HMS Formidable (1898)

{{main|Formidable-class battleship}}

File:Formidable class battleship diagrams Brasseys 1906.jpg

The design for the Formidable class was prepared in 1897; it was an incremental improvement over the preceding {{sclass|Majestic|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Canopus|battleship|4}}es. Formidable adopted the larger size of the Majestics, while taking the stronger Krupp armour of the Canopus design. In addition, the new design incorporated longer (and thus more powerful) main and secondary guns and an improved hull form. These characteristics produced a ship with better armour protection than either earlier class, the same high speed of Canopus.{{sfn|Burt|p=190}}

Formidable was {{convert|431|ft|9|in|1}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|75|ft|abbr=on|1}} and a draught of {{convert|25|ft|11|in|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{convert|14500|LT|lk=on}} normally and up to {{convert|15800|LT}} fully loaded. Her crew numbered 780 officers and ratings. The Formidable-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines, with steam provided by twenty Belleville boilers. The boilers were trunked into two funnels located amidships. The Formidable-class ships had a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|15000|ihp|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Lyon & Roberts|p=36}}

Formidable had a main battery of four BL 12 inch Mk IX naval gun mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft; these guns were mounted in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading or elevation. The ships also mounted a secondary battery of twelve BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun mounted in casemates, in addition to ten QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun and six QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss for defence against torpedo boats. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with four British 18-inch torpedo tubes submerged in the hull.{{sfn|Lyon & Roberts|p=36}}

Formidable had an armoured belt that was {{convert|9|in|0}} thick; the transverse bulkheads on either end of the belt were {{convert|9|to|12|in|abbr=on|0}} thick. Her main battery turrets sides were {{convert|8|to|10|in|0|abbr=on}} thick, atop {{convert|12|in|abbr=on|0}} barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel. Her conning tower had {{convert|14|in|0|abbr=on}} thick sides as well. She was fitted with two armoured decks, {{convert|1|and|3|in|abbr=on|0}} thick, respectively.{{sfn|Lyon & Roberts|p=36}}

File:Charles Edward Dixon HMS Formidable 1898 Plymouth Sound.jpg, by Charles Dixon]]

File:Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable, starboard bow view. (22228536705).jpg

HMS Formidable was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 21 March 1898 and launched on 17 November 1898; she was, at the time of her launching, very incomplete, and she was launched primarily to clear the slipway so construction could begin on the battleship {{HMS|London|1899|2}}. Formidable was completed in September 1901, and was commissioned at Portsmouth on 10 October for service in the Mediterranean Fleet. Captain Alexander William Chisholm-Batten paid off HMS Resolution on 9 October and he and his crew turned over to Formidable on the following day.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=3 October 1901 |page=4 |issue=36576}} In September 1902 she visited the Aegean Sea with other ships of the station for combined manoeuvres near Nauplia,{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=13 October 1902 |page=7 |issue=36897}} and in January the following year she cruised in the water off Syracuse, Sicily.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=28 January 1903 |page=10 |issue=36989}} Later in 1903 she was escort ship to the royal yacht HMY Victoria and Albert when the King visited the Mediterranean.{{London Gazette |issue=27560 |date=2 June 1903 |page=3525}} She began a refit at Malta in 1904 which lasted until April 1905, and in April 1908 transferred to the Channel Fleet.{{sfn|Burt|p=201}}{{sfn|Preston|p=8}}

Paid off at Chatham Dockyard on 17 August 1908, Formidable began another refit and recommissioned on 20 April 1909 for service in the 1st Division, Home Fleet, stationed at the Nore. On 29 May, she transferred to the Atlantic Fleet. In May 1912, Formidable was reduced to a nucleus crew and transferred to the 5th Battle Squadron in the Second Fleet, Home Fleets, again at the Nore, where she served until the outbreak of war in August 1914.{{sfn|Burt|p=201}} Hard steaming during this service led to her developing serious machinery problems.{{sfn|Preston|p=8}}

