Turkish art

File:Al-Hajj_Hafiz_Muhammad_Nuri,_Turkey,_1801_-_The_Dala'il_al-Khayrat_of_al-Juzuli_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg is an art form of the Ottoman Empire]]

Turkish art (Turkish: Türk sanatı) refers to all works of visual art originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey since the arrival of the Turks in the Middle Ages.{{cite web |url= https://www.magnificenttravel.com/en/blog/turkey/turkish-art-and-architecture-a-journey-through-time/ |title =Turkish Art and Architecture A Journey Through Time |publisher = Magnificent Travel |access-date = 14 May 2025}} Turkey also was the home of much significant art produced by earlier cultures, including the Hittites, Ancient Greeks, and Byzantines. Ottoman art is therefore the dominant element of Turkish art before the 20th century, although the Seljuks and other earlier Turks also contributed. The 16th and 17th centuries are generally recognized as the finest period for art in the Ottoman Empire, much of it associated with the huge Imperial court. In particular the long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566 brought a combination, rare in any ruling dynasty, of political and military success with strong encouragement of the arts.Levey, 12; Rogers and Ward, throughout, especially 26–41

The nakkashane, as the palace workshops are now generally known, were evidently very important and productive, but though there is a fair amount of surviving documentation, much remains unclear about how they operated. They operated over many different media, but apparently not including pottery or textiles, with the craftsmen or artists apparently a mixture of slaves, especially Persians, captured in war (at least in the early periods), trained Turks, and foreign specialists. They were not necessarily physically located in the palace, and may have been able to undertake work for other clients as well as the sultan. Many specialities were passed from father to son.Rogers and Ward, 120–124; 186–188

Seljuk period

File:Mihrab. From Beyhekim Mosque in Konya, Turkey. 13th century CE. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin.jpg from the Beyhekim Mosque in Konya, 13th century CE, Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin]]

The Seljuks of Rum, who rose to power in Anatolia during the late 11th century, ruled a multi-ethnic territory that was only recently settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from many cultures in the region.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=234}} Most Anatolian Seljuk buildings are constructed of dressed stone, with brick reserved for minarets. The use of stone in Anatolia is the biggest difference with the Seljuk buildings in Iran, which are made of bricks. This also resulted in more of their monuments being preserved up to modern times.{{sfn|Hattstein|Delius|2011|p=371}} In their construction of caravanserais, madrasas and mosques, the Anatolian Seljuks translated earlier Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|2004|p=130}}File:Divrigi mosque North gate021.jpg, built by the House of Mengüjek in the early 13th century, under Anatolian Seljuk rule{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |title=The Miracle of Divriği: An Essay on the Art of Islamic Ornamentation in Seljuk Times |publisher=YKY |year=2001 |isbn=975080290X |location=Istanbul |pages=27-32 |language=en}}]]

Decoration in Anatolian Seljuk architecture was concentrated on certain elements like entrance portals, windows, and the mihrabs of mosques. Stone-carving was one of the most accomplished mediums of decoration, with motifs ranging from earlier Iranian stucco motifs to local Byzantine and Armenian motifs. Muqarnas was also used. The madrasas of Sivas and the Ince Minareli Medrese in Konya are among the most notable examples, while the Great Mosque and Hospital complex of Divriği is distinguished by the most extravagant and eclectic high-relief stone decoration around its entrance portals and its mihrab. Syrian-style ablaq striped marble also appears on the entrance portal of the Karatay Medrese and the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya. Although tilework was commonly used in Iran, Anatolian architecture innovated in the use of tile revetments to cover entire surfaces independently of other forms of decoration, as seen in the Karatay Medrese.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=241}}{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/groveencyclopedi0001unse/page/116/mode/2up |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |volume=1 |location= |pages=117–120 |language=en |chapter=Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; C. Anatolia |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}

Ottoman period

File:Kalligráfia Hagia Sophia.jpg script calligraphy of Ali decorating the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque]]

