Hatam language
{{Short description|Language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Hatam
|nativename=
|states=Papua
|region=Eastern Bird's Head
|pushpin_map = Indonesia Bird's Head Peninsula#Indonesia_Western New Guinea#Southeast Asia
|coordinates = {{coord|-1.14|134.04|region:ID-PB}}
|speakers=16,000
|date=1993
|ref=e25
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=West Papuan
|fam2=East Bird's Head (?)
|fam3=Hatam–Mansim
|dia1=Moi (Moire)
|dia2=Tinam
|dia3=Miriei
|dia4=Adihup
|dia5=Uran
|iso3=had
|glotto=hata1243
|glottorefname=Hatam
}}
Hatam (also spelled Hattam, Atam) is a divergent language spoken on the island of New Guinea, specifically in the Indonesian province of West Papua.
Classification
Apart from Mansim (Borai), formerly listed as a dialect, Hatam is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) tentatively assigned it to the West Papuan languages, based on similarities in pronouns, Ethnologue and Glottolog list it as a language isolate or small independent family.{{cite web| editor-last1= Hammarström| editor-first1 = Harald| editor-last2 = Forke| editor-first2 = Robert| editor-last3 = Haspelmath| editor-first3 = Martin| editor-last4 = Bank| editor-first4 = Sebastian| year = 2020|title = Hatam | work = Glottolog 4.3| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hata1243}}
Distribution
Hatam is spoken on the island of New Guinea in the following regencies in the Indonesian province of West Papua:{{cite book |last=Ronsumbre |first=Adolof |year=2020 |title=Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat |location=Yogyakarta |publisher=Penerbit Kepel Press |isbn=978-602-356-318-0}}
- Pegunungan Arfak Regency: Menyambouw District, Anggi District, Anggi Dida District, Catubouw District, and Hingk District
- Manokwari Regency: Manokwari Barat District, Manokwari Selatan District, Tanah Rubuh District, Warmare District, Prafi District
- Manokwari Selatan Regency: Oransbari District (Masabui 1 and Masabui 2 villages) and Ransiki District (Sabri village)
Phonology
The phonology of the Hatam language is listed below. In free form, both consonant and vowel phonemes can range to different sounds.{{harvp|Reesink|1999|pages=9–13}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants ! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="3" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|c}} |{{IPA link|k}} | |
|---|
| voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|ɟ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
| geminated
|{{IPA link|pː}} |{{IPA link|tː}} | |{{IPA link|kː}} | |
| rowspan="2" |Nasal
!voiced |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
| geminated
|{{IPA link|mː}} |{{IPA link|nː}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPA link|s}} | | |{{IPA link|h}} |
| colspan="2" |Liquid
| |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Semivowel
|{{IPA link|w}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
| class="wikitable"
!Phoneme !Allophones |
| {{IPAslink|p}}
|[{{IPAlink|p}}, {{IPAlink|pʰ}}, {{IPAlink|pɸ}}, {{IPAlink|ɸ}}] |
| {{IPAslink|t}}
|[{{IPAlink|t}}, {{IPAlink|tʰ}}] |
| {{IPAslink|c}}
|[{{IPAlink|c}}, {{IPAlink|cʰ}}] |
| {{IPAslink|k}}
|[{{IPAlink|k}}, {{IPAlink|kʰ}}, {{IPAlink|kx}}] |
| {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|[{{IPAlink|ɡ}}, {{IPAlink|k}}, {{IPAlink|ɡː}}] |
| {{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|[{{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPAlink|ɟː}}] |
| {{IPAslink|d}}
|[{{IPAlink|d}}, {{IPAlink|t}}] |
| {{IPAslink|b}}
|[{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPAlink|p}}, {{IPAlink|bː}}] |
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|[{{IPAlink|ɾ}}, {{IPAlink|l}}, {{IPAlink|lː}}] |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels ! !Back |
| Close
|{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
| Open
| |{{IPA link|a}} | |
| class="wikitable"
!Phoneme !Allophones |
| {{IPAslink|i}}
|[{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|ɪ}}, {{IPAlink|ə}}] |
| {{IPAslink|ɛ}}
|[{{IPAlink|ɛ}}, {{IPAlink|e}}] |
| {{IPAslink|a}}
|[{{IPAlink|ä}}, {{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|ɐ}}] |
| {{IPAslink|ɔ}}
|[{{IPAlink|ɔ}}, {{IPAlink|o}}] |
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
Further reading
- {{Cite book |last=Reesink |first=Ger P. |title=A Grammar of Hatam: Bird's Head Peninsula, Irian Jaya |date=1999 |publisher=Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |isbn=978-0-85883-497-2 |series=Pacific Linguistics: Series C, 146 |location=Canberra |hdl=1885/146620 |hdl-access=free}}
{{West Papuan languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}