Helicia

At global, national and regional government scales, many Helicia species have been threatened with extinction, as officially recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either "critically endangered", "endangered", "vulnerable" or "near threatened" (in terms of global extinction).

In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as Helicia in his publication Flora Cochinchinensis. The type species for the genus was Helicia cochinchinensis, the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam. The genus name derives from the Greek word "{{lang|grc|έλιξ}}" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open).

In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named Helicia robusta for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India, based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name Roupala robusta by William Roxburgh. Roxburgh's Calcutta botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller formally described several new Australian species. In the late 1800s and early 1900s Frederick M. Bailey concentrated further on additional Queensland species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.

In 1939, Hermann O. Sleumer described many additional Malesian species, especially in New Guinea. In 1955, he published a revision of the genus. In 1956, his treatment of the genus in Flora Malesiana was published.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}} From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist Don B. Foreman, who was based in Papua New Guinea and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions; notably in the authoritative Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}} and in the authoritative Flora of Australia (1981–, 60 volume series) he wrote the treatment of Helicia.

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in Borneo. In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs grouped Helicia with Xylomelum in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between Hollandaea and Helicia, and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.

File:Helicia glabriflora Coffs Harbour Botanic Gardens.jpg from New South Wales, Australia]]

Helicia plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to {{Convert|30|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}} The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some Helicia, in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. H. cochinchinensis has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name {{Nihongo3||山もがし|Yama-mogashi}} for this species, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family. In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}} In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils, especially in the farthest south region of Helicia's global distribution, the Illawarra, New South Wales, south of Sydney, where only one species H. glabriflora occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.

{{Clear|left}}

In India and east Asia, Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s. In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species. In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.

{{Clear|left}}

(this list may have a small number of species missing, presently{{When|date=March 2023}} it has 99, out of the approximate total stated by sources of 110)

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Helicia acutifolia {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=240}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia affinis {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=240}} – New Guinea
• Helicia albiflora {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=240–241}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Near threatened
• Helicia amplifolia {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=241–242}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Near threatened
• Helicia archboldiana {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=242}} – New Guinea
• Helicia attenuata {{Au|(Jack) Blume}} – Borneo
• Helicia australasica {{Au|F.Muell.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=242–243}} – New Guinea, Australia – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia blakei {{Au|Foreman}} – Australia
• Helicia bullata {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=243}} – New Guinea
• Helicia calocoma {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=243–245}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia cameronii {{Au|F.Muell}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=245}} – New Guinea
• Helicia carrii {{Au|Sleumer}}(Syn: H. brassii, H. divaricata {{Au|Sleumer (1939)}}){{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=245–246}} – New Guinea
• Helicia celatus {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia ceylanica {{Au|Gardner}} – Sri Lanka endemic
• Helicia clivicola {{Au|W.W.Sm.}} – China region
• Helicia cochinchinensis {{Au|Lour.}} – China, Indochina, Taiwan, Japan
• Helicia coeruleopurpurea {{Au|P.Royen}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=246}} – New Guinea
• Helicia commutata {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=246–248}} – New Guinea
• Helicia dongxingensis {{Au|H.S.Kiu}} – China region
• Helicia excelsa {{Au|(Roxb.) Blume}} – Borneo
• Helicia falcata {{Au|C.Y.Wu}} – China region
• Helicia ferruginea {{Au|F.Muell.}} – Australia
• Helicia finisterrae {{Au|Lauterb.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=248}} – New Guinea
• Helicia forbesiana {{Au|F.Muell}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=248–249}} – New Guinea
• Helicia formosana {{Au|Hemsl.}} – China region
• Helicia fragilis {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia fuscotomentosa {{Au|Suess.}} – Borneo endemic
• Helicia glabriflora {{Au|F.Muell.}} – eastern Australia
• Helicia graciliflora {{Au|Merr.}} – Philippines endemic
• Helicia grandifolia {{Au|Lecomte}} – Vietnam endemic – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia grandis {{Au|Hemsl.}} – China region
• Helicia grayi {{Au|Foreman}} – Australia
• Helicia hainanensis {{Au|Hayata}} – China region
• Helicia hypoglauca {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=250}} – New Guinea, New Britain
• Helicia insculpta {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=250–251}} – New Guinea
• Helicia insularis {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=251}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Endangered
• Helicia islandica {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia kwangtungensis {{Au|W.T.Wang}} – China region
• Helicia laiagamensis {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=251–253}} – New Guinea
• Helicia lamingtoniana {{Au|(F.M.Bailey) C.T.White ex L.S.Sm.}} – Australia
• Helicia latifolia {{Au|C.T.White}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=253}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Near threatened
• Helicia lauterbachiana {{Au|Sleumer}}(Syn: H. grandifolia {{Au|Lauterb. (1910), non Lecomte (1910)}}){{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=253–254}} – New Guinea
• Helicia ledermannii {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=254}} – New Guinea
• Helicia lewisensis {{Au|Foreman}} – NE Queensland, Australia
• Helicia longespicata {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=254}} – New Guinea
• Helicia longipetiolata {{Au|Merr. & Chun}} – China region
• Helicia loranthoides {{Au|C.Presl}} – Philippines endemic
• Helicia macrostachya {{Au|Lauterb.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=254–255}} – New Guinea
• Helicia maxwelliana {{Au|Gibbs}} – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare
• Helicia microneura {{Au|C.T.White}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=255}} (Syn: H. arguta {{Au|Sleumer}}) – New Guinea
• Helicia microphylla {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=256}} – New Guinea
• Helicia moluccana {{Au|(R.Br.) Blume}} – Moluccas{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|p=181}}
• Helicia neglecta {{Au|Diels ex Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=256}} – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia nilagirica {{Au|Bedd.}} – Southeast Asia, Yunnan, India, Nepal
• Helicia nortoniana {{Au|(F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey}} – Australia
• Helicia obovata {{Au|Benn.}} – Java, Borneo
• Helicia obovatifolia {{Au|Merr. & Chun}} – China region

