Hatzor Airbase

The airbase was opened in 1942 as RAF Qastina by the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom in the then British Protectorate of Palestine. It was named after the Palestinian village Qastina southeast of it, that perished in the 1948 Palestine War and the nearby British military base Camp Qastina. Two British squadrons, operating Dakota and Halifax aircraft, were initially stationed at the base.{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616180533mp_/http://www.iaf.org.il/2570-30198-HE/IAF.aspx|title=Hatzor Airbase|website=IAF Website|date=2019-06-16|access-date=2025-04-01|language=he}}

Qastina12.png|Shepherd with sheep in the Palesti­nian village of Qastina around 1940

Qastina De Gaulle remet crx Liberation 1941 05 26.jpg|French general Charles de Gaulle visiting Camp Qastina in 1941

Some RAF Units stationed at RAF Qastina:

• No. 512 Squadron RAF between 8 and 24 October 1945 with the Douglas Dakota{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=95}}
• No. 644 Squadron RAF between 1 December 1945 and 1 September 1946 with Handley Page Halifax A.7 & A.9{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=101}} became No. 47 Squadron RAF between 1 and 30 September 1946 with Handley Page Halifax A.7 & A.9{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=40}}
• No. 651 Squadron RAF between 1 June 1947 and 11 February 1948 with the Auster AOP.6{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=102}}

Handley Page Halifax - British Forces in the Middle East, 1945-1947 E32215.jpg|Handley Page Halifax bombers at the neighboring airbase RAF Aqir, 1946, now used as transport aircraft

Auster AOP.6 TW539 663 Sqn 1954.jpg|An Auster AOP.6 observation aircraft of a different squadron in 1954

On the night of 25 February 1946, Irgun militants attacked the airfield and destroyed several parked RAF Handley Page Halifax bombers used as transport aircraft (see photo above). Two additional RAF airfields, RAF Lydda (nowadays Ben Gurion International Airport) and RAF Sirkin, were attacked in what became known as the "Night of the Airplanes". Altogether, the attacks destroyed 20 RAF aircraft and damaged several others. Following these attacks, the RAF relocated many aircraft to bases in Egypt.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/FlightLog/FlightLog.aspx?lang=EN&lobbyID=40&folderID=48&subfolderID=319&docfolderID=340|title=The Night of the Airplanes|website=WayBack-Machine: IAF-Website|date=|access-date=2024-03-16|archive-date=2008-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804114908/http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/FlightLog/FlightLog.aspx?lang=EN&lobbyID=40&folderID=48&subfolderID=319&docfolderID=340|url-status=bot: unknown}}

On 15 March 1948, as the British Mandate for Palestine drew to a close, the RAF evacuated the airfield and it was taken over by Haganah forces and renamed Hatzor Airbase after the nearby kibbutz Hatzor Ashdod (see map).

The 101 Squadron "First Fighter" was founded in May 1948 at Ekron Airbase (now Tel Nof) as the first military aircraft squadron in Israel and relocated to Hatzor in November – at that time still with Avia S-199 fighter aircraft, made from leftover parts of the Messerschmitt Bf 109. A total of 25 of these{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avia_S-199_Mezek_Sakin_Knife_(468957791).jpg|title=Info sign at the IAF Museum near an Avia S-199|website=Photo on Wikimedia Commons|date=2007-04-19|access-date=2025-01-11}} were imported from Czechoslovakia, where German aircraft had been manufactured in the Avia factories during World War II. It was followed by the Supermarine Spitfire together with the North American P-51 Mustang. During this time the squadron was stationed at Ramat David Airbase.

