Help:IPA/Estonian

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Estonian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See Estonian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Estonian.

style="background: none"
---- \| style="vertical-align:top;" \| {\| style="background: none"
---- \| style="vertical-align:top;" \| {\| class="wikitable" !IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
colspan=4\| Consonants
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|f}} \| {{lang\|et\|film\|i=-}}{{IPA\|[f]}} and {{IPA\|[ʃ]}} occur only in loanwords; the latter is sometimes replaced by {{IPA\|[s]}} by some speakers. \| film
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|h}} \| {{lang\|et\|hobune, raha\|i=-}} \| horse
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|j}} \| {{lang\|et\|jõul\|i=-}} \| yolk
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|k}} \| {{lang\|et\|kabi\|i=-}} \| kayak
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|l}} \| {{lang\|et\|lina\|i=-}} \| lack
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|lʲ}} \| {{lang\|et\|jälk}}Palatalized consonants {{IPA\|[tʲ nʲ sʲ lʲ]}} are pronounced with the tongue constricted towards the hard palate (as if a simultaneous {{IPA\|/j/}} were being pronounced) when geminated and before {{IPA\|/i/}}. \| leap
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|m}} \| {{lang\|et\|naasma}} \| may
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|n}} \|{{lang\|et\|lina\|i=-}} \| nanny
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ŋ}} \| {{lang\|et\|vang\|i=-}}, {{lang\|et\|kink\|i=-}}Allophone of {{IPA\|/n/}} before {{IPA\|[k]}}. \| eating
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|nʲ}} \| {{lang\|et\|vann}} \| onion
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|p}} \| {{lang\|et\|kapi\|i=-}} \| spill
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|r}} \| {{lang\|et\|vere\|i=-}} \| curd (some Scottish dialects)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|s}} \| {{lang\|et\|sõbranna\|i=-}}, zooloogia \| sole
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|sʲ}} \| {{lang\|et\|vastik}} \| super (some dialects)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ʃ}} \| {{lang\|et\|šampus\|i=-}}, Solženistõn \| shy
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|t}} \| {{lang\|et\|tava}} \| stand
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|tʲ}} \| {{lang\|et\|vatt}} \| RP stew
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|v}} \| {{lang\|et\|vere\|i=-}} \| veal
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ʔ}} \| {{lang\|vro\|maq\|i=-}} \| (in South Estonian) the pause in uh-oh
colspan=4\| Stress
style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" \| {{IPA link\|ˈ}} \| {{lang\|et\|hobune\|i=-}} \| Normally placed on the first syllable
{{lang\|et\|hernehirmutis\|i=-}} {{IPA\|[ˈherːneˈhirmutːis]}} \| Two stressed syllables in compound words
{{lang\|et\|armee\|i=-}} {{IPA\|[arˈmeː]}} \| Loanwords can have stress on non-initial syllables
colspan=4\| Length
style="text-align:center;" \| {{IPA link

style="background: none"

----

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{| style="background: none"

----

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{| class="wikitable"

!IPA !! Examples !! English approximation

colspan=4| Consonants

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|f}}

| {{lang|et|film|i=-}}{{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} occur only in loanwords; the latter is sometimes replaced by {{IPA|[s]}} by some speakers.

| film

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|h}}

| {{lang|et|hobune, raha|i=-}}

| horse

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|j}}

| {{lang|et|jõul|i=-}}

| yolk

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|k}}

| {{lang|et|kabi|i=-}}

| kayak

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|l}}

| {{lang|et|lina|i=-}}

| lack

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|lʲ}}

| {{lang|et|jälk}}Palatalized consonants {{IPA|[tʲ nʲ sʲ lʲ]}} are pronounced with the tongue constricted towards the hard palate (as if a simultaneous {{IPA|/j/}} were being pronounced) when geminated and before {{IPA|/i/}}.

| leap

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|m}}

| {{lang|et|naasma}}

| may

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|n}}

|{{lang|et|lina|i=-}}

| nanny

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ŋ}}

| {{lang|et|vang|i=-}}, {{lang|et|kink|i=-}}Allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|[k]}}.

