HMS Aldenham
{{Short description|British Hunt-class escort destroyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
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{{Infobox ship image |Ship image=HMS Aldenham 1942 IWM FL 412.jpg |Ship caption=Aldenham in March 1942 }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=United Kingdom |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |Ship name=HMS Aldenham |Ship namesake= |Ship ordered=4 July 1940 |Ship awarded= |Ship builder=Cammell Laird, Birkenhead |Ship original cost= |Ship yard number=J 3766 |Ship way number= |Ship laid down= 22 August 1940 |Ship launched= 27 August 1941 |Ship sponsor= |Ship christened= |Ship commissioned= |Ship completed=5 February 1942 |Ship struck= |Ship identification= Pennant number: L22 |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= Sunk in the Adriatic Sea, 14 December 1944, at {{coord|44|30|N|14|50|E}} |Ship notes= |Ship badge= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class=Type III {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} |Ship displacement=*{{convert|1050|LT|t}} standard
|Ship length= {{convert|85.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a |Ship beam= {{convert|10.16|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship height= |Ship draught= {{convert|3.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*2 Admiralty 3-drum boilers
|Ship speed=*{{convert|27|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}
|Ship range= {{convert|2350|nmi|km|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|20|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} |Ship endurance= |Ship boats= |Ship complement=168 |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*4 × QF 4 in Mark XVI guns on twin mounts Mk. XIX
|Ship armour= }} |
HMS Aldenham (pennant number L22) was an escort destroyer of the Type III {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer|4}}. The Royal Navy ordered its construction in July 1940. Upon completion in February 1942, she was deployed to convoy escort duty. Aldenham is one of the ships credited with the sinking of the {{GS|U-587||2}} on 27 March 1942. After circumnavigating Africa, she joined the Mediterranean Fleet, escorting convoys between Alexandria, Malta and Tobruk. She took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, landings at Salerno and Anzio, the Dodecanese campaign and Operation Dragoon before being assigned to the Adriatic campaign.
On 14 December 1944, Aldenham was sunk by a naval mine in the Adriatic Sea off Pag Island after she led a Royal Navy force in a bombardment mission against targets on the island of Pag and near the town of Karlobag in support of the Yugoslav Partisans. Although the rest of the force came to pick up survivors, cold weather and severe damage to Aldenham permitted the rescue of only 63 of her crew. Her wreck, broken in two by the explosion, was first discovered by specialists of Yugoslav Navy in 1974, and documentary about search and discovery was made by TV Beograd.{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdREtM9WdyE | title=Tajne Jadrana - Aldenham (TV Beograd, 1975.) | website=YouTube }} The wreck has been declared a war grave, where 126 crew members and three partisans aboard Aldenham at the time of the mining died. She was the last Royal Navy destroyer lost in World War II.
Design and construction
Aldenham was a Royal Navy Type III Hunt-class destroyer. She had an overall length of {{convert|85.34|m|ftin|abbr=off}}, a beam of {{convert|9.45|m|ftin|abbr=off}} and a maximum draught of {{convert|3|m|ftin|abbr=off|spell=in}}. Aldenham had a standard displacement of {{convert|1050|LT|t|lk=on|abbr=off}}, and a full load of {{convert|1435|LT|t|abbr=off}}. Her two Parsons geared steam turbines drove two propeller shaft. Steam was supplied by two Admiralty three-drum water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at {{convert|13970|kW|shp|lk=in}} and gave Aldenham a speed of {{convert|28.3|kn|lk=in}} during sea trials, but she achieved up to {{convert|27|kn|abbr=off}} on deployments.{{harvnb|Freivogel|2008|p=66}}
Aldenham was armed with four quick-firing {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|spell=in|0}} Mk XVI naval guns on twin mounts, four anti-aircraft {{convert|40|mm|in|adj=on}} QF 2-pounder naval guns and three Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. She also had two {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes, and 70–100 depth charges deployed by four throwers and two chutes.
The ship was ordered on 4 July 1940.{{harvnb|Friedman|2006|p=331}} She was laid down by Cammell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead on 22 August 1940 as construction project J 3766. Aldenham was launched on 27 August 1941 and completed on 5 February 1942.
Service
Aldenham (Lieutenant Alex Stuart-Menteth) and its crew of 170 completed brief training at Scapa Flow before deploying for the first time on 21 March 1942, as a part of an Escort Group assigned to the convoy WS 17 sailing to the Cape of Good Hope.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=155}} On 27 March, Aldenham, together with the Leamington, {{HMS|Grove|L77|2}} and {{HMS|Volunteer|D71|2}}, sank U-587 in the North Atlantic, due west of Ushant, France.{{harvnb|Heden|2006|p=295}}
Circumnavigating Africa and transiting the Suez Canal accompanied by Grove, Aldenham joined the 5th Destroyer Flotilla in the Battle of the Mediterranean. She escorted 14 convoys there, protecting shipping between Alexandria, Malta and Tobruk.{{harvnb|The Telegraph|6 June 2000}} On 29 August 1942, she was assigned coastal bombardment duties,{{harvnb|Greene|Massignani|2004|p=122}} including the area of El Daba.{{harvnb|Shrubb|Sainsbury|1979|p=179}} Sources disagree which ships took part in the bombardment of El Daba itself. According to Jürgen Rohwer, Aldenham and {{HMS|Eridge|L68|2}} were the only ships involved,{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=191}} while Paul Kemp places Eridge at the scene supported by fellow destroyers {{HMS|Croome|L62|2}} and {{HMS|Hursley|L84|2}}.{{harvnb|Kemp|1999|p=192}} Aldenham towed Eridge back to Alexandria after the latter ship was disabled by an Italian MTSM motor torpedo boat during the bombardment.