Avia S-199 in June 1948 (Israeli Air Force).png|Czechoslovakian Avia S-199 of the Israeli 101 Squadron "First Fighter" in June 1948

Avia-S199-hatzerim-2.jpg|An Avia S-199 of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" at Hatzor, now at the IAF Museum near Hatzerim Airbase

Hatzerim 290110 Spitfire 02.jpg|A Spitfire Mk.IXe of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" from the early days of the IAF at the IAF Museum

Hatzerim Mustang 29012010 02.jpg|A P-51D Mustang of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" at the IAF Museum near Hatzerim Airbase

File:Dassault Mirage IIICJ (468968546).jpg Shahak of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" of Hatzor with 13 "Kill Markings" at the IAF Museum near Hatzerim Airbase]]

In April 1956 the 101 Squadron was back at Hatzor Airbase and got its first jets with the Dassault Mystère IV A (see: Operation Shacharit) and then in 1962 with the Dassault Mirage IIICJ Shahak (see picture on the right), which were used very successfully during the Six-Day War, the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. From 1971 and 1976 respectively, the IAI Nesher (griffon vulture) and the improved IAI Kfir (young lion) – built in Israel and based on the Dassault Mirage 5 – were handed over to the squadron as additional jets. From 1987 onwards it flew the F-16C/D Barak and had been involved in numerous missions since its inception.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33529-en/IAF.aspx|title=The First Fighter Squadron|website=WayBack-Machine: IAF Website|date=2019-06-19|access-date=2024-02-28|archive-date=2019-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614110426/http://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33529-en/IAF.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602033716/http://iaf.org.il/4968-33529-he/IAF.aspx|title=The First Fighter Squadron|website=IAF Website|date=2019-06-02|access-date=2025-04-16|language=he}}

In August 1950 at Ramat David Airbase, a group was established within the 101 Squadron to train pilots to attack ground targets. This group was nicknamed "Scorpion" and soon became the 105 Squadron. It initially flew the English Spitfire, later the US P-51 Mustang and the French Mystère IV A. In 1958, it moved to Chazor and was the only squadron in Israel to fly the new Super Mystère B2 (SMB2) Sambad. These jets were eventually upgraded by IAI under the name Saar and flew until the end of the 1970s – most recently in other squadrons. From 1975, the F-4E Phantom II Kurnas was introduced, then also the IAI Kfir and from 1991 finally the F-16C/D Barak. It was also involved in numerous missions.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33526-en/IAF.aspx|title=The Scorpion Squadron|website=WayBack-Machine: IAF-Website|date=2019-06-14|access-date=2024-02-28|archive-date=2019-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614110953/http://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33526-en/IAF.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}

The 109 Squadron "The Valley" was founded in 1951 under a different name at Tel Nof Airbase and was relocated to Hatzor from 1952 to 1956, where it flew the de Havilland Mosquito purchased from the British as a fighter-bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. In 1956 it took part in the fighting during the Suez Crisis. After that, its Mosquitos were decommissioned and the squadron transferred to Ramat David Airbase.

4X-3187 Israel Air Force 1955.jpg|The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito, here in 1955, was used as a bomber during the Suez Crisis (1956)

Amos Lapidot, 1956 (122675ב1).jpg|Two Israeli pilots after getting out of their Dassault Ouragan fighter jets at Hatzor in July 1956 (A. Lapidot right)

Danny Shapira, 1956 enhanced square.jpg|IAF test pilot Danny Shapira in front of a new Dassault Mystère IV A jet in June 1956 at Hatzor Airbase

Super Mystere Hatzerim 2901101.jpg|A Super Mystère B2 (SMB2) Saar of 105 Squadron "Scorpion" of Hatzor at the IAF Museum near Hatzerim

The 113 Squadron "Hornet" was established in 1955 at Hatzor as the second jet squadron of the IAF – after the 117 Squadron "First Jet" founded in 1953 at Ramat David. Initially it flew the Dassault Ouragan (Hurricane), from 1973 the IAI Nesher (griffon vulture) and from 1976 the improved IAI Kfir (young lion). In 1986 the 113 Squadron at Hatzor was closed and re-established in 1989/90 at Ramon Airbase with AH-64 Apache attack helicopters.{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326151652/http://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33528-he/IAF.aspx|title=The Hornet Squadron|website=IAF Website|date=|access-date=2025-01-18|language=he}}

The 201 Squadron "The One" was established at Hatzor in September 1969 as the first of what would later be five F-4E Phantom II Kurnass squadrons. It then took part in the War of Attrition with Egypt and the Yom Kippur War, suffering heavy losses in the latter. In June 1988, the squadron and its Phantoms were relocated to Tel Nof Airbase, where they remained in service until 2004.