File:Map_of_Istanbul,_Hunername-I.png in Hunername-I, an example of Ottoman miniature]]

File:Turkey;_Iznik_-_Two_Tiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg (Chicago, USA)]]

File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortaköy_Mosque.jpg is a neo-baroque example of the Westernization of late Ottoman architecture]]

Ottoman architecture developed traditional Islamic styles, with some technical influences from Europe, into a highly sophisticated style, with interiors richly decorated in coloured tiles, seen in palaces, mosques and turbe mausolea.Levey, throughout

Other forms of art represented developments of earlier Islamic art, especially those of Persia, but with a distinct Turkish character. As in Persia, Chinese porcelain was avidly collected by the Ottoman court, and represented another important influence, mainly on decoration.Levey, 54, 60; Rogers and Ward, 29, 186; Rawson, 183–191, and see index Ottoman miniature and Ottoman illumination cover the figurative and non-figurative elements of the decoration of manuscripts, which tend to be treated as distinct genres, though often united in the same manuscript and page.Levey, see index; Rogers and Ward, 59–119

The reign of the Ottomans in the 16th and early 17th centuries introduced the Turkish form of Islamic calligraphy. This art form reached the height of its popularity during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66).Rogers and Ward, 55–74 As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word. The hilya is an illuminated sheet with Islamic calligraphy of a description of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The tughra is an elaborately stylized formal signature of the sultan, which like the hilya performed some of the functions of portraits in Christian Europe. Book covers were also elaborately decorated.Levey, see index; Rogers and Ward, 26–41, 62–64 on tughra

Other important media were in the applied or decorative arts rather than figurative work. Pottery, especially İznik pottery, jewellery, hardstone carvings, Turkish carpets, woven and embroidered silk textiles were all produced to extremely high standards, and carpets in particular were exported widely. Other Turkish art ranges from metalwork, carved woodwork and furniture with elaborate inlays to traditional Ebru or paper marbling.Rogers and Ward, 120–215, cover a wide range; Levey, 51–55, and see index

=18th to 20th centuries=

In the 18th and 19th centuries Turkish art and architecture became more heavily influenced by contemporary European styles, leading to over-elaborated and fussy detail in decoration.Levey, chapters 5 and 6 European-style painting was slow to be adopted, with Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910) for long a somewhat solitary figure. He was a member of the Ottoman administrative elite who trained in Paris, and painted throughout his long career as a senior administrator and curator in Turkey. Many of his works represent the subjects of Orientalism from the inside, as it were.

20th century and onward

A transition from Islamic artistic traditions under the Ottoman Empire to a more secular, Western orientation has taken place in Turkey. Modern Turkish painters are striving to find their own art forms, free from Western influence. Sculpture is less developed, and public monuments are usually heroic representations of Atatürk and events from the war of independence. Literature is considered the most advanced of contemporary Turkish arts.