:* var. mixta {{Au|(H.L.Li) Sleumer}} – China region

:* var. obovatifolia – China region

• Helicia obtusata {{Au|Sleumer}}(Syn: H. clemensiae {{Au|Sleumer (1939)}}){{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=257}} – New Guinea
• Helicia odorata {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=257–258}} – New Guinea
• Helicia olivacea {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=258}} – New Guinea
• Helicia oreadum {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=258–259}} – New Guinea
• Helicia pallescens {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=259}} – New Guinea
• Helicia paucinervia {{Au|Merr.}} – Philippines endemic
• Helicia peekelii {{Au|Lauterb.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=259–260}} – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: New Ireland endemic – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia peltata {{Au|C.T.White}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=260}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Critically endangered
• Helicia petiolaris {{Au|Benn.}} – Borneo
• Helicia platyphylla {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=258}} – New Guinea
• Helicia polyosmoides {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=260–261}} – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: Manus Island endemic – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Critically endangered
• Helicia pterygota {{Au|Sleumer}} – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare
• Helicia pyrrhobotrya {{Au|Kurz}} – China region
• Helicia recurva {{Au|Foreman}} – Queensland Australia
• Helicia rengetiensis {{Au|Masam.}} – China region
• Helicia retevenia {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=262}} – New Guinea
• Helicia reticulata {{Au|W.T.Wang}} – China region
• Helicia retusa {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=262}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia robusta {{Au|(Roxb.) R.Br. ex Wall.}} var. robusta – Malesia: Borneo, Philippines, India
• Helicia rostrata {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=262–263}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia rufescens {{Au|Prain}} – Borneo, rare
• Helicia saruwagedica {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=263}} – New Guinea
• Helicia saurauioides {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=263}} – New Guinea
• Helicia schlechteri {{Au|Lauterb.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=264}} – New Guinea
• Helicia sellae-montis {{Au|Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|p=169}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=264–265}} – New Guinea
• Helicia serrata {{Au|(R.Br.) Blume}} var. serrata – Borneo
• Helicia sessilifolia {{Au|R.C.K.Chung}} – Borneo: Sabah & Sarawak endemic, uncommon
• Helicia shweliensis {{Au|W.W.Sm.}} – China region – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Endangered
• Helicia silvicola {{Au|W.W.Sm.}} – China region
• Helicia sleumeri {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia stelechantha {{Au|Diels}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=265}} – New Guinea
• Helicia subcordata {{Au|Foreman}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=265}} – New Guinea – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Critically endangered
• Helicia symplocoides {{Au|R.C.K.Chung}} – Borneo endemic – Image:Blue globe icon.svg Vulnerable
• Helicia tibetensis {{Au|H.S.Kiu}} – China region
• Helicia torricellensis {{Au|Lauterb.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=265–267}} – New Guinea
• Helicia tsaii {{Au|W.T.Wang}} – China region
• Helicia uganensis {{Au|Diels ex Sleumer}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=267}} – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland
• Helicia varoyenii {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia versteeghii {{Au|Foreman}} – New Guinea
• Helicia vestita {{Au|W.W.Sm.}}

