Haplogroup K-M9#Structure

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago.{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |journal=Genome Res. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=830–8 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18385274 |pmc=2336805 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008}} Geneticist Spencer Wells had argued that because haplogroup K has a geographically wide distribution, the lineage probably originated near the central part of this range in the Middle East or Central Asia, possibly in Iran or Pakistan.{{Cite book |last=Wells |first=Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ |title=Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past |date=20 November 2006 |publisher=National Geographic |isbn=978-1-4262-0211-7 |pages=79 |quote=Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211112907/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=Spencer |title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey |date=28 March 2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17601-7 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Chanda |first1=Nayan |title=Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13490-2 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxMz-Ro6CjQC&pg=PA15 |language=en}}

Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.{{cite journal |last1=Daine J. |first1=Rowold |last2=Perez-Benedico |first2=David |last3=Stojkovic |first3=Oliver |last4=Alfonso-Sanchez |first4=Miguel A |last5=Garcia-Bertrand |first5=Ralph |last6=Herrera |first6=Rene J |display-authors=1 |date=2016 |title=On the Bantu expansion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378111916305704 |journal=Gene |volume=593 |issue=1 |pages=48–57 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044 |pmid=27451076 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 October 2016 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}} Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.{{Cite journal |last1=Delfin |first1=Frederick |last2=Salvador |first2=Jazelyn M |last3=Calacal |first3=Gayvelline C |last4=Perdigon |first4=Henry B |last5=Tabbada |first5=Kristina A |last6=Villamor |first6=Lilian P |last7=Halos |first7=Saturnina C |last8=Gunnarsdóttir |first8=Ellen |last9=Myles |first9=Sean |last10=Hughes |first10=David A |last11=Xu |first11=Shuhua |last12=Jin |first12=Li |last13=Lao |first13=Oscar |last14=Kayser |first14=Manfred |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |display-authors=1 |date=29 September 2010 |title=The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=224–230 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.162 |issn=1018-4813 |eissn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025791 |pmid=20877414 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M |last2=Lansing |first2=J S |last3=Redd |first3=Alan J |last4=Reznikova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Watkins |first5=Joseph C |last6=Surata |first6=S P K |last7=Arthawiguna |first7=W A |last8=Mayer |first8=Laura |last9=Bamshad |first9=Michael |last10=Jorde |first10=Lynn B |last11=Hammer |first11=Michael F |date=February 2005 |title=Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182786 |url-status=live |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=93–114 |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030 |issn=0018-7143 |eissn=1534-6617 |pmid=16114819 |hdl=1808/13586 |s2cid=7953854 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131004202/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16114819/ |archive-date=31 January 2024 |via=Project MUSE|hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Murray P |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta Mirazón |date=25 December 2005 |title=Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20459 |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20459 |pmid=16378340 |s2cid=4824401 |url-access=subscription |via=Wiley Online Library}}

Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.

The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:

• K2a (detected in Paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),{{Cite journal |last1=Poznik |first1=G. David |last2=Xue |first2=Yali |last3=Mendez |first3=Fernando L. |last4=Willems |first4=Thomas F. |last5=Massaia |first5=Andrea |last6=Sayres |first6=Melissa A. Wilson |last7=Ayub |first7=Qasim |last8=McCarthy |first8=Shane A. |last9=Narechania |first9=Apurva |last10=Kashin |first10=Seva |last11=Chen |first11=Yuan |last12=Banerjee |first12=Ruby |last13=Rodriguez-Flores |first13=Juan L. |last14=Cerezo |first14=Maria |last15=Shao |first15=Haojing |display-authors=1 |date=25 April 2016 |title=Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=593–599 |doi=10.1038/ng.3559 |issn=1061-4036 |eissn=1546-1718 |pmc=4884158 |pmid=27111036 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C }} the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O,{{cite journal |last1=Rootsi |first1=Siiri |last2=Zhivotovsky |first2=Lev A |last3=Baldovič |first3=Marian |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Kutuev |first5=Ildus A |last6=Khusainova |first6=Rita |last7=Bermisheva |first7=Marina A |last8=Gubina |first8=Marina |last9=Fedorova |first9=Sardana A |last10=Ilumäe |first10=Anne-Mai |last11=Khusnutdinova |first11=Elza K |last12=Voevoda |first12=Mikhail I |last13=Osipova |first13=Ludmila P |last14=Stoneking |first14=Mark |last15=Lin |first15=Alice A |display-authors=1 |date=1 February 2007 |title=A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=204–211 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748 |issn=1018-4813 |eissn=1476-5438 |pmid=17149388 |doi-access=free |last16=Ferak |first16=Vladimir |last17=Parik |first17=Jüri |last18=Kivisild |first18=Toomas |last19=Underhill |first19=Peter A |last20=Villems |first20=Richard}} and;
• K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |journal=Genome Research |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=830–8 | date=May 2008 |pmid=18385274 |pmc=2336805 |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008}}