| eating

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|nʲ}}

| {{lang|et|vann}}

| onion

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|p}}

| {{lang|et|kapi|i=-}}

| spill

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|r}}

| {{lang|et|vere|i=-}}

| curd (some Scottish dialects)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|s}}

| {{lang|et|sõbranna|i=-}}, zooloogia

| sole

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|sʲ}}

| {{lang|et|vastik}}

| super (some dialects)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ʃ}}

| {{lang|et|šampus|i=-}}, Solženistõn

| shy

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|t}}

| {{lang|et|tava}}

| stand

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|tʲ}}

| {{lang|et|vatt}}

| RP stew

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|v}}

| {{lang|et|vere|i=-}}

| veal

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ʔ}}

| {{lang|vro|maq|i=-}}

| (in South Estonian) the pause in uh-oh

colspan=4| Stress

style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ˈ}}

| {{lang|et|hobune|i=-}}

| Normally placed on the first syllable

| Two stressed syllables in compound words

| Loanwords can have stress on non-initial syllables

colspan=4| Length

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link

}

| {{lang|et|vere|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈvere]}}
{{lang|et|lina|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈlinɑ]}}

| Short syllable

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ː}} Estonian has a three-way contrast between short, long, and overlong syllables. This contrast is present on both consonants and vowels. In some IPA transcriptions long sounds are marked with a single IPA length marker {{IPAslink|ː}} and overlong with two {{IPA|/ːː/}}, while other transcriptions use half-long {{IPA|/ˑ/}} and long {{IPA|/ː/}} respectively. Overlong syllables also feature a falling pitch contour, while short and long syllables have a level pitch; however this is not marked.

| {{lang|et|veere|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈveːre]}}
{{lang|et|linna|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈlinːɑ]}}

| Long syllable

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ːː}}

| {{lang|et|veere|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈveːːre]}}
{{lang|et|linna|i=-}} {{IPA|[ˈlinːːɑ]}}

| Overlong syllable

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

class="wikitable" !IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
colspan="3"\| Vowels
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ɑ}} \| {{lang\|et\|lina\|i=-}} \| father (GA)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ɑː}} \| {{lang\|et\|naasma}} \| father (RP)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|æ}} \| {{lang\|et\|mägi\|i=-}} \| cat
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|æː}} \| {{lang\|et\|väär\|i=-}} \| mad
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|e}} \| {{lang\|et\|terve\|i=-}} \| pet
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|eː}} \| {{lang\|et\|tee\|i=-}} \| wait (Indian and South African dialects)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|i}} \| {{lang\|et\|viha\|i=-}} \| it
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|iː}} \| {{lang\|et\|viin\|i=-}} \| feed
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|o}} \| {{lang\|et\|oks\|i=-}} \| story
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|oː}} \| {{lang\|et\|soo\|i=-}} \| store
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ø}} \| {{lang\|et\|köha\|i=-}} \| Somewhat like hurt
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|øː}} \| {{lang\|et\|vöö\|i=-}} \| Somewhat like herd
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ɤ}} \| {{lang\|et\|õlu}} \| Somewhat like fern
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|ɤː}} \| {{lang\|et\|õõnes}} \| Somewhat like verge
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|u}} \| {{lang\|et\|surm\|i=-}} \| pull
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|uː}} \| {{lang\|et\|suu\|i=-}} \| pool
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|y}} \| {{lang\|et\|küla}} \| somewhat like cute
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA link\|yː}} \| {{lang\|et\|rüüpa}} \| Somewhat like cube

class="wikitable"

!IPA !! Examples !! English approximation

colspan="3"| Vowels

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ɑ}}

| {{lang|et|lina|i=-}}

| father (GA)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ɑː}}

| {{lang|et|naasma}}

| father (RP)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|æ}}

| {{lang|et|mägi|i=-}}

| cat

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|æː}}

| {{lang|et|väär|i=-}}

| mad

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|e}}

| {{lang|et|terve|i=-}}

| pet

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|eː}}

| {{lang|et|tee|i=-}}

| wait (Indian and South African dialects)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|i}}