:* var. longipes {{Au|W.T.Wang}} – China region

:* var. vestita – China region incl. Thailand

• Helicia wollastonii {{Au|Ridl.}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|p=267–268}} – New Guinea
• Helicia yangchunensis {{Au|H.S.Kiu}} – China region

{{Div col end}}

{{Reflist | 24em | refs=

{{Cite book | last= Loureiro | first= João de | author-link= João de Loureiro | year= 1790 | contribution= Helicia: Helicia cochinchinensis | title= Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes | volume= 1 | page= 83 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/653282 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 | publisher= Typis, et expensis academicis }}

{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&name=Helicia&inc.scientific=on&max=100&display=apni&search=true |title=Helicia |website=Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government |access-date=15 March 2023}}

{{Cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Don B. |year= 1995a |editor1-last=McCarthy |editor1-first=Patrick |contribution=Helicia |chapter-url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45173 |title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 |series=Flora of Australia series |url=|pages=393–399|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=978-0-643-05692-3}}

{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2067794388/ | name=Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007}}

{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/foggy_forest/8431594275/ | name=Helicia formosana flowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012}}

{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2066985263/ | name=Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007}}

{{Cite book | last1= Wallich | first1= Nathaniel | author-link= Nathaniel Wallich | year= 1831 | contribution= no. 2702 Helicia robusta | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1481044 | title= Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta | location= London | publication-date= 1828–1849 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1917 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }}

{{Cite book | last1= Roxburgh | first1= William | year= 1814 | contribution= Roupala robusta Roxb. | contribution-url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/83.jpg | last2= Carey | first2= William | title= Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. (Hort. Bengal.) | location= Serampore | publisher= Mission Press | page= 83 | url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ |via=wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }}

{{Cite journal |last1=Mueller |first1= Ferdinand von |year=1857 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/784897#page/24/mode/1up |title=Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in Plagis Australiae Intratropicis nuperrime detecta: Helicia australasica |journal= Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany |volume=9 |page=22 |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}}

{{Cite book | last1= Mueller | first1= Ferdinand von | date= August 1860 | contribution= Helicia glabriflora | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760878 | title= XIII | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760859 | type= fascicle | work= Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae | volume= 2 | issue = 13 | page= 91 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 7 Dec 2014 | publisher= Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres }}

{{Cite book | last1= Mueller | first1= Ferdinand von | date= May 1862 | contribution= Helicia ferruginea | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/759679 | title= XVIII | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/759667 | type= fascicle | work= Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae | volume= 3 | issue = 18 | page= 37 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 7 Dec 2014 | publisher= Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres }}

Bailey, F.M., (1899) Contributions to the Flora of Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal 5(4)

Bailey, F.M., (1901) The Queensland Flora 4

Bailey, F.M., (1913) Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants

{{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1939 | title= Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Proteaceen Papuasiens | journal= Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik | volume= 70 | issue= 1 }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1955 | title= Studies in old world Proteaceae, 5, A revision of the genus Helicia Lour. | journal= Blumea | volume= 8 | pages= 7–79 }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1984 | title= A review of the genus Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) in Australia | journal= Brunonia | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | doi=10.1071/bru9830059 | pages=59}}

{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1985 | title= Seven new species of Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) from Papua New Guinea | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 79–92 | doi= 10.5962/p.184061 | s2cid= 251004331 | doi-access= free }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1986 | title= A new species of Helicia, new combinations and lectotypification in Triunia (Proteaceae) from Australia. | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | at= pp. 193–96, fig. 1 }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1988 | title= New species of Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya | journal= Kew Bulletin | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 669–681 | doi=10.2307/4110485| jstor= 4110485 }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 2001 | title= Taxonomic notes on the Bornean Helicia and Heliciopsis (Proteaceae) | journal= Journal of Tropical Forest Science | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 534–547 |url= http://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v13n3/534-547.pdf | access-date= 24 Apr 2013 }}

{{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 1998 | title= New species of Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer (Proteaceae) from Borneo | journal= The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore | volume= 50 | pages= 151–160 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43660447 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 29 Jan 2014 }}

{{Cite web | url= http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/protealesweb.html#Proteaceae | last1= Stevens | first1= Peter F. | orig-date= 2001 onwards | date= Sep 2013 | title= Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Proteaceae | version= Version 13, 28 Sep 2013 with updates | quote= Helicia (100) | access-date= 7 Dec 2014 }}

{{Cite book

| last = Mabberley | first = David J.

| date = May 2008

| title = Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classifications, and Uses

| edition = 3rd, revised, illustrated

| location = Cambridge, UK

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| page = 396

| isbn = 9780521820714

| quote= Helicia Lour. Proteaceae (V 1). c. 100 Indomal., Pac.

