in Istanbul, he was of Dervish origin and worked under the name of Hâfiz Osman.{{cite web |url=http://calligrapher.blogsome.com/2006/04/20/osman-effendi-hafiz-osman-1642-1698/ |title=Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy :: OSMAN EFFENDI: "Hafiz Osman" (1642 - 1698) :: April :: 2006 |accessdate=2009-06-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520044707/http://calligrapher.blogsome.com/2006/04/20/osman-effendi-hafiz-osman-1642-1698/ |archivedate=2009-05-20 }} His father was a muezzin at the Khassèki mosque, a position which afforded he and his family great protection.Huart, C., Les Calligraphes et les Miniaturistes de l'Orient Musulman 1972, p. 148 [https://archive.org/details/lescalligraphes00huargoog Digital copy (in French)]

He became an accomplished calligrapher and was a tutor to the sultans Ahmed II, Mustafa II and Ahmed III,{{cite web|url=https://calligrapher.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/hafiz-osman-b-istanbul-1642-d-istanbul-1698/|title=Hafiz Osman (b Istanbul, 1642; d Istanbul, 1698)|first=Yusuf |last=ibn Aiyyoub |date=7 May 2007|publisher=}} and was held in high esteem by the sultan Mustafa II, who, according to legend often watched him work and held his inkwell as he wrote.Huart, C., Les Calligraphes et les Miniaturistes de l'Orient Musulman 1972, p. 148 [https://archive.org/details/lescalligraphes00huargoog Digital copy]

He received his formal training with Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi and Derviş Ali.Suarez, M.F. and Woudhuysen, H.R. (eds), The Oxford companion to the Book, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, p. 776; M. Uğur Derman, Masterpieces of Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Museum, İstanbul, Sabancı Üniversitesi. pp. 82–83, {{ISBN|978-975-8362-45-5}} He studied naskh and sulus with Derviş Ali, and was certified by Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi.Kemal Çiçek, Ercüment Kuran, Nejat Göyünç, İlber Ortaylı, The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation, Volume 3, Yeni Türkiye, 2000, n.p. Osman also admired the work of the 15th-century calligrapher, Seyh Hamdullah, and spent many hours copying his works assiduously in order to perfect his craft.Osborn, J.R., Letters of Light: Arabic Script in Calligraphy, Print, and Digital Design, Harvard University Press, 2017, [E-book edition], n.p.

Osman revived some of the six scripts that had fallen into disuse. These scripts underwent a process of purification and became known as "Hâfiz Osman's style". The younger generation of calligraphers preferred this style, and it gradually replaced Hamdullah's style.M. Ugur Derman, "The Art of Calligraphy in the Ottoman Regime, in: Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (ed.), History of Ottoman State and Civilisation, II, Istanbul 2003, pp 645-652

Osman was not only a fine calligrapher, but was also a master of layout. He raised text design to new heights, often incorporating different styles of calligraphy on the same page. His masterpiece is the Ottoman hilye; a design template that includes eight distinct elements arranged aesthetically to provide for contemplative reflection and devotion. The elements are: Ba makan (prelude); Gobek (belly); Hilal (crescent); Ko'eler (corners); Ayak (verse); Etek (foot); Koltukar (alleys) and Pervaz (frame). His hilye became the standard layout in the Ottoman world.Osborn, J.R., Letters of Light: Arabic Script in Calligraphy, Print, and Digital Design, Harvard University Press, 2017, [E-book edition], n.p.

A hilye is a calligraphic panel containing a hadith-based text describing the Prophet Muhammad's physical appearance and attributes. Hâfiz Osman incorporated such texts, which had been popular for some time, in a formal design that soon became standard for this art form. Hilye came to be used as wall decorations or surface adornments, fulfilling much the same function as figurative paintings in other religious traditions. While containing a concrete and artistically appealing description of Prophet's appearance, they complied with the strictures against figurative depictions of the Prophet, leaving his appearance to the viewer's imagination.{{cite book|author=F. E. Peters|title=Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA160|accessdate=5 November 2011|date=10 November 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974746-7|pages=160–161}}

Hâfiz Osman also reinvigorated Hamdullah's tradition, in particular the re-introduction of a number of scripts that had fallen into disuse. Among his surviving works are copies of the Koran held at the Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul and the Nasser D. Khalili Collection.{{cite web|url=http://calligraphyqalam.com/people/hafiz-osman.html|title=CalligraphyQalam.com - Arabic, Ottoman & Persian Calligraphy - Hafiz Osman|website=calligraphyqalam.com|access-date=2009-06-25|archive-date=2011-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112053/http://calligraphyqalam.com/people/hafiz-osman.html|url-status=dead}} The volumes of the Koran produced by Osman were among the most highly sought-after in his time.Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. p.48

He gave lessons to the poor on Sundays and lessons to the wealthy on Wednesdays.Huart, C., Les Calligraphes et les Miniaturistes de l'Orient Musulman 1972, p. 148 [https://archive.org/details/lescalligraphes00huargoog Digital copy] Throughout his lifetime, he trained a large number of calligraphers, of whom the finest was Yedikuleli Seyyid 'Abdullah Efendi.Uğur Derman, M., Letters in Gold: Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 , p. 86