Aldenham was a part of an Allied blockade off Cap Bon in May 1943 and escorted landing craft during the Allied invasion of Sicily in July and the Salerno landings in September that year.{{harvnb|The Telegraph|6 June 2000}}{{harvnb|Freivogel|2008|pp=66–67}} She assisted {{HMS|Eskimo|F75|2}} removing wounded when Eskimo was attacked and hit by the Luftwaffe on 15 July.{{harvnb|Tomblin|2004|p=210}} Aldenham also took part in failed Dodecanese Campaign of 1944, when she sustained minor damage in an aircraft attack. After repairs in Alexandria, Aldenham saw action in Operation Shingle off Anzio, Italy, and escorted convoys between Oran, Algeria and Naples. She was based in Taranto in May, and transferred to Bari in June, before supporting Operation Dragoon, protecting landing craft off southern France. Afterwards, she sailed again to the Adriatic Sea, joining a Royal Navy flotilla fighting the Adriatic Campaign.
The Royal Navy Adriatic flotilla consisted of Aldenham, {{HMS|Atherstone|L05|2}}, {{HMS|Avon Vale|L06|2}}, {{HMS|Lamerton|L88|2}}, {{HMS|Lauderdale|L95|2}}, {{HMS|Wheatland||2}}, {{HMS|Wilton|L128|2}}, {{HMS|Brocklesby|L42|2}} and {{HMS|Quantock|L58|2}}. In late November 1944, the flotilla, led by Aldenham under Commander James Gerald Farrant, intercepted and captured German hospital ship Bonn (ex-Yugoslav steamship Šumadija). She and Atherstone bombarded German units deployed to the island of Rab on 9 December. The bombardment was in support of Yugoslav Partisans advance north along the eastern coast of the Adriatic, capturing the coast and islands from retreating German forces.{{harvnb|Freivogel|2008|p=67}}
What became Aldenham{{'}}s final deployment began on 14 December 1944, when she and Atherstone sortied from a Royal Navy base at Ist Island and anchored off the western coast of Pag Island, north of Zadar, to bombard an artillery battery near Karlobag and other military targets on Pag. Because of poor visibility, the artillery observers on Pag directed destroyers to strike the Pag Island objectives first. Each destroyer fired 500 {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|spell=in|0}} shells against bunkers and barracks on the island between 09:00 and 11:20. The town of Pag itself was targeted by the destroyers for an hour at 14:00, while Aldenham alone engaged the battery at Karlobag at approximately 13:00 and again before 15:00 as visibility improved, firing 200 shells against that target. At 15:00, the destroyers started their return to Ist with Aldenham in the lead and Atherstone following her at {{convert|20|kn|abbr=off}}.
Sinking
As Aldenham was making a turn at a position north of the islet of Škrda, to sail between islands of Planik and Olib, she hit a mine that exploded under her engine room. The ship broke in two and her bow sank quickly, followed by her stern a little later, at 15:29. Cold weather hampered rescue efforts by Atherstone and accompanying Motor Launches ML 238 and HDML 1162, and only 58 seamen and five officers, including Farrant, were pulled out of the sea. 126 crewmen died, as well as a wounded partisan transported from Pag for medical treatment and a partisan liaison officer, Colonel Ivan Preradović. Aldenham was the last Royal Navy destroyer lost in World War II.
