Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H11

Haplogroup H is a descendant of haplogroup HV. The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), which until recently was the human mitochondrial sequence to which all others were compared, belongs to haplogroup H2a2a1.{{cite journal | vauthors = Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 675–84 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22482806 | pmc = 3322232 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 }} Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in Western Asia c. 25,000 years ago.

In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23, whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia, Italy), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1.{{cite journal | vauthors = Caramelli D, Milani L, Vai S, Modi A, Pecchioli E, Girardi M, Pilli E, Lari M, Lippi B, Ronchitelli A, Mallegni F, Casoli A, Bertorelle G, Barbujani G | display-authors = 6 | title = A 28,000 years old Cro-Magnon mtDNA sequence differs from all potentially contaminating modern sequences | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e2700 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18628960 | pmc = 2444030 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002700 | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.2700C | doi-access = free }} This once was believed to indicate haplogroup H, but researchers now recognize that CRS HVR1 also appears in U or HV, because there are no HVR1 mutations that separate CRS from the haplogroup R founder. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0 which in turn derives from haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3.

MtDNA H had frequency of 19% among Neolithic Early European Farmers and virtually absent among Mesolithic European hunter gatherers.{{cite journal | vauthors = Brotherton P, Haak W, Templeton J, Brandt G, Soubrier J, Jane Adler C, Richards SM, Der Sarkissian C, Ganslmeier R, Friederich S, Dresely V, van Oven M, Kenyon R, Van der Hoek MB, Korlach J, Luong K, Ho SY, Quintana-Murci L, Behar DM, Meller H, Alt KW, Cooper A | display-authors = 6 | title = Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 1764 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23612305 | pmc = 3978205 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms2656 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.1764. }}

MtDNA H was also present in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture.{{cite journal | vauthors = Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Reich D, Lillie M | title = Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = e0172952 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28235025 | pmc = 5325568 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1272952N | doi-access = free }}

The clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuenemann VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, Furtwängler A, Urban C, Reiter E, Nieselt K, Teßmann B, Francken M, Harvati K, Haak W, Schiffels S, Krause J | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | pages = 15694 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28556824 | pmc = 5459999 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms15694 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...815694S }}

Additionally, haplogroup H has been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).{{cite journal | vauthors = Sirak K, Frenandes D, Novak M, Van Gerven D, Pinhasi R | title = Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 – A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing| journal = Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016|date=2016| pages = 115|publisher=IUAES|url=https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=824672}}

File:Spatial frequency distribution of different sub-lineages of mtDNA haplogroup H.png

Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA clade in Europe.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghezzi D, Marelli C, Achilli A, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Barone P, Pellecchia MT, Stanzione P, Brusa L, Bentivoglio AR, Bonuccelli U, Petrozzi L, Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Cortelli P, Grimaldi D, Martinelli P, Ferrarese C, Garavaglia B, Sangiorgi S, Carelli V, Torroni A, Albanese A, Zeviani M | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 748–52 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15827561 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2434/781361 | hdl-access = free }} It is found in approximately 41% of native Europeans.{{cite book|author-link = Bryan Sykes | first = Bryan | last = Sykes | name-list-style = vanc |title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0393020182| title-link = The Seven Daughters of Eve }}{{cite web|title=Maternal Ancestry|url=http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|publisher=Oxford Ancestors|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715205636/http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|archive-date=15 July 2017|url-status=usurped}} The lineage is also common in North Africa and the Middle East.{{cite web | url = https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726092949/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm024 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 26, 2011 |title=Haplogroup H |work=Atlas of the Human Journey – The Genographic Project |publisher=National Geographic}}

The majority of the European populations have an overall haplogroup H frequency of 40–50%, with frequencies decreasing in the southeast. The clade reaches 20% in the Near East and Caucasus, 17% in Iran, and <10% in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern India and Central Asia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 5 | pages = 26 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15339343 | pmc = 516768 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 | doi-access = free }}

Undifferentiated haplogroup H has been found among Palestinians (14%),{{cite web|last1=Non|first1=Amy|name-list-style=vanc|title=Analyses if Genetic Data Within A=an Interdisciplinary Framework to Investigate Recent Human Evolutionary History and Complex Disease|url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013000218/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|url-status=dead}} Syrians (13.6%), Druze (10.6%), Iraqis (9.5%), Somalis (6.7%), Egyptians (5.7% in El-Hayez;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V | title = Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 336–46 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19425100 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21078 }} 14.7% in Gurna{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, Spadoni JL, El-Chenawi F, Béraud-Colomb E | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 23–39 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14748828 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x | s2cid = 44901197 }}), Saudis (5.3–10%), Soqotri (3.1%),{{cite journal | vauthors = Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M, Vasíková A, Hájek M, Morris M, Mulligan CJ | title = Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–47 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19012329 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20960 }} Nubians (1.3%), and Yemenis (0–13.9%).

Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago:{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira L, Richards M, Goios A, Alonso A, Albarrán C, Garcia O, Behar DM, Gölge M, Hatina J, Al-Gazali L, Bradley DG, Macaulay V, Amorim A | display-authors = 6 | title = High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium | journal = Genome Research | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–24 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15632086 | pmc = 540273 | doi = 10.1101/gr.3182305 }}

File:Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa..png

H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA lineages, reaching its local peak among contemporary Basques (27.8%). The clade also occurs at high frequencies elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the Maghreb (Tamazgha). The haplogroup frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, parts of the British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and surpasses 5% in nearly all of the continent. Its H1b subclade is most common in eastern Europe and NW Siberia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Tolk HV, Parik J, Pennarun E, Laos S, Lunkina A, Golubenko M, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky OP, Gusar V, Khusnutdinova EK, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Rudan P, Balanovska EV, Grechanina E, Richard C, Moisan JP, Chaventré A, Anagnou NP, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis EN, Claustres M, Gölge M, Mikerezi I, Usanga E, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–21 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15254257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh209 | doi-access = free }}

{{As of|2010}}, the highest frequency of the H1 subclade has been found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Fezzan region in Libya (61%).{{cite journal | vauthors = Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Torroni A, Rickards O | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial haplogroup H1 in north Africa: an early holocene arrival from Iberia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = e13378 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20975840 | pmc = 2958834 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...513378O | doi-access = free }} The basal H1* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%).{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A | display-authors = 6 | title = Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 915–23 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20234393 | pmc = 2987384 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 }}

The rare H1cb subclade is concentrated among Fulani groups inhabiting the Sahel.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kulichová I, Fernandes V, Deme A, Nováčková J, Stenzl V, Novelletto A, Pereira L, Černý V | display-authors = 6 | title = Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 164 | issue = 2 | pages = 424–434 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28736914 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.23285 }}

Haplogroup H has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Linearbandkeramik culture (H1e, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%; H1 or H1au1b, Karsdorf, 1/2 or 50%), Germany Middle Neolithic (H1e1a, Esperstedt, 1/1 or 100%), Iberia Early Neolithic (H1, El Prado de Pancorbo, 1/2 or 50%), Iberia Middle Neolithic (H1, La Mina, 1/4 or 25%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (H1t, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%).{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Ferry M, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Harney E, Nordenfelt S, Llamas B, Gusztáv Mende B, Köhler K, Oross K, Bondár M, Marton T, Osztás A, Jakucs J, Paluch T, Horváth F, Csengeri P, Koós J, Sebők K, Anders A, Raczky P, Regenye J, Barna JP, Fábián S, Serlegi G, Toldi Z, Gyöngyvér Nagy E, Dani J, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Márk L, Melegh B, Bánfai Z, Domboróczki L, Fernández-Eraso J, Antonio Mujika-Alustiza J, Alonso Fernández C, Jiménez Echevarría J, Bollongino R, Orschiedt J, Schierhold K, Meller H, Cooper A, Burger J, Bánffy E, Alt KW, Lalueza-Fox C, Haak W, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers | journal = Nature | volume = 551 | issue = 7680 | pages = 368–372 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29144465 | pmc = 5973800 | doi = 10.1038/nature24476 | bibcode = 2017Natur.551..368L }} Haplogroup H has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. At the Tenerife site, these clade-bearing individuals were found to belong to the H1cf subclade (1/7; ~14%); at the Gran Canaria site, the specimens carried the H2a subhaplogroup (1/4; 25%).{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez-Varela R, Günther T, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Gillingwater TH, MacCallum M, Arsuaga JL, Dobney K, Valdiosera C, Jakobsson M, Götherström A, Girdland-Flink L | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans | journal = Current Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 21 | pages = 3396–3402.e5 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29107554 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2164/13526 | hdl-access = free }} Additionally, ancient Guanche (Bimbaches) individuals excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands were all found to belong to the H1 maternal subclade. These locally born individuals were dated to the 10th century and carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and Algeria.{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 |title=Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=78 |pages=20–28 |year=2017 | vauthors = Alejandra C, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, De-La-Rúa C, Arnay-De-La-Rosa M |bibcode=2017JArSc..78...20O }}

