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Help:IPA/Central Italian

{{For|the help page regarding IPA for Standard Italian|Help:IPA/Italian}}

{{IPA key|H:IPA-ITDIA|H:IPAITDIA|sort=Italian, Central}}

The charts below show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations of Central and Tuscan Italian pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Standard Italian phonemes, in bold, are followed by their most common phonetic values and their respective occurrence among dialects.

Unless otherwise noted, unmentioned dialectal realizations are the same as for Standard Italian (e.g. Tuscan {{lang|it|andando}} is {{IPA|[anˈdando]}}, not {{IPA|[anˈnanno]}}, and is therefore not listed below). Examples in the chart are spelled in Standard Italian.

The phonological processes described in the notes are normally valid at word boundaries as well.

class="wikitable"

|+ ConsonantsConsonant length is phonemic, with dialects featuring syntactic gemination as well, though sometimes with a different occurrence from the standard outside Tuscany. and semiconsonants

PhonemePhonesExamplesOccurrenceEnglish approximation
rowspan="4" | {{IPA|b}}

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|b}}

| orbo, base, sembrare

| all dialects

| rowspan="2" | base

rowspan="2" | libertà, una bibita

| Tuscany and easternmost Umbria

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ː|bː}}

| most non-Tuscan dialectsAfter a vowel, {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} are always geminated in all Central dialects.

| rib bone

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| gamba, cambio

| Rome, areas of Marche and southern UmbriaIn these dialects, (semi)vowel-preceding {{IPA|/mb/}} and {{IPA|/nd/}} undergo total progressive assimilation to {{IPAblink|m|mː}} and {{IPAblink|n|nː}}, respectively.

| mate

rowspan="3" | {{IPA|d}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

| addentare, perdere

| all dialects

| date

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

| scaldare

| parts of Marche

| late

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|n}}

| andando, sindaco

| Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria

| nose

{{IPA|dz}}As it is the standard, {{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are always geminated after a vowel; this means in such instances {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and single {{IPA|/tʃ/}} (realized as {{IPA|[ʃ]}}) are only distinguished by their length (e.g. {{lang|it|pesce}} {{IPA|[ˈpeʃːe]}} vs {{lang|it|pece}} {{IPA|[ˈpeːʃe]}}).

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}

| gazza, manzo

| all dialectsThough this is generally true for most words, {{IPA|/dz/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} may not have the exact same distribution everywhere.

| lads

rowspan="3" | {{IPA|dʒ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}}

| Sergio, un giro

| all dialects

| jade

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ː|dːʒ}}

| rowspan="2" | logica, la gente

| most non-Tuscan dialects

| mad joker

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʒ}}

| Tuscany and easternmost UmbriaIf preceded by a vowel, single {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and (in Tuscany) {{IPA|/dʒ/}} generally deaffricate.

| leisure

{{IPA|f}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|f}}

| figli, effetto, confondere

| all dialects

| fade

{{IPA|ɡ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| magro, agghindare

| all dialects

| game

{{IPA|j}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|j}}

| maiali, chiave

| all dialects

| Yale

rowspan="4" | {{IPA|k}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| ancora, in chiesa

| Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of UmbriaIn those places nasals trigger the voicing of certain following consonants.

| game

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|k}}

| palchi, accanto

| all dialects

| scale

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|k̬}}

| rowspan="2" | amico, la cura

| southern Tuscany and LazioIn such areas, single {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} lenite after a vowel, in Tuscany (in which such consonants, if geminated instead, might be slightly aspirated {{IPAblink|kʰ}}, {{IPAblink|pʰ}}, {{IPAblink|tʰ}}) following a phenomenon known as Tuscan gorgia.

| this game

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|h}}

| most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria

| hay

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

| ala, bellezza

| all dialects

| lane

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|r}}
{{IPA link|ɾ}}

| soldi, molto

| Lazio, parts of Marche and southern Umbria

| carro or caro in Spanish

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʎ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|j}}

| rowspan="2" | maglio, tigli

| Lazio

| rowspan="2" | vermilion or vermilion

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʎ}}

| other dialects

{{IPA|m}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| temperamento, ammirare

| all dialects

| main

rowspan="5" | {{IPA|n}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|n}}

| annona, lancio

| rowspan="5" | all dialectsAs in Standard Italian, assimilation to the following consonant always occurs for nasals.

| nine

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| con gnomi

| canyon

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}

| ingordo, ovunque

| ring

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɱ}}

| inverno, canfora

| comfit

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| buon pasto, in modo tale

| main

{{IPA|ɲ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| bagno, spegnere

| all dialects

| canyon

rowspan="4" | {{IPA|p}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|b}}

| tempo, in piazza

| Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria

| base

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|p}}

| pattini, arpa

| all dialects

| space

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|̬|p̬}}

| rowspan="2" | dopo, i pini

| southern Tuscany and Lazio

| this base

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɸ}}

| most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria

| between fay and pay

{{IPA|r}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|r}}
{{IPA link|ɾ}}

| cortometraggio, arrivo

| all dialectsIn a few South Central dialects, chiefly Romanesco, geminated {{IPA|/rː/}} is always a single flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}: e.g. {{lang|it|guera}} {{IPA|[ˈɡwɛːɾa]}} instead of {{lang|it|guerra}}.

| carro or caro in Spanish

rowspan="3" | {{IPA|s}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|s̪|s}}

| sospiro, anglosassone

| rowspan="2" | all dialects{{IPA|/s/}} becomes an affricate in post-consonantal position, except after another {{IPA|/s/}}.

