Haplogroup E-V12

• One individual from Bronze Age Alalakh dated c. 1878-1637 BC belonged to haplogroup E-V12.{{cite journal |last1=Ingman |first1=Tara |last2=Eisenmann |first2=Stefanie |last3=Skourtanioti |first3=Eirini |last4=Akar |first4=Murat |last5=Ilgner |first5=Jana |last6=Gnecchi Ruscone |first6=Guido Alberto |last7=le Roux |first7=Petrus |last8=Shafiq |first8=Rula |last9=Neumann |first9=Gunnar U. |last10=Keller |first10=Marcel |last11=Freund |first11=Cäcilia |last12=Marzo |first12=Sara |last13=Lucas |first13=Mary |last14=Krause |first14=Johannes |last15=Roberts |first15=Patrick |last16=Yener |first16=K. Aslıhan |last17=Stockhammer |first17=Philipp W. |title=Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=e0241883 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0241883 |pmid=34191795 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1641883I |doi-access=free }} Alalakh was a city in northern Levant settled by Amorites and some Hurrians.
• One individual from imperial Rome dated c. 2000-1800 ybp (years before present) belonged to haplogroup E-V12.{{Cite journal |last1=Antonio |first1=Margaret L. |last2=Gao |first2=Ziyue |display-authors=1 |date=8 November 2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=366 |issue=6466 |pages=708–714 |bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmc=7093155 |pmid=31699931 |ref={{Harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}}}}
• A 1st century Nubian mercenary genome from Serbia (Roman Empire) carried haplogroup E-V32 and L2a1j. On the PCA, positioning of the outlier individual supported an East African ancestral origin.{{Cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |last3=Mikić |first3=Ilija |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Shop |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Korać |first7=Miomir |last8=Golubović |first8=Snežana |last9=Petković |first9=Sofija |last10=Miladinović-Radmilović |first10=Nataša |last11=Vulović |first11=Dragana |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Lawson |first13=Ann Marie |last14=Zalzala |first14=Fatma |last15=Callan |first15=Kim |date=2021-08-31 |title=Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples |url=http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2021.08.30.458211 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2021.08.30.458211|s2cid=237377452 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Olalde |first=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |last3=Mikić |first3=Ilija |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Mah |first7=Matthew |last8=Korać |first8=Miomir |last9=Golubović |first9=Snežana |last10=Petković |first10=Sofija |last11=Miladinović-Radmilović |first11=Nataša |last12=Vulović |first12=Dragana |last13=Alihodžić |first13=Timka |last14=Ash |first14=Abigail |last15=Baeta |first15=Miriam |date=2023-12-27 |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10752003/ |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=186 |issue=25 |pages=5472–5485.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |issn=0092-8674 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241216053124/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10752003/ |archive-date=2024-12-16|pmc=10752003 }}
• One Medieval individual dated c. 1130-520 ybp from Villa Magna, Central Italy belonged to haplogroup E-V12.

Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages (not E-V32 or E-M224, so therefore named "E-V12*") peak in frequency among Southern Egyptians (up to 74.5%).{{cite journal|author=Beniamino Trombetta|title=Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|date=2015|volume=7|issue=7|pages=1940–1950|doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118|pmid=26108492|pmc=4524485}} The subclades are also scattered widely in small amounts in both Northern Africa and Europe, but with very little sign in Western Asia, apart from Turkey. These E-V12* lineages were formerly included (along with many E-V22* lineages{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2004}}: "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes". In {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} the same authors show that a branch of E-V13 found amongst the Druze Arabs is also in the delta cluster. (Contrast the data tables of {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2004}}.)) in Cruciani et al.'s original (2004) "delta cluster", which he had defined using Y-STR profiles. With the discovery of the defining SNP, {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} reported that V12* was found in its highest concentrations in Egypt, especially Southern Egypt.

