Hans Lineweaver

{{short description|American biochemist}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Hans Lineweaver

| image =

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| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|25}}

| birth_place = Pickens, West Virginia

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|06|10|1907|12|25}}

| death_place = Walnut Creek, California

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| education = George Washington University (BA, 1933), Johns Hopkins University (PhD 1936)

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| children = 11 great-greatgrandchildren at the time of his death

| fields = Biochemistry

| known_for = Double-reciprocal plot

| workplaces = U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California

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}}

Hans Lineweaver (December 25, 1907 – June 10, 2009) was an American physical chemist, who is credited with introducing the double-reciprocal plot or Lineweaver–Burk plot.The credit is misleading, as all three linearizations of the Michaelis–Menten equation were proposed by Barnet Woolf and first published by J. B. S. Haldane: see below. The paper containing the equation was co-authored by Dean Burk, and was entitled "The Determination of Enzyme Dissociation Constants (1934)". It remains the most frequently cited paperMore than 15500 citations by December 2024. to appear in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.{{cite journal |author1=Lineweaver, H |author2=Burk, D. | year = 1934 | title = The Determination of Enzyme Dissociation Constants | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 56 | pages = 658–666 | doi = 10.1021/ja01318a036 | issue = 3}} Lineweaver and Burk collaborated with the eminent statistician W. Edwards Deming on the statistical analysis of their data:{{cite journal

| author = Lineweaver H, Burk D, Deming, W E

| journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society

| volume = 56

| pages = 225–230

| title = The dissociation constant of nitrogen-nitrogenase in Azobacter

| year = 1934

| doi = 10.1021/ja01316a071

}} they used the plot for illustrating the results, not for the analysis itself.

Linearizations of the Henri-Michaelis-Menten law of enzyme kinetics {{cite journal|last1=Henri|first1=Victor|title=Theorie generale de l'action de quelques diastases|journal=Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris|date=1902|volume=135|pages=916–919}}{{cite journal|last1=Michaelis|first1=L.|last2=Menten|first2=M.L.|title=Die Kinetik der Invertin-Wirkung|journal=Biochem. Z.|date=1913|volume=49|pages=333–369}} were important in the era before general availability of computers to determine the parameters V_max and K_m from experimental data, even though there are significant statistical problems involved in this procedure.{{cite journal|last1=Wilkinson|first1=G.N.|title=Statistical estimation in enzyme kinetics|journal=Biochem. J.|date=1961|volume=80|issue=2|pages=324–332|pmc=1244002|pmid=13785321|doi=10.1042/bj0800324}}{{cite journal

| author = Johansen G, Lowry R

| journal = Comptes rendus des travaux du Laboratoire Carlsberg

| volume = 32

| year = 1961

| pages = 185–214

| title = Statistical analysis of enzymic steady-state rate data

| pmid = 14451942

}} These are still used for data presentation. All three possible methods of linearization (now often called Lineweaver-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee and Hanes plots, respectively) were originally proposed by Barnet Woolf, who was unable to formally publish them due to injuries received in a car accident. However, he had discussed them with his close friend and fellow member of the British Communist Party, J. B. S. Haldane, who referred to them in his seminal book on enzyme kinetics.{{cite book|last1=Haldane|first1=J.B.S.|last2=Stern|first2=K.G.|title=Allgemeine Chemie der Enzyme|date=1932|publisher=Steinkopf|location=Dresden}} However, the linearizations were largely ignored until they were re-invented by the authors whose name they now bear.{{cite journal|last1=Haldane|first1=J.B.S|title=Graphical methods in enzyme chemistry|journal=Nature|date=1957|volume=179|issue=4564|page=832|doi=10.1038/179832b0|bibcode=1957Natur.179R.832H|s2cid=4162570|doi-access=free}}

Lineweaver developed the Lineweaver–Burk equation in 1934 while still a graduate student, working as a laboratory assistant under Burk at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C. He was an internationally recognized authority on food technology as applied to the processing, preservation and safety of poultry and eggs.