| same

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}

| insieme, perso

| rats

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʃ}}

| sospiro, anglosassone

| southern areas of Umbria and Marche

| rowspan="2" | shade

{{IPA|ʃ}}

| conscia, cuscino

| all dialects

rowspan="4" | {{IPA|t}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

| tarantola, in Toscana

| Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria

| date

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

| costoletta, a Taranto

| all dialects

| state

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t̬}}

| rowspan="2" | ditata, la tavola

| southern Tuscany and Lazio

| this date

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|θ}}

| most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria

| thane

{{IPA|ts}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}

| pazza, danzo, Lazio

| all dialects

| rats

rowspan="3" | {{IPA|tʃ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}}

| conceria

| Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria

| jade

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}}

| ciao, nel cielo

| rowspan="2" | all dialects

| chap

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}}

| cacio, ora di cena

| shade

{{IPA|v}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|v}}

| cavallo, avremo

| all dialects

| vane

{{IPA|w}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|w}}

| squallido, guardare

| all dialects

| waste

rowspan="3" | {{IPA|z}}

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̪|z}}

| risma, bismuto

| all dialects

| rowspan="2" | laze

rowspan="2" | rosa, visivo

| Tuscany and easternmost Umbria

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|s̪|s}}

| most non-Tuscan dialects

| same

class="wikitable"

|+ Stressed vowels and diphthongsStressed vowels tend to be realized as longer in a non-final open syllable.

PhonemePhonesOccurrenceEnglish approximation
{{IPA|a}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}

| all dialects

| between fat and fatherCloser to fat in most British and Irish accents; closer to father in most North American, Australian and New Zealand accents

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|e}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| all dialects

| fader

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| non-Tuscan dialectsSome non-Tuscan dialects may differ from the standard in the distribution of stressed close- and open-mid vowels in certain restricted cases (e.g. Tuscan {{lang|it|attentamente}} {{IPA|[aˌtːɛntaˈmente]}}, {{lang|it|sarebbe}} {{IPA|[saˈɾɛbːe]}}, {{lang|it|sono}} {{IPA|[ˈsoːno]}} vs Marchigiano {{lang|it|attentamente}} {{IPA|[aˌtːɛndaˈmɛnde]}}, Romanesco {{lang|it|sarebbe}} {{IPA|[saˈɾebːe]}}, {{lang|it|sono}} {{IPA|[ˈsɔːno]}}).

| rowspan="2" | feather

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɛ}}

| all dialects

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| non-Tuscan dialects

| fader

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|jɛ}}We refer here to {{IPA|/jɛ/}} and {{IPA|/wɔ/}} as resulting from diphthongization of Latin ĕ and ŏ, respectively (e.g. {{lang|it|cuoco}}, from Latin {{lang|la|coquus}}, or {{lang|it|lieve}}, from {{lang|la|levis}}); not to cases like {{lang|it|sapiente}}, from Latin {{lang|la|sapiens}}, or {{lang|it|annacquò}}, third singular past historic of {{lang|it|annacquare}}, whose pronunciation is the same as in Standard Italian for all dialects).

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|e}}

| certain non-Tuscan dialects

| rowspan="2" | yet

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|ɛ}}

| other dialects

{{IPA|i}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i}}

| all dialects

| eat

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|o}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}

| all dialects

| story

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}

| non-Tuscan dialects

| rowspan="2" | off

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔ}}

| all dialects

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}

| non-Tuscan dialects

| story

{{IPA|wɔ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}

| all dialects

| off

{{IPA|u}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u}}

| all dialects

| cool

class="wikitable"

|+ Unstressed vowels

PhonemePhonesOccurrenceEnglish approximation
{{IPA|a}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}

| all dialects

| between fat and father

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|e}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| all dialects

| fader

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|i}}

| certain non-Tuscan dialectsThis change only occurs in a few monosyllables, e.g. Romanesco {{lang|it|si te ce vedi}} {{IPA|[si tːe ʃe ˈveːdi]}} vs Standard {{lang|it|se ti ci vedi}} {{IPA|[se tːi tʃi ˈveːdi]}}.

| rowspan="2" | eat

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|i}}

| all dialects

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| certain non-Tuscan dialects

| fader

rowspan="2" | {{IPA|o}}

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}

| all dialects

| story

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}}

| Sabina, southern areas of Umbria and MarcheOccurs word-finally in a few words, e.g. Marchigiano {{lang|it|rosciu}} {{IPA|[ˈroʃːu]}} for Standard {{lang|it|rosso}} {{IPA|[ˈrosːo]}}.

| rowspan="2" | cool

{{IPA|u}}

| all dialects

class="wikitable"

|+ Other symbols

! IPA !! Explanation

{{IPA link|ˈ}}

| primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable)

{{IPA link|ˌ}}

| secondary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable)

{{IPA link|.}}

| syllable separation indicator

{{IPA link|ː}}

| long vowel or geminated consonant indicator

Notes

{{reflist}}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Central Italian IPA|pages}}
  • {{clc|Pages with Romanesco IPA|pages}}
  • {{clc|Pages with Tuscan IPA|pages}}

External links

  • {{cite web|last=Vignuzzi|first=Ugo|title=Italia mediana|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia-mediana_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/|work=Enciclopedia Treccani|trans-title=Central Italy|lang=it}}

{{IPA keys}}