Haplogroup E (mtDNA)
{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}
{{about|the human mtDNA haplogroup|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|Haplogroup E-M96}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=E
|origin-date= 35,000{{sfn|Soares et al|2008|p=1215}} to 8,000{{sfn|Ko et al|2014}} YBP
|origin-place= east Sundaland{{sfn|Soares et al|2008|p=1215}} or Fujian coast{{sfn|Ko et al|2014}}
|ancestor= M9
|descendants= E1, E2
|mutations= 3027, 3705, 7598, 13626, 16390{{sfn|van Oven|Kayser|2008}}
}}
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.
Origin
Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E.
One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, on the northeast coast of Sundaland (near modern Borneo).
In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the Late Glacial period.{{sfn|Soares et al|2008|p=1215}}{{sfn|Hill et al|2007}}
In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on Liang Island, one of the Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup.
From this, Ko and colleagues argue that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago near the north Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the Austronesian language dispersal.{{sfn|Ko et al|2014}}
Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.{{sfn|Soares et al|2016}}
Distribution
Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Hill et al|2007}}
It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.{{sfn|Hill et al|2007}}{{sfn|Trejaut et al|2005}}
In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among speakers of other language families. It has been detected in populations of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (including Sabah of Borneo, but not the Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal Papua New Guinea, and especially in the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands.{{sfn|Hill et al|2007}}{{sfn|Tabbada et al|2010|pp=24, 28}}{{sfn|Peng et al|2010}}{{sfn|Hill et al|2006}}{{sfn|Vilar et al|2013}}{{sfn|Peng et al|2011}}
Of the four principal subclades, E1b and E2a are found mainly in Maritime Southeast Asia, while only E1a and E2b are also found in Taiwan.{{sfn|Soares et al|2008|p=1213}}
E2b has low diversity within Taiwan, suggesting that it arrived there about 5,000 years ago.{{sfn|Soares et al|2008|p=1213}}
The most common E subclade, E1a1a, has highest diversity in Taiwan, followed by the Philippines and Sulawesi.
Moreover, other branches of E1a1 are largely confined to Taiwan.{{sfn|Tabbada et al|2010|p=29}}
| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
|+ Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup E ! align="center" style="background:#c63;"|Population ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|Frequency ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|Count ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|Source ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|Subtypes | ||||
| Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) | 0.924 | 105 | {{harvnb|Vilar et al|2013}} | E2a=68, E1a2=29 |
| East Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.266 | 237 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.214 | 70 | {{harvnb|Tabbada et al|2010|p=24}} | E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1 |
| Filipino (Visayas) | 0.214 | 112 | {{harvnb|Tabbada et al|2010|p=24}} | E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1 |
| East Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.163 | 43 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2 |
| East Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.160 | 50 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bangka) | 0.147 | 34 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | E=5 |
| Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
| Filipino | 0.125 | 64 | {{harvnb|Tabbada et al|2010|p=24}} | E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1 |
| Filipino (Luzon) | 0.124 | 177 | {{harvnb|Tabbada et al|2010|p=24}} | E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1 |
| Taiwan (aborigine) | 0.120 | 640 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2011}} | E=77 |
| East Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1a=3, E1b=2 |
| East Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.091 | 44 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1b=3, E1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Padang, Sumatra) | 0.083 | 24 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | E=2 |
| Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) | 0.071 | 42 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | E=3 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Medan, Bangka, Palembang, & Padang) | 0.067 | 180 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) | 0.061 | 82 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.050 | 20 | {{harvnb|Scholes et al|2011}} | E1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) | 0.036 | 28 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | E=1 |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.034 | 29 | {{harvnb|Li et al|2007}} | E=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.032 | 31 | {{harvnb|Li et al|2007}} | E=1 |
| Indonesian (Java, incl. 36 from Tengger) | 0.022 | 46 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2007}} | E1b=1 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) | 0.019 | 52 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | E=1 |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.012 | 168 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2010}} | E1a1a=1, E2a=1 |
| Carolinian (Saipan) | 0.000 | 17 | {{harvnb|Vilar et al|2013}} | - |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | {{harvnb|Li et al|2007}} | - |
| Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 28 | {{harvnb|Li et al|2007}} | - |
| Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.000 | 30 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2011}} | - |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | {{harvnb|Scholes et al|2011}} | - |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2011}} | - |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Danga (Hainan) | 0.000 | 40 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2011}} | - |
| Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | {{harvnb|Hill et al|2006}} | - |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 102 | {{harvnb|Liu et al|2011}} | - |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.000 | 346 | {{harvnb|Peng et al|2011}} | - |
{{clear}}
Subclades
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation{{sfn|van Oven|Kayser|2008}} and subsequent published research.
- E
- E1
- E1a
- E1a1
- E1a1a
- E1a1a1
- E1a2
- E1b
- E1b1
- E2
- E2a
- E2b
- E2b1
- E2b2
See also
{{Commons category|Haplogroup E (mtDNA)}}
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
{{MtDNA}}
References
{{reflist|20em}}
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{{refend}}
External links
- General
- Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org Phylotree]
- Haplogroup E
- Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/e_genbank_sequences.htm Haplogroup E]
- Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/e1_genbank_sequences.htm Haplogroup E1]
- Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/e1a1b_genbank_sequences.htm Haplogroup E1a1b]
- Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/e1a2_genbank_sequences.htm Haplogroup E1a2]
- Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/e2_genbank_sequences.htm Haplogroup E2]
- YFull MTree's [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/E/ Haplogroup E]
- MITOMAP's [https://mitomap.org/cgi-bin/haplo_distribution?hg=E Haplogroup E]
- FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/E Haplogroup E]
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