;Haplogroup K-M9 tree {{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF |title=Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume= 23|issue= 3|pages= 369–373| date=June 2014 |pmid=24896152 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 |pmc=4326703}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, etal |title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans |journal=Nature |volume=505 |issue=7481 |pages=87–91 | date=January 2014 |pmid=24256729 |pmc=4105016 |doi=10.1038/nature12736|bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, etal |title=The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana |journal=Nature |volume=506 |issue=7487 |pages=225–9 | date=February 2014 |pmid=24522598 |doi=10.1038/nature13025 |pmc=4878442|bibcode=2014Natur.506..225R }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, etal |title=Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=12 |pages=199–207 | date=September 2014 |pmid=25016250 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, etal |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |pages=181 |year=2009 |issue=1 |pmid=19650893 |pmc=2728732 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..181F }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, etal |title=Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e41252 |year=2012 |pmid=22815981 |pmc=3399854 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041252|bibcode=2012PLoSO...741252G |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, etal |title=Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |year=2012 |pmid=22470552 |pmc=3314501 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288|bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, etal |title=Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e56775 |year=2013 |pmid=23431392 |pmc=3576335 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056775|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856775B |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, etal |title=Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1526–43 | date=December 2000 |pmid=11078479 |pmc=1287948 |doi=10.1086/316890}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Pichler I, Mueller JC, Stefanov SA, etal |title=Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms |journal=Human Biology |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=441–64 | date=August 2006 |pmid=17278620 |url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol78/iss4/4/ |doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0057|s2cid=20205296 |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, etal |title=Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=61–4 | date=October 2004 |pmid=15374596 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026}}{{cite journal |first1=R. |last1=Trivedi |first2=Sanghamitra |last2=Sahoo |first3=Anamika |last3=Singh |first4=G. Hima |last4=Bindu |first5=Jheelam |last5=Banerjee |first6=Manuj |last6=Tandon |first7=Sonali |last7=Gaikwad |first8=Revathi |last8=Rajkumar |first9=T |last9=Sitalaximi |first10=Richa |last10=Ashma |first11=G. B. N. |last11=Chainy |first12=V. K. |last12=Kashyap |year=2007 |title=High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf |journal=Anthropology Today}}{{cite book |last1=Hirbo |first1=Jibril Boru |year=2011 |title=Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations |type=PhD Thesis |hdl=1903/11443}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2 | volume=1261 | title=Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis | journal=International Congress Series | pages=347–349 | year=2004 | last1 = Sanchez | first1 = J.J.}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, etal |title=Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=800–7 | date=July 2010 |pmid=20051990 |pmc=2987365 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.231}}yhrd.org{{full citation needed|date=November 2014}}{{cite journal |first1=Hua |last1=Zhong |first2=Hong |last2=Shi |first3=Xue-Bin |last3=Qi |first4=Zi-Yuan |last4=Duan |first5=Ping-Ping |last5=Tan |first6=Li |last6=Jin |first7=Bing |last7=Su |first8=Runlin Z. |last8=Ma |year=2010 |title=Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |pmid=20837606|doi-access=free }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm|title=PhyloTree Y - Minimal Y tree|website=www.phylotree.org}}{{cite bioRxiv |first1=Gregory R |last1=Magoon |first2=Raymond H |last2=Banks |first3=Christian |last3=Rottensteiner |first4=Bonnie E |last4=Schrack |first5=Vincent O |last5=Tilroe |first6=Terry |last6=Robb |first7=Andrew J |last7=Grierson |year=2013 |title=Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data |biorxiv=10.1101/000802}}

{{Clade

|1=LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India, Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somaliland, Egyptians, some Middle East,{{cite web |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Arab_T/default.aspx?section=yresults |title = FamilyTreeDNA - Arab T Haplogroup}} the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India.

|label2=K2

|2 = {{Clade

|1 = K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.).{{cite journal | pmid=26515539 | date=2016 | last1=Nagle | first1=N. | last2=Ballantyne | first2=K. N. | last3=Van Oven | first3=M. | last4=Tyler-Smith | first4=C. | last5=Xue | first5=Y. | last6=Taylor | first6=D. | last7=Wilcox | first7=S. | last8=Wilcox | first8=L. | last9=Turkalov | first9=R. | last10=Van Oorschot | first10=R. A. | last11=McAllister | first11=P. | last12=Williams | first12=L. | last13=Kayser | first13=M. | last14=Mitchell | first14=R. J. | last15=Genographic | first15=Consortium | title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume=159 | issue=3 | pages=367–381 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886 }} According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New  statistical  genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations”, K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land {{cite journal | doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 | title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia | date=2014 | last1=Lipson | first1=Mark | last2=Loh | first2=Po-Ru | last3=Patterson | first3=Nick | last4=Moorjani | first4=Priya | last5=Ko | first5=Ying-Chin | last6=Stoneking | first6=Mark | last7=Berger | first7=Bonnie | last8=Reich | first8=David | journal=Nature Communications | volume=5 | page=4689 | pmid=25137359 | pmc=4143916 | bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4689L | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-1F46-B | hdl-access=free }}

|label2= K2a (K-M2308)

|2 = {{Clade

|1 =K2a* - found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in
Omsk Oblast, Russia. (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)

|label2 = K-M2313*

|2 = {{Clade

|1 = K-M2313* – so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1.

|2 = NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major
haplogroups:
• N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and;
• O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.

}}

}}

|label3=K2b (P331)

|3 = {{Clade

|label1=K2b1

|1 = {{Clade

|1=S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea;{{Cite web|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpS.html|title = ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup S}} subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians. have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines.

|2= M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea; also found in Australia, and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia.

}}

|label2=P (K2b2)

|2 = {{Clade

|label1=P* (K2b2*) 28% of Aeta (Philippines), 10% in Timor

|1 = {{Clade

|1=

|2=

}}

|label3=P1*(M45/PF5962)

|3= {{Clade

|1= P1* 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans, Kizhi, Todjins and also in Andamanese_peoples of India

|2=Q (M242) Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia (Kets, Selkups, Altai, Tuvans, Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans)

|3= {{Clade

|1= R* found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia

|4={{Clade

|1=R2 found in South Asia and parts of Central Asia, Caucasus and the Middle East

|2={{Clade

|1=R1a found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded ware folk |2=R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Banjara tribes of India, Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|4=K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali.

|5=K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java

|6=K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[https://isogg.org/tree International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2020, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020] (8 May 2020).

}}

}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Haplogroup K of Y-DNA}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320203240/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my038 Spread of Haplogroup K], from National Geographic

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{{Y-DNA}}

K-M9