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{{IPA key|H:IPA-HMN}}

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hmong language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The dialect used in this chart is both White Hmong and Green Hmong. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

style="background: none"
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| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=5| Consonants

colspan=2|IPA

!rowspan=2|RPA

rowspan=2 | Pahawh

! scope="col" rowspan=2| English approximation

Green

!White

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|c}}

|c

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬯}}

| Somewhat like joke

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|cʰ}}

|ch

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬧}}

| Somewhat like choke

style="background:#808080"|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d}}

|d

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬞𖬰}}

| ado

style="background:#808080"|

|style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|dʱ}}

|dh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬞𖬵}}

| wide hearted

style="text-align:center;" | tˡ

|style="background:#808080"|

|dl

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬭𖬰}}

|Somewhat like at last

style="text-align:center;" | tɬ̬

|style="background:#808080"|

|dlh

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬭𖬵}}

|Somewhat like at last, but with extra clicky sound

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|f}}

|f

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬜𖬵}}

| five

colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|g

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬠𖬵}}

|sing

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|h}}

|h

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬟}}

| happy

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | l̥

|hl

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬥}}

|clean

style="background:#808080"|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m̥}}

|hm

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬣𖬵}}

|No English equivalent; voiceless {{IPA|[m]}}

style="background:#808080"|

| style="text-align:center;" | m̥l̥

|hml

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬠𖬰}}

|No English equivalent

style="background:#808080"|

|style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|n̥}}

|hn

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬩}}

|No English equivalent; voiceless {{IPA|[n]}}

style="background:#808080"|

|style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ̥}}

|hny

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬣𖬰}}

|No English equivalent; voiceless {{IPA|[ɲ]}}

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA |k}}

|k

| style="text-align:center;" | {{ref|k|*}}

| scope

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|kʰ}}

|kh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬩𖬰}}

| cope

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

|l

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬞}}

| life

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

|m

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬦}}

| map

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ml}}

|ml

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬠}}

|hamlet

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|n}}

|n

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬬}}

|no

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɲɟ}}

|nc

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬤𖬰}}

|and you

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɲɟʱ}}

|nch

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬨}}

|{{ref|l|*}}

style="text-align:center;" | ⁿdˡ

|style="background:#808080"|

|ndl

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬭}}

|

style="text-align:center;" | ⁿdɮ

|style="background:#808080"|

|ndlh

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬭𖬴}}

|No English equivalent

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ŋɡ}}

|nk

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬢}}

|finger

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ŋkʰ}}

|nkh

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬫𖬵}}

|incomplete

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |mb}}

|np

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬨𖬵}}

| combine

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |mbʱ}}

|nph

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬡𖬰}}

| No English equivalent, like abhor, but with prenasalization

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |mbl}}

|npl

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬫𖬰}}

| emblem

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |mbɮ}}

|nplh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬡𖬵}}

| No English equivalent

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɴɢ}}

|nq

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬬𖬰}}

|{{ref|l|*}}

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɴɢʱ}}

|nqh

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬬𖬵}}

|{{ref|l|*}}

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɳɖ}}

|nr

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬜𖬰}}

|No English equivalent; somewhat like can drink

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɳʈʰ}}

|nrh

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬨𖬰}}

|{{ref|l|*}} similar to control

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |nd}}

|nt

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬩𖬵}}

| endanger

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ndʱ}}

|nth

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬫}}

| wound him

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ɳɖʐ}}

|nts

|style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬝}}

|No English equivalent; somewhat like hinge

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ndz}}

|ntx

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬢𖬰}}

| hands

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ndzʱ}}

|ntxh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬥𖬵}}

| hands holding

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}

|ny

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬮𖬵}}

|canyon

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|p}}

|p

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬪𖬵}}

| spin

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|pʰ}}

|ph

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬝𖬵}}

|pin

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |pl}}

|pl

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬟𖬵}}

| Somewhat like apple

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|pɬ}}

|plh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬪}}

| play

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|q}}

|q

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬦𖬵}}

| {{ref|l|*}} similar to sky

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|qʰ}}

|qh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬣}}

| {{ref|l|*}} similar to car

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʈ}}

|r

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬡}}

|{{ref|l|*}}

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

|rh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬢𖬵}}

|{{ref|l|*}} similar to trough

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʂ}}

|s

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬤𖬵}}

| Somewhat like shoe

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t}}

|t

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬧𖬵}}

| stool

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|tʰ}}

|th

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬟𖬰}}

| tool

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ts}}

|tx

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬯𖬵}}

| cats

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|tsʰ}}

|txh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬦𖬰}}

| No English equivalent

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʈʂ}}

|ts

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬝𖬰}}

| Somewhat like June

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}}

|tsh

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬪𖬰}}

|Somewhat like chair

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|v}}

|v

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬜}}

| very

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|s}}

|x

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬮}}

|see

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ç}}

|xy

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬧𖬰}}

|hue

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʝ}}

|y

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬤}}

|Similar to yes

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʐ}}

|z

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬥𖬰}}

| Somewhat like vision

colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{script|Hmng|𖬮𖬰}}

| uh-oh!