; Frequencies of haplogroup H1 in the world (Ottoni et al. 2010)

H3 is found throughout the whole of Europe and in the Maghreb, and is believed to have originated among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in south-western Europe between 9 000 and 11 000 years ago. H3 represents the second largest fraction of the H genome after H1 and has a somewhat similar distribution, with peaks in Portugal, Spain, Scandinavia and Finland. It is common in Portugal (12%), Sardinia (11%), Galicia (10%), the Basque country (10%), Ireland (6%), Norway (6%), Hungary (6%) and southwestern France (5%).{{cite web | title = Origins, spread and ethnic association of European haplogroups and subclades | url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml#H| work = Eupedia }}{{cite web | first = Maciamo | last = Hay | name-list-style = vanc | title = Haplogroup H (mtDNA)| url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_H_mtDNA.shtml }} Access date 2015/10/02 Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, Poole JC, Lautenberger J, Sezgin E, Kingsley L, Goedert JJ, Vlahov D, Donfield S, Wallace DC, O'Brien SJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression | journal = AIDS | volume = 22 | issue = 18 | pages = 2429–39 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19005266 | pmc = 2699618 | doi = 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb }}

Example of H3 sub-groups are:

• H3a and H3g, found in north-west Europe;
• H3b and H3k, found in the British Isles and Catalonia;
• H3c, found in Western Europe, including among the Basques;
• H3h, found throughout northern Europe
• H3i found in Ireland and Scotland;
• H3j found in Italy;
• H3v found especially in Germanic countries and;
• H3z found in Atlantic Europe.

The basal H3* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%).

{{Main|Haplogroup H5 (mtDNA)}}

H5 may have evolved in West Asia, where it is most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus. However, its H5a subclade has a stronger representation in Europe, though at low levels.{{cite journal | vauthors = Roostalu U, Kutuev I, Loogväli EL, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Khusnutdinova EK, Usanga E, Kivisild T, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Origin and expansion of haplogroup H, the dominant human mitochondrial DNA lineage in West Eurasia: the Near Eastern and Caucasian perspective | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 436–48 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17099056 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl173 | doi-access = free }}

The H2, H6 and H8 haplogroups are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. They may be the most common H subclades among Central Asians and have also been found in West Asia. H2a5 has been found in the Basque Country,{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez-Iglesias V, Mosquera-Miguel A, Cerezo M, Quintáns B, Zarrabeitia MT, Cuscó I, Lareu MV, García O, Pérez-Jurado L, Carracedo A, Salas A | display-authors = 6 | title = New population and phylogenetic features of the internal variation within mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e5112 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19340307 | pmc = 2660437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005112 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5112A | doi-access = free }} and in Norway, Ireland and Slovakia.{{cite journal | vauthors = van Oven M, Kayser M | title = Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = E386–94 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18853457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20921 | s2cid = 27566749 | doi-access = free }} H6a1a1a is common among Ashkenazi Jews.{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB | title = A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 2543 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24104924 | pmc = 3806353 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3543 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.2543C }}

H4 is often found in the Iberian Peninsula, Britain and Ireland at levels between 1 and 5% of the population. It is associated with Neolithic migrations.