Repatriation of looted art

In 2024, a bronze statue of the head of a youth was returned to Turkey by the J. Paul Getty Museum{{Cite web |title=Getty Museum Agrees to Return Ancient Bronze Head to Turkey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/24/arts/getty-museum-agrees-to-return-ancient-bronze-head-to-turkey.html |website=nytimes.com |quote=The J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles on Wednesday said it was returning an ancient bronze head to Turkey that it had purchased in 1971 from an antiquities dealer who sold other items to museums that were later found to have been looted. The museum said the decision was made “in light of new information” provided by the Manhattan district attorney’s office, which asserts that the object was stolen in the 1960s from a heavily plundered Roman-era settlement in Turkey known as Bubon.}} and a bronze statue of the head of Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was to be returned to Turkey by Denmark's NY Carlsberg Glypotek Museum. Originating in the ancient city of Boubon in Burdur, they were looted in illegal excavations in the 1960s.{{Cite web |last=Wells |first=Elizabeth |date=2023-07-05 |title=Turkey seeks return of ‘stolen’ severed statue head |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/05/style/turkey-denmark-stolen-roman-statue-head/index.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Agence France-Presse- |date=2024-11-26 |title=Denmark to return head of Roman emperor's statue to Türkiye |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/denmark-to-return-head-of-roman-emperors-statue-to-turkiye |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}} Turkey requested that the Cleveland Museum of Art return 21 objects{{Cite web |title=Turkey Requests at Cleveland Museum of Art {{!}} PDF {{!}} Anatolia {{!}} Turkey |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/87691629/Turkey-Requests-at-Cleveland-Museum-of-Art?irclickid=3V02WvT8IxyPRc9zw9U0FTDhUkHwVhWn0RjVxk0&irgwc=1&irpid=10078 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Scribd |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Felch |first=Jason |last2=Times |first2=Los Angeles |date=2012-03-30 |title=Turkey asks U.S. museums for return of antiquities |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2012-mar-30-la-et-turkey-antiquities-20120331-story.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2012-05-31 |title=Turkey turns up the heat on foreign museums as list of antiquities demanded gets longer |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2012/06/01/turkey-turns-up-the-heat-on-foreign-museums-as-list-of-antiquities-demanded-gets-longer |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}} but the museum refused saying the Turkey lacked proof of looting{{Cite web |last=Steven Litt |first=cleveland com |date=2012-05-27 |title=Turkey's inquiry into 22 treasures at the Cleveland Museum of Art lacks hard proof of looting |url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2012/05/turkeys_inquiry_into_22_treasu.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=cleveland |language=en}} causing a clash with the Manhattan District Attorney and the unit that fights Antiquities Trafficking.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Bronze Roman statue, believed to have been looted from Turkey, seized from Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/08/31/cleveland-museum-art-roman-bronze-turkey-loot-seized |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}{{Cite web |last=Schrader |first=Adam |date=2023-10-20 |title=The Cleveland Museum of Art Is Suing the Manhattan D.A. Over the Seizure of a $20 Million Statue Allegedly Looted From Turkey |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/cleveland-museum-lawsuit-sculpture-2381754 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}

Gallery

=Architecture=

File:Çifte_Minareli_Medrese_(Erzurum)_Entrance_8685_(cropped).jpg|Entrance of the Çifte Minareli Medrese in Erzurum (c. 1250)

File:Divrigi,N-P1.jpg|Entrance of the Divriği Mosque, Sivas (c. 1229)

File:Istanbul asv2020-02 img23 Topkapı Palace.jpg| Imperial Hall in Harem of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul

File:Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg|Istanbul Yalı architecture

File:Yalı_in_Kanlıca_on_the_Bosphorus,_Turkey_001.jpg|An example of the Yalı architecture

File:20180107_Safranbolu_1945_(39101010504).jpg|Safranbolu, an Ottoman village

File:Entrance_to_the_Circumcision_Room_at_Topkapı_Palace.jpg|Iznik Tiles in Topkapı Palace

File:Turkey (68739605).jpeg|Interior of a dome at Dolmabahçe Palace

File:Mihrab of Bursa Grand Mosque.jpg|Mihrab niche of Bursa Grand Mosque

File:Bayezid_II_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg|Cross section and plan of Bayezid II Mosque, the oldest imperial complex in Istanbul that is preserved in more or less its original form

File:Exterior of Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, (old name P1020390.jpg).jpg|Blue Mosque in Istanbul, an example of the classical style of Ottoman architecture

File:Selimiye Mosque 026.jpg|Exterior design of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

File:Selimiye_Mosque,_Dome.jpg|Interior decoration of the dome of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

File:Sehzade_mosque_tombs_DSCF6289.jpg|Exterior of Şehzade Mehmed tomb (türbe) in the cemetery of Şehzade Mosque

File:FatihBelediyeBinası.jpg|Old Fatih Municipality Building

File:LimanHan.jpg|Liman Han (inn)