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

class="wikitable"

! colspan=4| Vowels

IPA

!RPA

Pahawhscope="col" | English approximation
colspan="4" | Monophthongs
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|a}}

|a

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬖, 𖬗}}

| As in father

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

|e

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬈, 𖬉}}

| {{ref|l|*}} similar to play

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i}}

|i

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬂, 𖬃}}

| see

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɨ}}

|w

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬘, 𖬙}}

|roses

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}

|o

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬒, 𖬓}}

| off

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u}}

|u

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬆, 𖬇}}

| cool

colspan="4" | Nasalized
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ẽ}}

|ee

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬀, 𖬁}}

| Somewhat like sang

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ã}}

|aa

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬚, 𖬛}}

| Somewhat like ran

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}

|oo

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬌, 𖬍}}

| Somewhat like song

colspan="4" | Diphthongs
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |ai}}

|ai

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬊, 𖬋}}

| hi

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |iə}}

|ia

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬔, 𖬕}}

| RP beer

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |aɨ}}

|aw

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬎, 𖬏}}

| Do not curl your tongue for the 'r' in per

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |au}}

|au

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬄, 𖬅}}

| how

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA |uə}}

|ua

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{script|Hmng|𖬐, 𖬑}}

| truant, elided into a single syllable

class="wikitable"

|+ Hmong Tone Indications

IPATonewidth="30px"|Orthographic Spelling (Example)
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ́}}rowspan="1" |Highrowspan="1" |pob ('ball')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̰}}rowspan="1" |Creakyrowspan="1" |pom ('see')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̂}}rowspan="1" |High fallingrowspan="1" |poj ('female')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̌}}rowspan="1" |Mid risingrowspan="1" |pov ('throw')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̄}}rowspan="1" |Midrowspan="1" |po ('spleen')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̀}}rowspan="1" |Lowrowspan="1" |pos ('thorn')
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|pɔ̤}}rowspan="1" |Low falling breathyrowspan="1" |pog ('grandmother')
pɔ̰̌

|Falling rising

|pod (no meaning(for now))

|}

Notes

{{note|l|*}} No equivalent to English

{{note|k|*}} {{angbr|k}} is only represented in RPA and not in Pahawh Hmong. For example, to write keeb in RPA, you have to follow the order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT), so it is K + ee + b = Keeb, but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just Keeb "{{script|Hmng|𖬀𖬶}}" (2nd-Stage Version).

References

  • {{cite web |last=Bruhn |first=Daniel |date=2006-12-06 |url=https://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_mong_leng.pdf |title=The Phonetic Inventory of Mong Leng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331083106/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_mong_leng.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31}}
  • {{cite web |last=Bruhn |first=Daniel |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_Ling230_squib_PFWHm.pdf |title=Toward a Reconstruction of Proto-Far-Western-Hmongic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612220201/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_Ling230_squib_PFWHm.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-12}}
  • {{cite web |title=Common characteristics from multiple languages |publisher=Anchorage School District |url=http://ess.aurorak12.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2012/03/Common-characteristics-from-multiple-languages-courtesy-of-the-Anchorage-School-District.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120008/https://ess.aurorak12.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2012/03/Common-characteristics-from-multiple-languages-courtesy-of-the-Anchorage-School-District.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-31}}
  • {{cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |date=2012-01-20 |title=Final proposal to encode the Pahawh Hmong script in the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1121/1.4773259 |pmid= 23363123 |title=Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong |first1=Marc |last1=Garellek |first2=Patricia |last2=Keating |first3=Christina M. |last3=Esposito |first4=Jody |last4=Kreiman |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|date= 2013 |volume= 133 |issue= 2 |pages= 1078–1089 |pmc= 3574099 |bibcode= 2013ASAJ..133.1078G }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/voiceproject/Hmong/Hmong_Notes.pdf |title=Hmong Notes |website=UCLA Phonetics Lab Data |access-date=2023-12-21 |date=2014-09-17}}
  • {{cite web |url=https://bilinguistics.com/hmong-speech-language-development/ |title=Hmong Speech and Language Development |website=Bilinguistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221011110/https://bilinguistics.com/languages/hmong-speech-and-language-development/ |archive-date=2023-12-21}}
  • {{cite conference |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1127804 |title=The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam |first=Andrew |last=Hsiu |conference=SEALS 25 |location=Chaing Mai, Thailand |year=2015 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1127804}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Jaisser |first=Annie |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=Fall 1987 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jaisser1987hmong.pdf |title=Hmong Classifiers |doi=10.32655/LTBA.10.2.14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129191428/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jaisser1987hmong.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-29}}
  • {{cite book |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xp9r34j |last1=Jaisser |first1=Annie |last2=Ratliff |first2=Martha |last3=Riddle |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Strecker |first4=David |last5=Vang |first5=Lopao |last6=Vang |first6=Lyfu |year=1995 |title=Hmong For Beginners Part I |publisher=Centers for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California at Berkeley |isbn=0-944613-24-1}}
  • {{cite journal |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/uploads/4/5/8/7/4587788/ly_hsj_21.pdf |title=An Explanation of the Logic of Hmong RPA |first=Chô |last=Ly |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=21 |pages=1–15 |year=2020}}
  • {{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44444705 |title=Qha Ke (Guiding the Way) From the Hmong Ntsu of China, 1943 |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |last=Tapp |first=Nicholas |volume=9}}
  • {{cite conference |url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/64484|title=Phonetics of the Hmong White Language |first=Kia |last=Thao |date=April 2012 |conference=Celebration of Excellence in Research and Creative Activity |publisher=University of Wisconisn, Eau Claire}}
  • {{cite web |url=https://pahauhhmong.com/yublas.asp |title=Pahauh Institute: Yub & Las Qauv nkaws - Lawj 2 (Vowels & Consonants - 2nd-stage version) | website=Hmong Language Institute of Minnesota}}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Hmong IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}