Her wreck, broken in two by the explosion, was first discovered by specialists of Yugoslav Navy in 1974, and documentary about search and discovery was made by TV Beograd.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdREtM9WdyE |title=Tajne Jadrana - Aldenham (TV Beograd, 1975.) |date=2023-03-05 |last=Stega Doc |access-date=2024-10-29 |via=YouTube}}
A portion of the surviving crew revisited the site on 14 December 1984, but the shipwreck was not located until 15 years later. In 1999, Italian wreck divers located a {{convert|30|m|adj=on}} long bow section {{convert|1|nmi|km|abbr=off|spell=in}} off Škrda. It lies on the port side, at a depth of {{convert|86|m|abbr=off}}, but it is normally obscured by silt stirred up by trawling further north in the Kvarner Gulf. The aft section of the ship was discovered in 2000 through testimony of a fisherman from Pag. It was found closer to Škrda, approximately {{convert|700|m|abbr=off}} away from the bow section. Aldenham{{'}}s boilers and propellers were still operating as the ship sank, and the section struck the silty seafloor at a depth of {{convert|82|m|abbr=off}}, with her keel on top. Her rudder is now at a depth of {{convert|67|m|abbr=off}}. The wreck was declared a British war grave,{{harvnb|Freivogel|2008|pp=67–68}} and forms a part of "the Ghost Fleet of Pag" together with wrecks of Kriegsmarine destroyer TA20 (ex-Italian Audace), corvettes UJ 202 and UJ 208 (ex-Italian Melpómene and Spingarda) sunk in the action of 1 November 1944, and World War I wrecks of Austro-Hungarian steamships SS Albanien and SS Euterpe.{{harvnb|Freivogel|2008|pp=49–50}}
Remembrance
Annual memorial services are held by the HMS Aldenham Association in Aldenham Church of St John The Baptist each December. The church contains a stained glass window dedicated to Aldenham, and a Book of Remembrance is displayed in front of the stained glass window, along with a White Ensign.{{harvnb|Navy News|2013}} The stained glass window memorial was unveiled on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of sinking of Aldenham.{{harvnb|Navy News|February 1995|p=23}}
Footnotes
{{Reflist|20em}}
References
{{refbegin|60em}}
- {{cite journal|journal=Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace|publisher=Croatian Sociological Association and Jesenski & Turk Publishing House|issn=1331-5595|title=Olupine ratnih brodova iz dva svjetska rata u paškom podmorju|language=hr|trans-title=Two world wars' warship wrecks in the sea off Pag|first=Zvonimir|last=Freivogel|volume=11|issue=21|date=June 2008|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=60122&lang=en|pages=49–70}}
- {{cite book|title=British Destroyers and Frigates: The Second World War and After|first=Norman|last=Friedman|author-link=Norman Friedman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hF8H0D05Hm0C|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=San Francisco, California|year=2006|isbn=9781861761378}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Navy News|2013}}|publisher=Royal Navy|title=HMS Aldenham Association: – 15/12/2013|url=https://navynews.co.uk/events/event/3615|work=Navy News|year=2013|access-date=22 October 2013|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102117/https://navynews.co.uk/events/event/3615|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdESQ7-56wwC|last1=Greene|first1=Jack|last2=Massignani|first2=Alessandro|title=The Black Prince And The Sea Devils: The Story Of Valerio Borghese And The Elite Units Of The Decima Mas|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|isbn=0306813114}}
- {{cite book|title=Sunken Ships World War II: US Naval Chronology, Including Submarine Losses of the United States, England, Germany, Japan, Italy|first=Karl E.|last=Heden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8VAQV5g6s0C|publisher=Branden Books|location=Wellesley, Massachusetts|year=2006|isbn=9780828321181}}
- {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6XfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Admiralty regrets: British warship losses of the 20th century|first=Paul|last=Kemp|publisher=Sutton|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|year=1999|isbn=9780750915670|oclc=607231428}}
- {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=Chatham Publishing |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-86176-257-7}}
- {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTgvAAAAMAAJ|last1=Shrubb|first1=R. E. A.|last2=Sainsbury|first2=A. B.|title=The Royal Navy day by day|publisher=Centaur Press|location=New York|year=1979|isbn=0-900000-91-0}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Navy News|February 1995}}|work=Navy News|publisher=Royal Navy|date=February 1995|page=23|title=Sad casualty remembered|url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1wkon/199502NavyNewsFeb95/resources/index.htm?referrerUrl=}}
- {{cite news|ref={{harvid|The Telegraph|6 June 2000}}|date=6 June 2000|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1341608/Commander-Alex-Stuart-Menteth.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216170522/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1341608/Commander-Alex-Stuart-Menteth.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2015|title=Commander Alex Stuart-Menteth}}
- {{cite book|title=With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945|first=Barbara|last=Tomblin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icWc2u0cTh4C|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Kentucky|year=2004|isbn=9780813171982}}
{{refend}}
Further reading
- {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7OHAAAACAAJ|title=The Last Destroyer: HMS Aldenham, 1942–44|first=F. A.|last=Mason|publisher=Hale|location=London, England|year=1988|isbn=9780709032809}}
External links
- {{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4669.html|title=HMS Aldenham (L 22)|publisher=uboat.net}}
- {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/68/a5250368.shtml|title=HMS Aldenham{{'}}s Survivors|publisher=BBC, WW2 People's War project}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org/content/plumbing-mysteries-adriatic|title=Plumbing the Mysteries of the Adriatic – report on diving expedition to locate HMS Aldenham|publisher=Global Underwater Explorers|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603083026/http://www.globalunderwaterexplorers.org/content/plumbing-mysteries-adriatic|archive-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/60/a5104360.shtml|title=The Sinking of HMS Aldenham|publisher=BBC, WW2 People's War project}}
- {{cite web|url=http://users.picknowl.com.au/~wjb718/aldenhamvictory.html|title=Aldenham Church|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325023802/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~wjb718/aldenhamvictory.html|url-status=dead}} – Contains image of the White Ensign inside the Church of St John The Baptist.
{{Hunt class destroyer|type3}}
{{December 1944 shipwrecks}}
{{coord|44|30|N|14|50|E|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aldenham, HMS}}
Category:Hunt-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Category:Ships built on the River Mersey
Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Adriatic Sea