=Calligraphy=

File:Abdurrahman_Hilmi_-_Meşk_(calligraphy_exercise)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Sample training of Abdul Rahman Hilmi, ink, colours and gold on paper

File:Copied_by_Mehmed_Şevki_Efendi_-_Qur’an_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Gold illuminated two opening chapters of the Quran by Mehmed Şevki Efendi

File:Ahmet_Karahisari_001.jpg|Illuminated first page of Sura al-Baqara by calligrapher Ahmet Karahisari

File:Description_of_the_Prophet_(Hilya_al-nabi),_by_Hafiz_Osman_(CBL_T_559.4).jpg|Description of the Prophet Muhammad by calligrapher Hafız Osman (1642–1698)

File:Tugra Mahmuds II.gif|A step by step animation of the tughra of Sultan Mahmud II

File:Tughra_Suleiman.jpg|Decorated tughra of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520)

File:Berat_za_imam_vo_Sultan_Mehmed_dzamija_vo_Ohrid.jpg|A decree with royal tughra on top for appointing second imam in the Mehmed Sultan Mosque in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia

File:Blaue_Moschee_Kuppel_schräg.jpg|Main dome of the Blue Mosque with calligraphy inscriptions

File:İstanbul-Topkapı_palace._-_panoramio.jpg|The testimony of faith (top) and tughras (right and left) inscribed on the entrance to a building at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

=Carpets=

File:9Double-Niche Carpet LACMA M.2004.32 (cropped).jpg|Anatolian double-niche rug, Konya region, circa 1750–1800

File:Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG|Bergama rug

File:Carpet with Triple-arch Design MET DP166876.jpg

File:Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

File:Prayer_rug,_Turkey,_Bergama,_late_19th_century,_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG

File:Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg

File:Pile_Rug,_ca_1875;_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg

File:Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg

=Culinary art=

=Dance=

File:Mehter march.jpg|A modern Ottoman military band (mehter) troop

File:Turkish Folk Dance Team.jpg|A traditional Turkish folk dance team

File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_01.jpg|Turkish Belly Dance at the 18th International Folklore Festival, 2012, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_12.jpg|A children's folk dance team from the Black Sea region

File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_22.jpg|Turkish dance group

File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_34.jpg|Turkish dance group

File:Zeybek.jpg|Zeybek Dancer

=Fashion=

File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|Emperor Suleiman

File:Sultan_Abdulmecid_Pera_Museum_3_b.jpg|Sultan Abdul Majid, Pera Museum

File:Turkish_traditional_fashion6.jpg|Turkish model at a fashion show, Brussels, Belgium

File:Turkish_traditional_fashion4.jpg|Turkish model at a fashion show, Brussels, Belgium

File:Ralamb-114.jpg|Military Pictures from the Ralamb Costume Book, 1657

File:Coat_(left),_Turkey,_early_1900s,_silk,_cotton,_with_skirt_(right),_Syria,_late_1800s,_silk,_cotton_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00338.jpg|Women's dress, late 1800s, Syria (right) and coat from early 1900s, silk and cotton (left), exhibit in the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Cologne, Germany

File:Le_costume_historique._Cinq_cents_planches,_trois_cents_en_couleurs,_or_et_argent,_deux_cents_en_camaieu._Types_principaux_du_vêtement_et_de_la_parure,_rapprochés_de_ceux_de_l%27intérieur_de_(14577511419).jpg|Historical Turkish costumes, 1880s, Smithsonian Libraries

File:Ascibashi_of_the_Janissaries_in_ceremonial_uniform.jpg|Ashjibashi (head cook) of the Janissaries in ceremonial uniform

File:Kul_Kethüdası.jpg|The Kul Kethüdası, commander of the third division of the Janissaries

File:Silahdar_Agha,_sword-bearer_of_the_Sultan.jpg|Silahdar Agha, sword-bearer of the Sultan