Meitar Collection (997009327157005171.jpg|In June 1967 a Mirage IIICJ Shahak of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" at Hatzor is prepared for a mission

F-4E GivatOlga 081014 01.jpg|An F-4E Phantom II Kur­nass, also of 201 Squadron "The One" (see nose), now at the Giv'at Olga Technoda

Israeli Air Force during the Yom Kippur War, October 1973 V.jpg|An IAI Nesher of the 113 Squadron "Hornet" is made ready for takeoff at Hatzor Airbase in October 1973

IAI Kfir C-7 כפיר (468973903).jpg|An Israeli-made IAI Kfir of 144 Squadron "Phoenix" at the IAF Museum near Hatzerim Airbase

In the early days of the IAF – from 1948 onwards – propeller planes were purchased from various countries. From 1955 until the Six-Day War in 1967 only fighter jets from the French manufacturers Sud and Dassault were imported. When French president Charles de Gaulle then imposed a total arms embargo on Israel, the IAF turned to the United States and also built its own jets, such as the IAI Nesher and the IAI Kfir. This development can also be seen in the photo galleries above.{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/nichts-schreiben-a-31bfbbdf-0002-0001-0000-000045845448|title=Naher Osten / de Gaulle: Nichts schreiben|website=Der Spiegel|date=1969-01-12|access-date=2024-08-15|language=de}}{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/stern-uebermalt-a-91b4878b-0002-0001-0000-000043144624|title=Frankreich: Stern übermalt|website=Der Spiegel|date=1971-11-21|access-date=2024-08-15|language=de}}

In the first 18 years of the newly founded State of Israel, there were only the airbases of Tel Nof, Ramat David and Hatzor, which had been taken over by the British, with the latter usually being used to station the newest and most powerful fighter jets. However, this changed over time, until finally in 2021 the last remaining squadrons there 101 Squadron and 105 Squadron with F-16C/D jets moved to Ramat David in northern Israel, meaning that from then on no manned jets were stationed at Hatzor (see Units).{{cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/israel-set-move-two-f-16-units-ramat-david|title=Israel Set To Move Two F-16 Units To Ramat David|website=key.aero|date=2021-03-19|access-date=2023-09-26}}

In April 1956, Operation Shacharit (Morning Prayer in Judaism) began with the delivery of Dassault Mystère IV A jets from France to Israel. 12 aircraft arrived in the first wave at Hatzor (see photos below), 12 more in August, and in October – shortly before the Suez Crisis – another 36 aircraft in two waves took off from France. On their way to Israel, the planes landed in Brindisi, Italy, to refuel. The Italians were previously stated that the jets are flying from Israel to France for repairs. For the last major transfer, they were divided into two groups of 18 with identical tail numbers, so that it appeared as if the jets were flying there and back. A total of 61 aircraft arrived in Israel (including a photo aircraft), but some of them could not be made combat-ready due to a lack of spare parts and ammunition.{{cite web|url=https://www.iaflibrary.org.il/Product.asp?ProdID=872|title=Yoash Sidon-Chatto: On a Night in the Fog, Maariv Library, 1995, S. 142|website=Digital Library of Air Force History and Heritage|date=|access-date=2024-10-15|language=he}}

Operation Shacharit, 1956 I.jpg|New Dassault Mystère IV A jets for the IAF arrived at Hatzor in April 1956 during Operation Shacharit

Operation Shacharit, 1956 II.jpg|Politicians and military personnel at the arrival of the new Mystère IV A jets at Hatzor in April 1956

IDFAF Mystère IVA 160308 Santiago Los Cerillos.jpg|A Mystère IV A jet of 116 Squadron "Defenders of the South" of Hatzor, on display at Santiago de Chile 2008