}}

{{Cite journal | last1= Johnson | first1= Lawrie A. S. | author-link1= Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson | last2= Briggs | first2= Barbara G. | author-link2= Barbara G. Briggs | year= 1975 | title= On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family | journal= Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany | volume= 70 | pages= 83–182 | doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x | issue= 2}}

{{Cite journal|last1=Weston |first1=Peter H. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel P. |year=2006 |title=A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera |journal=Telopea |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=314–344 |doi=10.7751/telopea20065733 |doi-access=free }}

{{Cite book | last1= Wrigley | first1= John | last2= Fagg | first2= Murray | title= Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year= 1991 | publisher= Angus & Robertson | location= Sydney | isbn= 978-0-207-17277-9 | pages= 414–16 }}

{{Cite book | last1= Oi | first1= Jisaburo | year= 1965 | orig-date= 1953 | contribution= Proteaceae: Helicia | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30046305 | editor1-last= Meyer | editor1-first= Frederick G. | editor2-last= Walker | editor2-first= Egbert H. | title= Flora of Japan (in English): combined, much revised and extended translation by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957) | location= Tokyo, Japan | publisher= National Science Museum | pages= 394–5 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95083 }}

{{Cite web | url= http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Helicia~glabriflora | last1= Harden | first1 = Gwen J. | year= 2001 | title= Helicia glabriflora – New South Wales Flora Online | work= PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System | location= Sydney, Australia | publisher= The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust | version= 2.0 | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }}

{{Cite tech report | last1= Bofeldt | first1= Anders | year= 2011 | contribution= Table 1: Helicia glabriflora | contribution-url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Table-1.-Plants-at-risk-in-the-Illawarra-region.pdf | title= Plants at Risk in the Illawarra: Introduction to Table 1 | url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Intro-to-table-1-by-Anders.pdf | version= Online via LandcareIllawarra.org.au | location= NSW | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }}

• {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Tribute to Anders |website=Landcare Illawarra |url=http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719084613/http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-date=2012-07-19}}

{{Cite book | last1= Elliot | first1= Rodger W. | last2= Jones | first2= David L. | last3= Blake | first3= Trevor | title= Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go | year= 1992 | page= 285 | publisher= Lothian Press | location= Port Melbourne | isbn= 978-0-85091-213-5 }}

{{Cite book | editor1-last= Dassanayake | editor1-first= M. D. | editor2-last= Fosberg | editor2-first= F. R. | year= 1980 | title= A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon | location= New Delhi | publisher= Amerind Publ. Co. | volume = 2 | page= 484 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=544MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Helicia+ceylanica%22 }}

{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=Helicia grandifolia |volume=1998 |page=e.T35958A9964266 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en |access-date=15 November 2021}} In: {{cite web |author=IUCN 2012 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |archive-date=2014-06-27 |access-date=23 Apr 2013}}

{{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=Helicia acutifolia |volume=2020 |page=e.T32945A123130541 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32945A123130541.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia albiflora |volume=1998 |page=e.T32940A9743886 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32940A9743886.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia amplifolia |volume=1998 |page=e.T32931A9743214 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32931A9743214.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Benwell, A. |author2=Ford, A. |author3=Forster, P. |author4=Griffith, S. |date=2020 |title=Helicia australasica |volume=2020 |page=e.T38142A123114975 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38142A123114975.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia australasica |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_australasica.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia blakei |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_blakei.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia calocoma |volume=1998 |page=e.T37605A10065406 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37605A10065406.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006439 |title= Helicia clivicola |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006440 |title= Helicia cochinchinensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242324801 |title= Helicia dongxingensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006441 |title= Helicia falcata |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=Helicia grandifolia |volume=1998 |page=e.T35958A9964266 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006442 |title= Helicia formosana |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20graciliflora.html |title= Helicia graciliflora |access-date= 23 Apr 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131228182836/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20graciliflora.html |archive-date= 2013-12-28 }} in {{harvp|LaFrankie|2011}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006443 |title= Helicia grandis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia grayi |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_grayi.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006444 |title= Helicia hainanensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia insularis |volume=1998 |page=e.T38143A10102333 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38143A10102333.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia lamingtoniana |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_lamingtoniana.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia latifolia |volume=1998 |page=e.T38144A10102386 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38144A10102386.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia lewisensis |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_lewisensis.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia neglecta |volume=1998 |page=e.T38145A10102446 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38145A10102446.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |title=Helicia nortoniana |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/helicia_nortoniana.htm |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} in {{harvp|Zich|Hyland|Whiffen|Kerrigan|2020}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006445 |title= Helicia kwangtungensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006446 |title= Helicia longipetiolata |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20loranthoides.html |title=Helicia loranthoides |access-date=23 Apr 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228182642/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20loranthoides.html |archive-date=2013-12-28 }} in {{harvp|LaFrankie|2011}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006447 |title= Helicia nilagirica |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006448 |title= Helicia obovatifolia |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006449 |title= Helicia obovatifolia var. mixta |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242324810 |title= Helicia obovatifolia var. obovatifolia |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20paucinervia.html |title=Helicia paucinervia |access-date=23 Apr 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228182717/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20paucinervia.html |archive-date=2013-12-28 }} in {{harvp|LaFrankie|2011}}