At the beginning of the First World War, Formidable and the 5th Battle Squadron were based at Portland and assigned to the Channel Fleet to defend the English Channel. After covering the safe transportation of the British Expeditionary Force to France in August 1914, Formidable took part in the transportation of the Portsmouth Marine Battalion to Ostend on 25 August.{{sfn|Burt|p=201}}{{sfn|Corbett 1920|pp=76, 98}} On 14 November, Formidable and the other ships of the 5th Battle Squadron were rebased at Sheerness because of concern that a German invasion of Great Britain was in the offing. The squadron was relieved by Duncan-class battleships of the 6th Battle Squadron and transferred to Portland on 30 December.{{sfn|Burt|p=201}}

File:German U-Boat U-24 sinks the HMS Formidable New Year's Eve 1914-15.jpg

Under the command of Vice-Admiral Commanding, Channel Fleet, Sir Lewis Bayly, the 5th Battle Squadron spent 31 December participating in gunnery exercises off the Isle of Portland, supported by the light cruisers {{HMS|Topaze|1903|2}} and {{HMS|Diamond|1904|2}}. The squadron received no escort of destroyers for the operation. After the exercises, that night the fleet remained at sea on patrol even though submarine activity had been reported in the area. Visibility that night was good, though the sea was rough enough to make detection of a submarine difficult. Bayly suspected no danger from submarines, and so steamed his ships in line ahead formation at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. Formidable was the last battleship in the line, followed only by the two cruisers. Unknown to the British, the German submarine {{SMU|U-24||2}} stalked the squadron while it was exercising all afternoon, trying to find a suitable attack position.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=57–59}}

At around 02:20 on 1 January 1915, U-24 launched a torpedo at Formidable, striking her on the starboard side abreast of the forward funnel. Formidable{{'}}s commander, Captain Loxley, hoped to save the ship by bringing her close to shore; the other British ships were at that point unaware of what had happened, but after Formidable turned out of line, Topaze increased speed to determine what she was doing. By the time Topaze closed with Formidable twenty minutes later, the latter vessel had already taken on a list of 20 degrees to starboard, and Loxley had issued the order to abandon ship. Men attempting to save the vessel remained aboard and through counter-flooding reduced the list, though Formidable was by then very low in the water.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|p=57}}{{sfn|Burt|p=203}}

At around 03:05, U-24 launched another torpedo at the stricken Formidable, hitting her again on the starboard side close to her bow. Topaze, joined by Diamond, began the rescue effort, but the heavy seas made it very difficult to bring men aboard. Formidable remained afloat for another hour and forty minutes, and at 04:45 began to capsize and sink by the bow. She remained afloat, with her stern in the air, for a few minutes before sinking. Loxley was last seen on the bridge calmly overseeing the evacuation of the ship. Diamond picked up thirty-seven officers and crew from the water.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Burt|p=203}} The Brixham trawler Provident picked up 73 members of Formidable{{'}}s crew from the battleship's launch at around midday, while Formidable{{'}}s pinnace managed to reach Lyme Regis after 22 hours at sea, saving another 47 men.{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 28|1925|p=152}} A total of 35 officers and 512 men were killed in the sinking.{{sfn|Burt|p=203}}{{sfn|Corbett 1921|p=59}}

An inquiry from the Admiralty into the sinking determined that the risk of conducting training exercises in the Channel without destroyer protection was excessive and should not be continued. Bayly was relieved of command for failing to take adequate precautions against submarine attack.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=59–60}}

Formidable{{'}}s wreck site is designated as a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.{{cite web |title=The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2008 | work=Office of Public Sector Information | url=https://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080950_en_1 | access-date=21 July 2008}}

{{Commons category}}

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{{Formidable class battleship}}

{{January 1915 shipwrecks}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Formidable (1898)}}

Category:1898 ships

Category:1915 in the United Kingdom

Category:Ships built in Chatham

Category:Formidable-class battleships

Category:Maritime incidents in 1915

Category:Ships built in Portsmouth

Category:Protected wrecks of the United Kingdom

Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I

Category:World War I battleships of the United Kingdom

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel