Haplogroup B-M60#B-M109

According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations in Sudan, haplogroup B-M60 is found in approximately 30% (16/53) of Southern Sudanese, 16% (5/32) of local Hausa people, 14% (4/28) of the Nuba of central Sudan, 3.7% (8/216) of Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians), and 2.2% (2/90) of Western Sudanese.{{cite journal|author=Hassan, Hisham Y.|display-authors=etal|title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2008|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–323|url=http://docdro.id/e90MDsD|access-date=11 October 2017|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658|url-access=subscription}} According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a1a1 (M109/M152) and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xM146, M150, M112).

In Madagascar, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in approximately 9% of Malagasy males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).

Family Tree DNA shows a significant number of persons of Haplogroup B-M60 (B-M181) claiming origins from the Arabian Peninsula (dominantly Saudi Arabia, but also in Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Oman).[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/B Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup B-M181] Sampling bias does not allow for meaningful percentages, but the presence of the haplogroup is solidly attested.

In Hormozgan Province in Iran, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 8.2% of a sample of 49 Qeshmi people, and in 2.3% of a sample of 131 Bandari people.[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252 Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", 2012]

In Afghanistan, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Hazara males.[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", 2012]

In United Kingdom, haplogroup B-M60(xM218) has been found by [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/BYDNA/default.aspx?section=yresults FTDNA] in 1 individual.

Haplogroup B-M236 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample of Bamileke males from southern Cameroon.{{cite journal | last1 = Cruciani | first1 = Fulvio | last2 = Santolamazza | first2 = Piero | last3 = Shen | first3 = Peidong | display-authors = etal | year = 2002| title = A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 5| pages = 1197–1214 | doi=10.1086/340257 | pmid=11910562 | pmc=447595}}

Haplogroup B-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample of Mossi males from Burkina Faso and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.{{cite journal |vauthors=Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, etal |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–61 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11062480 |doi=10.1038/81685 |s2cid=12893406 }}

Haplogroup B-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6% (2/33) of a sample of Bakola males from southern Cameroon,Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies) 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama males from Namibia, and 3% (1/31) of a sample of Biaka males from Central African Republic. The vast majority of Family Tree DNA participants in Haplogroup B-M60 test positive for B-M182, with three-fourths of those participants claiming countries of the Arabian Peninsula as their ancestral land of origin,[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/B Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup B-M181] attesting to its presence in that area also.

Haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Haplogroup B-M150(xM152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Tupuri from northern Cameroon, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Luo from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.

Haplogroup B-M150(xM109/M152, M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.

Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample of Ngumba from Cameroon, 20.8% (5/24) of a sample of Eviya from Gabon, 18.2% (4/22) of a sample of Bakola from Cameroon, 14.3% (6/42) of a sample of Eshira from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Makina from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Shake from Gabon, 8.6% (5/58) of a sample of Punu from Gabon, 8.3% (5/60) of a sample of Tsogo from Gabon, 7.0% (4/57) of a sample of Nzebi from Gabon, 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of Mbugwe from Tanzania,{{cite journal | last1 = Tishkoff | first1 = Sarah A. | last2 = Katherine Gonder | first2 = Mary | last3 = Henn | first3 = Brenna M. | display-authors = etal | year = 2007 | title = History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 10| pages = 2180–2195 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm155 | pmid=17656633| doi-access = free }} 4.3% (2/46) of a sample of Duma from Gabon, 4.3% (2/47) of a sample of Obamba from Gabon, 4.2% (2/48) of a sample of Benga from Gabon, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample of Kota from Gabon, 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu from Gabon, 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Galoa from Gabon, 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon,Gemma Berniell-Lee, Francesc Calafell, Elena Bosch et al., "Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access published April 15, 2009 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Fang from Gabon, 1.5% (1/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,{{cite journal | last1 = Cadenas | first1 = Alicia M | last2 = Zhivotovsky | first2 = Lev A | last3 = Cavalli-Sforza | first3 = Luca L | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 374–386 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 | pmid=17928816| doi-access = free }} and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.{{cite journal | last1 = Abu-Amero | first1 = Khaled K. | last2 = Hellani | first2 = Ali | last3 = Gonzalez | first3 = Ana M. | display-authors = etal | year = 2009| title = Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 10| page = 59 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 | pmid = 19772609 | pmc=2759955 | doi-access = free }}

Haplogroup B-M218 has been found in 17% (20/118) of a mixed sample of Nilotic ethnic groups of Karamojong, Jie and Dodos from Karamoja region in Uganda.{{cite journal | pmid = 20213473 | doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5 | volume=127 | title=Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages | date=March 2010 | journal=Hum. Genet. | pages=603–13 | last1 = Gomes | first1 = V | last2 = Sánchez-Diz | first2 = P | last3 = Amorim | first3 = A | last4 = Carracedo | first4 = A | last5 = Gusmão | first5 = L| issue=5 | s2cid=23503728 }} This haplogroup has also been found by [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/BYDNA/default.aspx?section=yresults FTDNA] in 1 individual from Qatar, 3 individuals from Saudi Arabia,[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/middle-east/default.aspx?vgroup=middle-east§ion=yresults Middle East DNA Project] 1 individual from Syria, 1 individual from Tunisia, 1 individual from United Kingdom.

Haplogroup B2a1a1a1 (M109, M152, P32), previously B2a1a is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.

In Central Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 23% (7/31) of Ngumba males from southern Cameroon, 18% (7/39) of Fali males from northern Cameroon, 5% (1/21) to 31% (4/13) of Uldeme males from northern Cameroon, 10% (3/29) of Ewondo males from southern Cameroon, 7% (1/15) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Chadic languages from northern Cameroon, 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/33) of Bakola males from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/28) of Mandara males from northern Cameroon, and 3% (1/31) to 5% (1/20) of Biaka males from Central African Republic.

In East Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Iraqw males from Tanzania, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Luo males from Kenya, 8% (2/26) of Maasai males from Kenya, and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample of Ethiopians.

In Southern Africa, B-M109 Y-DNA has been found in 18% (5/28) of Sotho–Tswana males from South Africa, 14% (4/29) of Zulu males from South Africa, 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 10% (5/49) of Shona males from Zimbabwe, and 5% (4/80) of Xhosa males from South Africa.

In North Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) of Sudanese and 2% (2/92) of Egyptians.

In Eurasia, B2a1a1a1 (B-M109) has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample of Iranians from southern Iran{{cite journal |author1=Regueiro M. |author2=Cadenas A.M. |author3=Gayden T. |author4=Underhill P.A. |author5=Herrera R.J. | year = 2006 | title = Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration | journal = Human Heredity | volume = 61 | issue = 3| pages = 132–143 | doi = 10.1159/000093774 | pmid = 16770078 |s2cid=7017701 }} and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.

Haplogroup B-G1 (G1) has been found in Uganda in Nilotic speaking populations.{{cite journal|title=Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages|journal=Human Genetics|date=6 Mar 2010|first=Verónica|last=Gomes |author2=Paula Sánchez-Diz |author3=António Amorim |author4=Ángel Carracedo |author5=Leonor Gusmão

|volume=127|issue=5|pages=603–613|doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5

|pmid=20213473|s2cid=23503728}}

Haplogroup B-M108.1 (M108.1) has been found in 3% (3/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.

Haplogroup B-M43 (M43, P111) has been found in 7% (3/44) of a sample from Mali.

Haplogroup B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly among pygmy populations in Central Africa, Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and the Hadzabe in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.

Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, 52% (12/23) or 51% (29/57) of a sample of Hadzabe from Tanzania,{{cite journal | last1 = Knight | first1 = Alec | last2 = Underhill | first2 = Peter A. | last3 = Mortensen | first3 = Holly M. | display-authors = etal | title = African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 6| pages = 464–473 | doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00130-1 | pmid=12646128 | date=March 2003| s2cid = 52862939 | doi-access = free }} 48% (15/31) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic, 43% (20/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 31% (9/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San from Namibia, 28% (11/39) of a sample of the Northern Khoisan-speaking Ju|’hoansi and Sekele peoples, 25% (6/24) of a sample of Burunge from Tanzania, 14% (13/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,{{cite journal | last1 = Luis | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Rowold | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Regueiro | first3 = M. | display-authors = etal | year = 2004 | title = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 3| pages = 532–544 | doi=10.1086/382286 | pmid=14973781 | pmc=1182266}} 13% (9/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele from Namibia, 5% (1/20) of a sample of Turu from Tanzania, 5% (2/43) of a sample of Wairak from Tanzania, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Datog from Tanzania, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Malagasy,{{cite journal | last1 = Hurles | first1 = Matthew E. | last2 = Sykes | first2 = Bryan C. | last3 = Jobling | first3 = Mark A. | last4 = Forster | first4 = Peter | year = 2005| title = The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 76 | issue = 5| pages = 894–901 | doi=10.1086/430051 | pmid=15793703 | pmc=1199379}} 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar, and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.