{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=Helicia peekelii |volume=1998 |page=e.T37610A10065914 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37610A10065914.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia peltata |volume=1998 |page=e.T32936A9743538 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32936A9743538.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia polyosmoides |volume=1998 |page=e.T37609A10065785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37609A10065785.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006450 |title= Helicia pyrrhobotrya |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242324813 |title= Helicia rengetiensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006451 |title= Helicia reticulata |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=Helicia retusa |volume=1998 |page=e.T37608A10065677 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37608A10065677.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20robusta.html |title=Helicia robusta |access-date=23 Apr 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228182719/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia%20robusta.html |archive-date=2013-12-28 }} in {{harvp|LaFrankie|2011}}

{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=Helicia rostrata |volume=1998 |page=e.T37606A10065491 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37606A10065491.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=Helicia shweliensis |volume=2020 |page=e.T32409A139922029 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32409A139922029.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006452 |title= Helicia shweliensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006453 |title= Helicia silvicola |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=Helicia subcordata |volume=1998 |page=e.T37614A10066305 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37614A10066305.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn | author1=Tsen, S. |author2=Felix, E. C. |author3=Julia, S. |author4=Khoo, E. |author5=Maycock, C.R. |author6=Nilus, R. |author7=Sugau, J. |author8=Pereira, J.T. |name-list-style=amp |title=Helicia symplocoides |page=e.T138790767A168341546 |year=2022 |access-date=17 February 2024}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006454 |title= Helicia tibetensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006455 |title= Helicia tsaii |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006456 |title= Helicia vestita |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006457 |title= Helicia vestita var. longipes |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242324819 |title= Helicia vestita var. vestita |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

{{cite web |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242324820 |title= Helicia yangchunensis |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} in {{harvp|Qiu|Weston|2004}}

}}

{{Div col|colwidth=31em}}

• {{Cite book| last1= Foreman |first1= Don B. | year= 1995 | chapter= Proteaceae |editor1-last= Conn | editor1-first= Barry J. | title= Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea | volume= 3 | pages= 221–270 |location= Melbourne |publisher= Melbourne University Press | url= http://www.pngplants.org | via= www.pngplants.org | access-date= 22 Mar 2013 }}
• {{Cite web |last1=LaFrankie |first1=J. V. |year=2011 |title=Helicia |work=Flora of the Philippines: Proteaceae [draft] |publisher=University of the Philippines |version=Flora of the Philippines online, updated 3 Sept 2012 |url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131229053235/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-date= 29 December 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 April 2013 |via=philippineflora.info}}
• {{Cite book | url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=114876 | last1= Qiu | first1= Huaxing | last2= Weston | first2= Peter H. | year= 2004 | title= Helicia Lour. | work= Flora of China | version= Online version | location= Beijing and St. Louis, MO | publisher= Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }}
• {{Cite book

| last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. |author1-link= Hermann Otto Sleumer

| year= 1956

| contribution= Helicia

| contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228447

| title= Flora Malesiana Vol. 5: Proteaceae

| series= Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants

| pages= 164–190

| location= Leiden, The Netherlands

| publisher= Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University

| access-date= 21 Apr 2013

| title-link= Flora Malesiana }}

• {{cite web|title=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home|first1=F.A.|last1=Zich|first2=B.P.M |last2=Hyland|first3=T.|last3=Whiffen|first4=R.A.|last4=Kerrigan|website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020|publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html|access-date=22 Mar 2021}}

{{Div col end}}

{{Proteaceae genera}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1088638}}

Category:Proteaceae genera

Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Category:Proteales of Australia