H4 and H13, along with H2 account for 42% of the hg H lineages in Egypt.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM | title = Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56775 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23431392 | pmc = 3576335 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856775B | doi-access = free }}

The H7 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. Its subclade H7c1 is present in Druze people and in Saudi Arabia.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=41|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }} H7c2 is present in such peoples as Ashkenazi Jews, Sardinians, and Dutch people. H7e is present in Ashkenazi Jews, Germans, Sardinians, and others.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|pages=42–43|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }} H7a1b is found today in Scotland, England, Denmark, Finland and Sardinia.{{Cite journal |last1=Dulias |first1=Katharina |last2=Birch |first2=Steven |last3=Wilson |first3=James F. |last4=Justeau |first4=Pierre |last5=Gandini |first5=Francesca |last6=Flaquer |first6=Antònia |last7=Soares |first7=Pedro |last8=Richards |first8=Martin B. |last9=Pala |first9=Maria |last10=Edwards |first10=Ceiridwen J. |date=July 2019 |title=Maternal relationships within an Iron Age burial at the High Pasture Cave, Isle of Skye, Scotland |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440319300664 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=110 |pages=104978 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2019.104978|bibcode=2019JArSc.110j4978D |s2cid=203083206 }}

H9 is present in Yemenis.{{GenBank|KM986583.1}} The subclade H9a exists in Welsh people,{{GenBank|MH782168.1}} Calabrians{{GenBank|JX153272.1}} and Crimean Karaites.{{cite journal |last1=Brook |first1=Kevin Alan |date=Summer 2014 |title=The Genetics of Crimean Karaites |url=http://www.karamdergisi.com/Makaleler/909058854_5-%20Brook.pdf |journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları (Journal of Black Sea Studies) |volume=11 |issue=42 |pages=78–79 |doi=10.12787/KARAM859 |access-date=}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/OQ981914 Homo sapiens haplogroup H9a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: OQ981914.1.] H9a samples were recovered from two ancient people in Lebanon.{{cite journal|title=Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: A story of settlement, integration, and female mobility|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 13|issue = 1|pages = e0190169 in S1 Table |pmc = 5761892|year = 2018|last1 = Matisoo-Smith|first1 = E.|last2 = Gosling|first2 = A. L.|last3 = Platt|first3 = D.|last4 = Kardailsky|first4 = O.|last5 = Prost|first5 = S.|last6 = Cameron-Christie|first6 = S.|last7 = Collins|first7 = C. J.|last8 = Boocock|first8 = J.|last9 = Kurumilian|first9 = Y.|last10 = Guirguis|first10 = M.|last11 = Pla Orquín|first11 = R.|last12 = Khalil|first12 = W.|last13 = Genz|first13 = H.|last14 = Abou Diwan|first14 = G.|last15 = Nassar|first15 = J.|last16 = Zalloua|first16 = P.|pmid = 29320542|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0190169|bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1390169M|doi-access = free}}

Haplogroup H10 is subclade which came into existence between 6,300 and 10,900 years ago. Its descendant branches are H10a, H10b, H10c, H10d, H10e, H10f, H10g, and H10h.{{cite journal | vauthors = Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R | title = A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 675–84 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22482806 | pmc = 3322232 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 }}

Haplogroup H10e has been found at a Neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to 3735 BCE (±45 years).{{Cite book | first = António | last = Faustino de Carvalho | name-list-style = vanc |title=Bom Santo cave (Lisbon) and the middle neolithic societies of southern Portugal|date=2014|publisher=Universidade do Algarvede |isbn=9789899766631|location=Faro|oclc=946308166}}

H11 is commonly found in Central Europe.

Italians are notable carriers of H12 and its two branches. H12a has been detected in such regions as Sicily{{GenBank|MW528315.1}} and Calabria.{{GenBank|JX153458.1}}

The H13 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. H13 is also found in the Caucasus; H13c was found in a 9,700 year old sample in Mesolithic Georgia{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Eppie R. |last2=Gonzalez-Fortes |first2=Gloria |last3=Connell |first3=Sarah |last4=Siska |first4=Veronika |last5=Eriksson |first5=Anders |last6=Martiniano |first6=Rui |last7=McLaughlin |first7=Russell L. |last8=Gallego Llorente |first8=Marcos |last9=Cassidy |first9=Lara M. |last10=Gamba |first10=Cristina |last11=Meshveliani |first11=Tengiz |last12=Bar-Yosef |first12=Ofer |last13=Müller |first13=Werner |last14=Belfer-Cohen |first14=Anna |last15=Matskevich |first15=Zinovi |last16=Jakeli |first16=Nino |last17=Higham |first17=Thomas F. G. |last18=Currat |first18=Mathias |last19=Lordkipanidze |first19=David |last20=Hofreiter |first20=Michael |last21=Manica |first21=Andrea |last22=Pinhasi |first22=Ron |last23=Bradley |first23=Daniel G. |title=Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 November 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=8912 |doi=10.1038/ncomms9912 |pmid=26567969 |pmc=4660371 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8912J }} and H13a2a and H13a2b are found in Armenians in Armenia.{{GenBank|MF362786.1}}{{GenBank|KX230571.1}}

The root level of H14 is found in northwestern Europeans, such as in Ireland.