| {{lang|et|viha|i=-}}

| it

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|iː}}

| {{lang|et|viin|i=-}}

| feed

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|o}}

| {{lang|et|oks|i=-}}

| story

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|oː}}

| {{lang|et|soo|i=-}}

| store

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ø}}

| {{lang|et|köha|i=-}}

| Somewhat like hurt

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|øː}}

| {{lang|et|vöö|i=-}}

| Somewhat like herd

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ɤ}}

| {{lang|et|õlu}}

| Somewhat like fern

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|ɤː}}

| {{lang|et|õõnes}}

| Somewhat like verge

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|u}}

| {{lang|et|surm|i=-}}

| pull

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|uː}}

| {{lang|et|suu|i=-}}

| pool

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|y}}

| {{lang|et|küla}}

| somewhat like cute

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA link|yː}}

| {{lang|et|rüüpa}}

| Somewhat like cube

Diphthongs

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" \|+ Estonian diphthongsFrom {{Harvcoltxt\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=370}} ! Vowel ! {{IPA\|ɑ}} ! {{IPA\|e}} ! {{IPA\|i}} ! {{IPA\|o}} ! {{IPA\|u}}
{{IPA\|ɑ}} \| \| {{IPA\|ɑe̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɑi̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɑo̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɑu̯}}
{{IPA\|e}} \| {{IPA\|eɑ̯}} \| \| {{IPA\|ei̯}} \| {{IPA\|eo̯}} \| ({{IPA\|eu̯}})
{{IPA\|i}} \| ({{IPA\|iɑ̯}}) \| ({{IPA\|ie̯}}) \| \| ({{IPA\|io̯}}) \| {{IPA\|iu̯}}
{{IPA\|o}} \| {{IPA\|oɑ̯}} \| {{IPA\|oe̯}} \| {{IPA\|oi̯}} \| \| {{IPA\|ou̯}}
{{IPA\|u}} \| ({{IPA\|uɑ̯}}) \| ({{IPA\|ue̯}}) \| {{IPA\|ui̯}} \| {{IPA\|uo̯}} \|
{{IPA\|ɤ}} \| {{IPA\|ɤɑ̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɤe̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɤi̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɤo̯}} \| {{IPA\|ɤu̯}}
{{IPA\|æ}} \| \| {{IPA\|æe̯}} \| {{IPA\|æi̯}} \| {{IPA\|æo̯}} \| {{IPA\|æu̯}}
{{IPA\|ø}} \| {{IPA\|øɑ̯}} \| {{IPA\|øe̯}} \| {{IPA\|øi̯}} \| {{IPA\|(øo)}} \| {{IPA\|(øu)}}
{{IPA\|y}} \| {{IPA\|yɑ̯}} \| ({{IPA\|ye̯}}) \| {{IPA\|yi̯}} \| ({{IPA\|yo̯}}) \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+ Estonian diphthongsFrom {{Harvcoltxt|Asu|Teras|2009|p=370}}

! Vowel

! {{IPA|ɑ}}

! {{IPA|e}}

! {{IPA|i}}

! {{IPA|o}}

! {{IPA|u}}

| {{IPA|ɑe̯}}

| {{IPA|ɑi̯}}

| {{IPA|ɑo̯}}

| {{IPA|ɑu̯}}

| {{IPA|eɑ̯}}

| {{IPA|ei̯}}

| {{IPA|eo̯}}

| ({{IPA|eu̯}})

| ({{IPA|iɑ̯}})

| ({{IPA|ie̯}})

| ({{IPA|io̯}})

| {{IPA|iu̯}}

| {{IPA|oɑ̯}}

| {{IPA|oe̯}}

| {{IPA|oi̯}}

| {{IPA|ou̯}}

| ({{IPA|uɑ̯}})

| ({{IPA|ue̯}})

| {{IPA|ui̯}}

| {{IPA|uo̯}}

| {{IPA|ɤɑ̯}}

| {{IPA|ɤe̯}}

| {{IPA|ɤi̯}}

| {{IPA|ɤo̯}}

| {{IPA|ɤu̯}}

| {{IPA|æe̯}}

| {{IPA|æi̯}}

| {{IPA|æo̯}}

| {{IPA|æu̯}}

| {{IPA|øɑ̯}}

| {{IPA|øe̯}}

| {{IPA|øi̯}}

| {{IPA|(øo)}}

| {{IPA|(øu)}}

| {{IPA|yɑ̯}}

| ({{IPA|ye̯}})

| {{IPA|yi̯}}

| ({{IPA|yo̯}})

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Asu

|first=Eva Liina

|last2=Teras

|first2=Pire

|year=2009

|title=Estonian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=3

|pages=367–372

|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/629DFE570A2E6606733B29A0145B4512/S002510030999017Xa.pdf/estonian.pdf

}}

External links

[http://www.eki.ee/knn/ungegn/un7_gdl.htm#123 Pronunciation of Estonian geographical names]

Help:IPA/Estonian

Diphthongs

See also

Notes

References

External links