• On 19 January 1964, an Egyptian Air Force Yak-11 trainer deserted to Hatzor with Captain Mahmoud Abbas Hilmi on board. The 26-year-old Egyptian flight instructor asked for political asylum after landing.
• On the morning of 16 August 1966, an Iraqi Air Force MiG-21 landed at Hatzor, the culmination of Operation Diamond. Munir Redfa, an Iraqi Air Force pilot, had been persuaded by the Mossad to fly the flagship of the Soviet export aircraft industry to Israel. The MiG was the most advanced aircraft in Arab inventories at the time.{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3405913,00.html|title=The Blue Bird Legend|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=2007-05-29|access-date=2023-09-26 |last1=Weiss |first1=Reuven }}

Yak 11 Egyptian 1964.jpg|In January 1964, an Egyptian pilot deserted to Hatzor in a Yak-11 trainer

Hatzerim 201206 MiG21.jpg|The MiG-21 that deserted from Iraq to Hatzor during Operation Diamond in 1966, now at the IAF Museum

Operation Diamond.ogv|thumbtime=0:49|Original footage from 1966 of the deserted Iraqi MiG-21 jet

Since Hatzor Airbase is located in a valley between two streams – which, apart from a few rainy weeks, are dry most of the year – flooding has occurred repeatedly since its founding, affecting military equipment. This happened in the 1950s, in the winter of 1991/92, in 2013 and most recently in 2020, when fighter aircraft and a battery of defense missiles were so heavily damaged that repairs took five months.{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-02-05/ty-article/.premium/flooding-at-israeli-airbase-caused-9-million-in-damage-probe-finds/0000017f-f144-dc28-a17f-fd7796a30000|title=Flooding at Israeli Airbase Caused $9 Million in Damage, Probe Finds|website=Haaretz|date=2020-02-05|access-date=2023-09-26}}{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Judah Ari |title=Air force officer admits mistake in not moving jets to safety during flood |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/air-force-officer-admits-mistake-in-not-moving-jets-above-ground-during-flood/|date=2020-01-13|access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}} This is also a reason why the last two squadrons of manned fighter aircraft at Hatzor were relocated to Ramat David Airbase in northern Israel in 2021. Further expansion of the airbase will also take place mainly in the northern area, which is not affected by flooding (see map).

הצפות חצור ישן.jpg|Flooding of Hatzor Airbase in the second half of the 1950s: an affected Dassault Mystère IV A jet

הצפות חצור חדש.jpg|An F-16C Barak in the water in its shelter at Hatzor Airbase in January 2020

תיקון מטוסים שניזוקו בהצפה בבסיס חצור 5.jpg|Damaged by flooding and now repaired F-16 jets of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" in June 2020

First Fighter Squadron Moves to Ramat David AFB, June 2021 (86466).jpg|Farewell and relocation of 101 Squadron "First Fighter" to Ramat David Airbase in June 2021

Since 2010 Hatzor has a network of eight fighter aircraft simulator pods which use satellite footage of countries including Lebanon and Syria to train pilots for deep strike missions.{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/IAFs-newest-squadron-will-never-leave-the-ground|title=IAF's newest squadron will never leave the ground|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=2010-10-03|access-date=2023-09-26}} There are simulators for all F-15 and F-16 models installed.

On 2 April 2017, the first two batteries of Israel's latest missile defense system – the David's Sling – went operational on the airbase.{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/with-a-storm-on-the-horizon-israel-turns-on-its-latest-missile-defense-system/|title=With a storm on the horizon, Israel turns on its latest missile defense system|website=The Times of Israel |date=2017-04-02|access-date=2023-09-26}} A battery of the smaller Iron Dome system has been installed there since 2012, but was damaged in a flood in the winter of 2012/13 and had to be repaired.{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/content/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA|title=Major malfunction: Iron Dome battery shut down due to flooding|website=Israel Defense|date=2013-02-26|access-date=2023-11-11|language=he}}

• In March 2021, the base's two F-16 squadrons ("First Fighter" & "Scorpion") relocated to Ramat David Airbase to consolidate all remaining F-16C/D Barak jets under one roof. This means there are no longer any manned fighter jets at Hatzor Airbase.

• In July 2021, photos appeared showing the construction of a Combined Operations Center for the US military and Israel in the northern area of the base. However, no further information was released. Several new buildings had already been built there in recent years.