Its subclade H14a is encountered among such populations as Armenians from Turkey,[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK491393 Homo sapiens isolate 40_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK491393.1.] Sardinians from Italy,[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY410191 Homo sapiens isolate csct_007727 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY410191.1.] and Persian Jews and Iraqi Jews.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=129|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }} The branch H14a2 is present among Romani people from Spain[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KF055878 Homo sapiens isolate M943_H14a2_Roma mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF055878.1.] and Croats[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG786850 Homo sapiens haplogroup H14a2 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG786850.1.] and is common in Iran.

Its subclade H14b has a presence in many European and West Asian populations including Assyrian people,[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK217254 Homo sapiens isolate Assyrian_C188_H14b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK217254.1.] Persians[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KC911548 Homo sapiens haplogroup H14b* mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911548.1.] and Armenians from Iran,[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX784190 Homo sapiens haplogroup H14b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX784190.1.] and people in Tuscany (central Italy),[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY399186 Homo sapiens isolate 33151 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY399186.1.] Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Spain, and Qatar. The branch H14b1 is especially prevalent in France but also found in neighboring Monaco and in Scotland. The branch H14b3 has been found in Armenians from Artsakh[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF362858 Homo sapiens isolate Artsakh_69 haplogroup H14b3 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362858.1.] and people from Armenia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and Scotland. H14b4 is in Italy and Germany.

H15 includes the base level and the branches H15a and H15b. H15a1b is present in Greeks.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=135|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }} H15b is present in Armenians, Druze, Ashkenazi Jews, Danes, and other peoples of Europe and the Near East.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=50|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }}

H16 is encountered in numerous European populations, such as Norway and England. Its subclade H16a is found in Czechs[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MW538532 Homo sapiens haplogroup H16a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MW538532.1.] and in Germany, Scotland, and the Netherlands. H16a1 is similarly found in Europe, including in Denmark.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JX153510 Homo sapiens isolate 3157345 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JX153510.1.] H16b is another common branch and among other places is present in Sardinia.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY410158 Homo sapiens isolate csct_007629 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY410158.1.] H16c was found in archaeological human remains from Iron Age cemetery in Lejasbitēni, Latvia;{{cite journal |title=Application of natural sciences methodology in archaeological study of Iron Age burials in Latvia: pilot study |journal=Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology |volume=19 |pages=8–15 |year=2023 |last1=Kimsis |first1=Janis |last2=Petersone-Gordina |first2=Elina |last3=Poksane |first3=Alise |last4=Vilcāne |first4=Antonija |last5=Moore |first5=Joanna |last6=Gerhards |first6=Guntis |last7=Ranka |first7=Renate |issue=1 |pmid=36348137 |doi=10.1007/s12024-022-00553-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12024-022-00553-7#Sec15}} it is currently found in Sweden, Great Britain, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Latvia and elsewhere. H16d is found in Italy, France, Ireland, England, and other parts of Europe. H16e is especially common in Sweden.

In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23, whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia, Italy), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1.

H17 is especially prevalent in Ireland but also found in England, Scotland, Wales, Sweden, and Germany. H17a is similarly found across Europe, such as in Sardinia[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY408165 Homo sapiens isolate 1963 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY408165.1.] and Lithuania.

H18 occurs on the Arabian Peninsula.

{{cite journal | vauthors = Ennafaa H, Cabrera VM, Abu-Amero KK, González AM, Amor MB, Bouhaha R, Dzimiri N, Elgaaïed AB, Larruga JM | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H structure in North Africa | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 10 | pages = 8 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19243582 | pmc = 2657161 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-8 | doi-access = free }}

These haplogroups are both found in the Caucasus region. H20 also appears at low levels in the Iberian Peninsula (less than 1%), Arabian Peninsula (1%) and Near East (2%).