File:Şehzade.jpg|A Şehzade, Ottoman prince of the blood

=Handcraft=

File:Konya_Alaeddin_Mosque_minbar_DSCF7828.jpg|Minbar of the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya, dated to 1155–1156. This minbar is a prime example of the kündekâri technique, in which many interlocking pieces of wood are held together without the use of nails, pins, or glue

File:Konya_Alaeddin_Mosque_minbar_DSCF7806.jpg|Individual pieces are carved with vegetal arabesque motifs within the wider geometric motif formed by the different pieces

File:Alaeddin_Mosque_(Konya)_2340.jpg|Front part of Alaeddin Mosque's minbar

File:Minbar of the Divrigi Mosque DSCF2721.jpg|The carved wood minbar of the Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, an example of Seljuk handicraft

File:Minbar_of_the_Divrigi_Mosque_DSCF2701.jpg|Detail of the Divriği minbar: the lines between the wooden boards mounted side-by-side are visible, while the surface itself is carved with motifs imitating kündekâri work

File:Siirt_Ulu_Camii_Minberi.jpg|Minbar of the Great Mosque of Siirt (13th century), now housed in the Ethnography Museum of Ankara

File:Topkapı_Palace_Twin_Kiosok_2007.JPG|Stained glass windows at Topkapı Palace

File:Inside_the_Harem,_Topkapi_Palace,_Istanbul,_Turkey_(Nov_2009).jpg|A room at Topkapı Palace, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design

=Illumination=

File:Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur'an_(TIEM_224).jpg|Single-volume Qur’an. Copied by Khalil Allah ibn Mahmud Shah, illuminated by Muhammad ibn Ali

File:Page_from_Ottoman_Qur'an_(TIEM_30.2a).jpg|Page from Ottoman Qur'an. Ink, color, and gold on paper. Probably Edirne

File:Hilye-i_Şerif_Anthology_(SHM_10602).jpg|Hilye-i Şerif Anthology, early 19th century in Sadberk Hanım Museum

File:Qur'an_copied_by_Abdullah_Zühdi.jpg|Qur'an copied by Abdullah Zühdi

File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg|The name 'Muhammad' is written in mirrored thuluth script, and filled with Qur'anic verses in ghubar

File:Hilye-i_Şerif._Unknown,_circa_1725_(SHM_15501).jpg|Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, Ottoman, circa 1725 in Sadberk Hanım Museum

File:Double_page_from_the_"Divan-i_Muhibbi"_(IÜ_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a).jpg|"Divan-i Muhibbi",Calligraphy in nastaliq by Mehmed Şerif, illumination by Kara Memi, Istanbul, 1566

=Miniature=

File:Ottoman_official,_Turkey,_Istanbul,_c._1650,_ink,_watercolour,_gold_on_paper_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto,_Canada_-_DSC06822.jpg|An Ottoman official miniature

File:Battle_of_Mezőkeresztes_1596.jpg|Miniature depiction of the Battle of Mezőkeresztes, Hungary (1596)

File:Capture_of_Buda,_1526.jpg|Capture of Buda (1526)

File:French_fleet_with_Barbarossa_at_the_Siege_of_Nice_1543.jpg|Miniature depicting the Siege of Nice, France (1543) by Matrakçı Nasuh

File:Matrakçı_Nasuh_Miyaneh_Map.JPG|16th century map of Miyaneh by Matrakçı Nasuh

File:Manisa.jpg|The city of Manisa, with the Manisa Palace built by Sultan Murad II

File:Selim_II_ascends_to_the_throne_-_B.jpg|Selim II ascends to the throne

File:Topkapi_Sarayi_in_time_of_Selim_I_-_right.jpg|Topkapı Palace during the reign of Selim I

File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_fireworks.png|Use of fireworks during the celebrations.