• In mid-2021, the 100 Squadron "Flying Camel" relocated with its Beechcraft King Air Tzofit and Beechcraft Bonanza Hofit patrol aircraft from the then-decommissioned Sde Dov Airport on the coast of Tel Aviv to Hatzor.

• In January 2023, the 200 Squadron "First UAV" moved here from Palmachim Airbase with Heron 1 Shoval UAVs.{{cite web|url=https://www.iaf.org.il/9566-55904-he/IAF.aspx|title=Here we live in fun: No. 200 Squadron passes base|website=WayBack-Machine: IAF-Website|date=2023-01-29|access-date=2023-10-01|language=he|archive-date=2023-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129175515/https://www.iaf.org.il/9566-55904-he/IAF.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}

• In September 2023, as part of the "Storm Clouds" project, the 144 Squadron "Phoenix" at Hatzor that reopened in August 2022 was equipped with UAVs of the newly developed Spark Nitsot (Orbiter 4) type. These are manufactured by Rafael and Aeronautics as a relatively small and flexible UAV that is also capable of vertical takeoff and landing.{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/59567|title=Israel Air Force Welcomes New UAV, Dubbed “Spark”|website=Israel Defense|date=2023-09-12|access-date=2023-09-26}}{{cite web|url=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_4|title=Photo and description of the Spark Nitsot UAV|website=Hebrew Wikipedia|date=|access-date=2024-02-29|language=he}}{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://aeronautics-sys.com/systems/orbiter-4/|title=Orbiter 4 UAV|website=Aeronautics Homepage|date=2023-01-01|access-date=2024-02-29}}

• 100 Squadron "Flying Camel" – operating B200 "King Air" and A36 "Bonanza" as patrol aircraft{{cite web|url=https://www.iaf.org.il/9204-52194-en/IAF.aspx|title=One on One with an Air Patroller|website=IAF-Website|date=2020-05-31|access-date=2023-09-30}}
• 144 Squadron "Phoenix" – operating Spark Nitsot UAVs
• 200 Squadron "First UAV" – operating Heron 1 Shoval UAVs{{cite web|url=https://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33518-en/IAF.aspx|title=The First UAV Squadron|website=WayBack-Machine: IAF-Website|date=|access-date=2024-03-16|archive-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727045942/https://www.iaf.org.il/4968-33518-en/IAF.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/63525|title=The Heron-1 The Unmanned System Leading the Israeli Air Force in the North|website=Israel Defense|date=2024-11-06|access-date=2024-11-06}}
• 420 Squadron – operating F-15 and F-16 fighter aircraft simulator network
• 2 Batteries of David's Sling missile system
• Iron Dome missiles

KING2.jpg|A Beechcraft King Air from 100 Squadron "Flying Camel", 2019 still at the then closed Sde Dov Airport

Israel 75th Independence Day - Israeli Air Force Fly By XIV.jpeg|Beechcraft Bonanzas of 100 Squadron, flying over Israel in 2023 on Independence Day

Squadron 144 of the Israeli Air Force, August 2022 II.jpg|Reopening of the 144 Squadron "Phoenix" for UAVs in August 2022

IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|A Heron 1 Shoval UAV in flight 2003, stationed at Hatzor in 200 Squadron "First UAV"

Deborah Lee James visit to Israel, May 3, 2015 (16745041103).jpg|Deborah Lee James, then USAF chief, has a flight simulator at Hatzor explained to her in 2015

Jan. 25, 2017 David’s Sling Test-5 test series (1).jpg|Test launch of a Stunner interceptor missile from the David's Sling system in January 2017

Iron Dome Battery Deployed Near Ashkelon.jpg|An Iron Dome defense missile battery like the one(s) at Hatzor

Note: IAF aircraft can usually be assigned to their squadron by the symbols on the tail

• List of former Royal Air Force stations

{{commons category|Hatzor IAF Base}}

;Citations

{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

• {{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1=C. G. |title= RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 |year=1988 |publisher= Airlife |location= Shrewsbury |isbn= 1-85310-053-6 }}

{{Israeli Air Force}}

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Category:Israeli Air Force bases

Category:World War II airfields in Mandatory Palestine