These subclades are found mostly in Europe, South-West Asia and Central Asia.

H24 is found in Romance-speaking countries' populations (France, Spain, and Romani people from Spain){{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Carballa |first1=Alberto |last2=Pardo-Seco |first2=Jacobo |last3=Fachal |first3=Laura |last4=Vega |first4=Ana |last5=Cebey |first5=Miriam |last6=Martinón-Torres |first6=Nazareth |last7=Martinón-Torres |first7=Federico |last8=Salas |first8=Antonio |title=Indian Signatures in the Westernmost Edge of the European Romani Diaspora: New Insight from Mitogenomes |journal=PLOS ONE |date=15 October 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e75397 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075397 |pmid=24143169 |pmc=3797067 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875397G |doi-access=free }} as well as in Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and England.

H45 is found in Ireland and Spain.[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/H MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA] Its subclade H45a is especially found in Finland[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN516616 Homo sapiens isolate S19_fi_ath haplogroup H45a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516616.1.] but also found in Sweden. H45b exists among multiple kinds of western Europeans, including people in Ireland,[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG807267 Homo sapiens haplogroup H45b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG807267.1.] Scotland, England, and Germany.

H47 has been found in Syria, Italy, and Armenians and infrequently in Ashkenazi Jews.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|pages=53–54|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn|s2cid=254519342 }} Its subclade H47a is exclusively European, being found in such countries as England, Ireland, Czechia, and Bulgaria.

H53 is encountered in such countries as Spain (including among Basques)[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN046424 Homo sapiens isolate ESP_19_00000014 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN046424.1.] and Poland[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG646120 Homo sapiens isolate J189 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG646120.1.] and as far east as Xinjiang in western China (among Uyghurs).[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KU683584 Homo sapiens isolate We1474 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KU683584.1.]

H65 is estimated to have originated around c. 6250 BCE, likely in or near the Balkans or Carpathian Basin, based on the geographic distribution of its modern descendants.{{cite web | title = FamilyTreeDNA Discover – mtDNA Haplogroup H65 | publisher = Family Tree DNA | url = https://discover.familytreedna.com/mtdna/H65e2a1/classic | access-date = 2025-04-15}}

Today, descendants of H65 are found across much of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean, including in Hungary, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Italy, Slovenia, Turkey, Greece, Syria, and Sweden. The presence of H65 in both southeastern Europe and the Levant, as well as in northern Europe, suggests that it spread during major prehistoric population movements—especially the Neolithic expansion of farming communities from the Near East into Europe and the subsequent Indo-European migrations during the Bronze Age.

The diversification and wide geographic range of H65 and its subclades likely reflect a combination of early agricultural diffusion, steppe-related expansions, and later historical mobility across Eurasia. Its distribution today is consistent with long-term settlement and gradual dispersal rather than recent migration.{{cite web | title = FamilyTreeDNA Discover – mtDNA Haplogroup H65 | publisher = Family Tree DNA | url = https://discover.familytreedna.com/mtdna/H65e2a1/classic | access-date = 2025-04-15}}

H69 is a European branch found in Finns,{{GenBank|MN516573.1}} Irish people,{{GenBank|KP150428.1}} and inhabitants of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

H91a is associated with the Uyghur ethnic minority of western China.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KU683042 Homo sapiens isolate We0454 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KU683042.1.]

These were the most recently discovered and named major branches of H.

H105 is found in Italy and Hungary.

H106 is found in Italy, France, Austria, England, and Germany.

H107 is encountered in Russia.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY670896 Homo sapiens isolate 23_Ps haplogroup H107 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY670896.1.]

File:Phylogeny of haplogroup H.png

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H subclades is based on Build 17 (February 2016) of the Phylotree, an internationally accepted standard.{{cite web |url=https://phylotree.org/tree/R0.htm |title=PhyloTree.org mtDNA subtree R0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201124007/https://phylotree.org/tree/R0.htm |archive-date=2023-02-01 }} The full tree can be viewed at Phylotree.