File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_acrobacy.png|Acrobats during celebrations

File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_parade.png|Ships of parade

=Painting=

File:Osman_Hamdi_Bey_-_Two_Musician_Girls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Two Musician Girls by Osman Hamdi Bey

File:Osman Hamdi Bey - The Tortoise Trainer - Google Art Project.jpg|The Tortoise Trainer by Osman Hamdi Bey, 1906

File:Osman_hamdy_bey,_vecchio_davanti_alle_tombe_di_bambini,_1903.JPG|Work by Osman Hamdi Bey

File:Osman_Hamdi_Bey_-_Arzuhalci_,_Public_Scribe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Arzuhalci by Osman Hamdi Bey

File:OttomanNavy.jpg|Ottoman Navy at Ortaköy in Painting Museum of Dolmabahçe Palace

=Sculpture=

File:20220620163423!Güzel_İstanbul_Heykeli.jpg|Güzel İstanbul by Gürdal Duyar

File:Akdeniz_Heykeli,_Yapı_Kredi_Kültür_Sanat.jpg|Akdeniz by İlhan Koman

File:Ilhan_Koman_Vattenvirveln.JPG|Water Swirl by İlhan Koman

File:Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars,_Turkey.jpg|Statue of Humanity by Mehmet Aksoy

File:Efe's_Love.jpg|Efenin Aşkı by Hüseyin Gezer

=Tiles=

File:Cem_Sultan_tomb_7954.jpg|Cem Sultan tomb in Bursa, the first official capital of the Ottoman Empire

File:Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg|Tiles of the circumcision room at Topkapi Palace

File:Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2350.jpg|Tiles of the circumcision room at Topkapi Palace

File:Harem_entrance_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007_73.JPG|The entrance to the Harem at Topkapi Palace

File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img15_Topkapı_Palace.jpg|Eunuchs' Courtyard in Harem of Topkapı Palace

File:Dome_of_the_Rock,_Facade_(2008)_01.jpg|Tile decoration on the Dome of the Rock, added during Sultan Suleiman's reign

File:Tiles_of_the_Rüstem_Paşa_Mosque_(6424912727).jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque

File:DSC04138_Istanbul_-_Rüstem_Pasha_camii_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto_26-5-2006.jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Paşa Mosque

File:Rüstem_Pasha_mosque_tiles_-_single_tile.jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Paşa Mosque

File:Tile_Iznik_Met_64.27.17.jpg|Iznik (ancient Nicea) tiles

File:Turkey;_Iznik_-_Two_Tiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Iznik (ancient Nicea) tiles

File:Final_Topikapi_Imperial_Council_Second_Courtyrd_Tile.svg|Tiles of the Imperial Council Second Courtyard

=Weapons=

File:OttomanHorseArcher.jpg|An Ottoman horse archer

File:Ottoman Mamluk horseman circa 1550.jpg|Ottoman Mamluk horseman with mail and plate armour, 1550

File:Wien Schatzkammer Deutscher Orden - Osmanische Säbel.jpg|Jeweled Ottoman sabres

File:Pala type of kilij.jpg|Kilij sword was in use from the early 17th century, for more than 300 years, well into the 20th century.

File:Ottoman yatagan (yataghan) sword.JPG|Ottoman yataghan sword, 19th century or earlier.

File:Ottoman cannon end of 16th century length 385cm cal 178mm weight 2910 stone projectile founded 8 October 1581 Alger seized 1830.jpg|Decorated Ottoman cannon, 1581

File:Turkish guns 1750-1800.jpg|Ottoman rifles, 1750-1800

Notes

References

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{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PA37 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins-Madina |first3=Marilyn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-08869-4 |access-date=2013-03-17}}
{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Islam: Art and Architecture |publisher=H. F. Ullman |year=2011|isbn=9783848003808|editor-last=Hattstein|editor-first=Markus|location=|pages=|chapter=|editor-last2=Delius|editor-first2=Peter}}
Levey, Michael; The World of Ottoman Art, 1975, Thames & Hudson, {{ISBN|0500270651}}
Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, {{ISBN|0714114316}}
Rogers J.M. and Ward R.M.; Süleyman the Magnificent, 1988, British Museum Publications {{ISBN|0714114405}}