Haplogroup B-P6 has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.

Haplogroup B-M115 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Haplogroup B-M30 has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.

Haplogroup B-M108.2 has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample of [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mdn Lissongo] from Central African Republic.

Haplogroup B-P7 has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka from Central African Republic, 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic, 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo. This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).

Haplogroup B-MSY2.1 has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.

{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• α {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
• β {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
• γ {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
• δ {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
• ε {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
• ζ {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
• η {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}

}}

The phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |journal=Genome Research |year=2008 |volume=18 |pages=830–8 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008 |url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1 |pmid=18385274 |issue=5 |pmc=2336805}} and subsequent published research.

• B
• B-M60 (M60, M181, P85, P90)
• B-M236 (M236, M288)
• B-M236 (M236)
• B-M182 (M182)
• B-M150 (M150)
• B-M218 (M218)
• B-M109 (M109, M152, P32)
• B-G1 (G1)
• B-M108.1 (M108.1)
• B-P111 (P111, M43)
• B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
• B-P6 (P6)
• B-M115 (M115, M169)
• B-M30 (M30, M129)
• B-M108.2 (M108.2)
• B-P7 (P7)
• B-P8 (P8, P70)
• B-MSY2.1 (MSY2.1, M211)
• B-P112 (P112)

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Genetic genealogy
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular phylogenetics
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• B-M108.1
• B-M108.2
• B-M109
• B-M112
• B-M115
• B-M146
• B-M150
• B-M182
• B-M211
• B-M30
• B-M43
• B-M60
• B-P6
• B-P7
• B-P8

}}

{{Y-DNA}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |display-authors=4 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276 |ref={{harvid|Capelli|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J. |last4=Jarjanazi |first4=Hamdi |last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first5=Silvana |display-authors=4 |title=Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 July 2001 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |pmid=11420360 |ref={{harvid|Hammer|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{citation |last1=Jobling |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6 |title=New uses for new haplotypes |first1=Mark A. |last2=Tyler-Smith |first2=Chris |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=356–62 |pmid=10904265 |ref={{harvid|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kaladjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |display-authors=4 |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |ref={{harvid|Kaladjieva|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Xu |first2=Liping |last3=Du |first3=Ruofu |last4=Wang |first4=William |last5=Feng |first5=Shi |display-authors=4 |title=Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2001 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=615–628 |doi=10.1086/323299 |pmid=11481588 |pmc=1235490 |ref={{harvid|Karafet|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{citation |last1=Semino |year=2000 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |first1=O. |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |pmid=11073453 |last2=Passarino |first2=G |last3=Oefner |first3=PJ |last4=Lin |first4=AA |last5=Arbuzova |first5=S |display-authors=4 |last6=Beckman |bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S |ref={{harvid|Semino|2000}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Bing |last2=Xiao |first2=Junhua |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter |last4=Deka |first4=Ranjan |last5=Zhang |first5=Weiling |display-authors=4 |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 1999 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1718–1724 |doi=10.1086/302680 |pmid=10577926 |pmc=1288383 |ref={{harvid|Su|1999}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |display-authors=4 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2000}}}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Haplogroup B of Y-DNA}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113002936/http://www.familytreedna.com/(anfywr552mhh5l45sftr4zb5)/public/African.DNAProject/index.aspx?fixed_columns=on African Haplogroup project at FTDNA]
• [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/BYDNA/default.aspx?fixed_columns=on Y-Chromosome B Haplogroup Project at FTDNA]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202502/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my027 Spread of Haplogroup B], from National Geographic

B