{{Harvcoltxt|Hassan|Underhill|Cavalli-Sforza|Ibrahim|2008}} report a significant presence of E-V12* in neighboring Sudan, including 5/33 Copts and 5/39 Nubians. E-V12* made up approximately 20% of the Sudanese E-M78. They propose that the E-V12 and E-V22 sub-clades of E-M78 might have been brought to Sudan from their place of origin in North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago. Sudden climate change might have forced several Neolithic cultures/people to migrate northward to the Mediterranean and southward to the Sahel and the Nile Valley.{{Harvcoltxt|Hassan|Underhill|Cavalli-Sforza|Ibrahim|2008}} The E-V12* paragroup is also observed in Europe (e.g. amongst French Basques) and Eastern Anatolia (e.g. Erzurum Turks).

The non-basal subhaplogroup E1b1b-V12/E3b1a1 has been found at highest frequencies among various Afroasiatic-speaking populations in eastern Africa, including Garreh (74.1%), Gabra (58.6%), Wata (55.6%), Borana (50.0%), Sanye (41.7%), Beja (33.3%) and Rendille (29.0%).{{cite web|last1=Hirbo|first1=Jibril Boru|title=Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11443/1/Hirbo_umd_0117E_11892.pdf|publisher=University of Maryland, College Park|access-date=13 July 2017}}

{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} suggest that this sub-clade of E-V12, which originated in North Africa, and then subsequently expanded further south into the Horn of Africa, where it is now prevalent,{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}}: Fig. 2/C with speakers of Cushitic. Before the discovery of V32, {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2004}} referred to the same lineages as the "gamma cluster", which was estimated to have arisen about 8,500 years ago. They stated that "the highest frequencies in the three Cushitic-speaking groups: the Borana from Kenya (71.4%), the Oromo from Ethiopia (32.0%), and the Somali (80%). Outside of eastern Africa, it was found only in two subjects from Egypt (3.6%) and in one Arab from Morocco". {{Harvcoltxt|Sanchez et al.|2005}} found it extremely prominent in Somali men and stated that "the male Somali population is a branch of the Horn African population – closely related to the Oromos in Ethiopia and North Kenya (Boranas)" and that their gamma cluster lineages "probably were introduced into the Somali population 4000–5000 years ago". More recently, {{Harvcoltxt|Tillmar et al.|2009}} typed 147 males from Somalia for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E-V32 haplotypes. This is currently the highest frequency of E-V32 found in any single sample population. Similarly, {{Harvcoltxt|Hassan|Underhill|Cavalli-Sforza|Ibrahim|2008}} in their study observed this to be the most common of the sub-clades of E-M78 found in Sudan, especially among the Beja, Masalit and Fur. The Beja, like Somalis and Oromos, speak an Afro-Asiatic language and live along the "corridor" from the Horn of Africa to Egypt. {{Harvcoltxt|Hassan|Underhill|Cavalli-Sforza|Ibrahim|2008}} interpret this as reinforcing the "strong correlation between linguistic and genetic diversity" and signs of relatedness between the Beja and the peoples of the Horn of Africa such as the Amhara, Oromo, and Somalis. On the other hand, the Masalit and Fur live in Darfur and speak a Nilo-Saharan language. The authors observed in their study that "the Masalit possesses by far the highest frequency of the E-M78 and of the E-V32 haplogroup", which they believe suggests "either a recent bottleneck in the population or a proximity to the origin of the haplogroup." However, More recently, {{Harvcoltxt|Tillmar et al.|2009}} typed 147 males from Somalia for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E-V32 haplotypes. This is the highest frequency of E-V32 found in any single sample population.

The STR data from {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} concerning E-V12 can be summarized as follows.

• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-V12/ E-V12]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-FGC51357/ E-FGC51357]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y2863/ E-Y2863]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-FGC14377 E-FGC14377]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-FGC14378 E-FGC14378]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-V32 E-V32]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y25511 E-Y25511]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y15945 E-Y15945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025939/https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y15945/ |date=2017-02-02 }}
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Z813 E-Z813]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Z21175 E-Z21175]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y17859 E-Y17859]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y28701 E-Y28701]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-V5933 E-V5933]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y17750 E-Y17750] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025952/https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y17750/ |date=2017-02-02 }}
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-CTS693/ E-CTS693]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-SK872/ E-SK872]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y6730 E-Y6730]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y125054 E-Y125054]
• [https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-FGC7703 E-FGC7703]
• E-CTS3346
• E-CTS6667

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

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E3b