Haplogroup H was found as a possible increased risk factor for ischemic cardiomyopathy development.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fernández-Caggiano M, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Rego-Pérez I, Crespo-Leiro MG, Paniagua MJ, Grillé Z, Blanco FJ, Doménech N | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial haplogroups H and J: risk and protective factors for ischemic cardiomyopathy | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e44128 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22937160 | pmc = 3429437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044128 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...744128F | doi-access = free }}

• In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Helena. Stephen Oppenheimer uses the very similar name Helina in his book The Origins of the British.
• Palaeoanthropologist Meave Leakey is a carrier of haplogroup H.{{cite book |last1=Leakey |first1=Samira |page=333 |date=2020 |title=The Sediments of Time: My Lifelong Search for the Past |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}
• Professional genealogist Megan Smolenyak carries haplogroup H.{{Cite news|last=Slatalla|first=Michelle|date=October 25, 2007|title=Marie Antoinette, Is That You?|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/fashion/25Cyber.html|access-date=2024-03-10}}
• Commentator David Brooks has a mtDNA haplogroup within H.{{cite magazine |author=Nadine Epstein |date=September–October 2012 |title=The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment |page=44 |url=https://momentmag.com/the-moment-magazine-great-dna-experiment/ |magazine=Moment Magazine |access-date=2024-03-07}}
• Actress Kyra Sedgwick belongs to haplogroup H1.{{cite book |last=Gates Jr.|first=Henry Louis|page=82|date=2015|title=Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}
• Dr. Mehmet Oz is a member of haplogroup H2a1.{{cite book |last=Gates Jr.|first=Henry Louis|pages=12, 125|date=2010|title=Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts|publisher=New York University Press}}
• Actor Kevin Bacon belongs to haplogroup H6.{{cite book |last=Gates Jr.|first=Henry Louis|page=92|date=2015|title=Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}
• Author and journalist A.J. Jacobs belongs to haplogroup H7.{{cite magazine |author=Nadine Epstein |date=September–October 2012 |title=The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment |page=41 |url=https://momentmag.com/the-moment-magazine-great-dna-experiment/ |magazine=Moment Magazine |access-date=2024-03-07}}
• Actress Mila Kunis belongs to haplogroup H7.{{cite book |author1=Jacobs, A. J. |title=It's All Relative: Adventures Up and Down the World's Family Tree |date=2017 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4767-3449-1 |page=160}}
• Politician Bernie Sanders carries haplogroup H11a.{{Cite episode |series=Finding Your Roots |network=PBS |date=2017-10-03 |season=4 |number=1 |language=en}}

{{Commons category|Haplogroup H (mtDNA)}}

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• SNPedia

{{mtDNA}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• General
• Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/haplogroup_select.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]
• Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org Phylotree]
• Haplogroup H
• [https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/h-mt-dna-haplogroup/about/background The Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup H & HV Project] at Family Tree DNA
• National Geographic's [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726092949/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm024 Spread of Haplogroup H], from National Geographic
• mtDNA [https://archive.today/20130415201610/http://www.snpedia.org/index.php/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA) Haplogroup H] article at SNPedia
• Amelia's [http://www.olypen.com/amelia/helena/ Helena]
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Tolk HV, Parik J, Pennarun E, Laos S, Lunkina A, Golubenko M, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky OP, Gusar V, Khusnutdinova EK, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Rudan P, Balanovska EV, Grechanina E, Richard C, Moisan JP, Chaventré A, Anagnou NP, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis EN, Claustres M, Gölge M, Mikerezi I, Usanga E, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–21 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15254257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh209 | doi-access = free }}
• Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20110503182303/http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/20 Tutorials on mtDNA Haplogroup H]
• Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010657/http://www.genebase.com/doc/mtdnaHaplogroup_H_Tree.pdf Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA Haplogroup H]
• Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010659/http://www.genebase.com/doc/mtdnaHaplogroup_H_Subclade_Distribution_Map.pdf Geographical distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup H]
• Haplogroup and Subcluster Frequencies for European Populations: {{cite journal | vauthors = Helgason A, Hickey E, Goodacre S, Bosnes V, Stefánsson K, Ward R, Sykes B | display-authors = 6 | title = mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 723–37 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11179019 | pmc = 1274484 | doi = 10.1086/318785 }}
• Haplogroup H1
• [https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/mt-dna-h1/about/background H1 mtGenome Project] at Family Tree DNA
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517085505/http://home.comcast.net/~libpjr1/H1.htm Hope] The H1 mtDNA Haplogroup Project

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup H (Mtdna)}}

Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups