Hemp oil
{{short description|Oil from hemp seeds}}
{{distinguish|hash oil}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
File:HempSeedOil TasmanianOrganic.jpg
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
Hemp oil (hemp seed oil) is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash oil, a tetrahydrocannabinol-containing oil made from the Cannabis flower.
Description
Refined hemp seed oil is clear and colorless, with little flavor. It is primarily used in body care products. Industrial hemp seed oil is used in lubricants, paints, inks, fuel, and plastics. Hemp seed oil is used in the production of soaps, shampoos and detergents. The oil has a 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids.{{cite journal|last=Callaway|first=J. C.|title=Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview|journal=Euphytica|year=2004|volume=140|issue=1–2|pages=65–72|doi=10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6|s2cid=43988645}} It may also be used as a feedstock for the large-scale production of biodiesel.{{cite web
|url = http://www.hempworld.com/Hemp-CyberFarm_com/htms/hemp-products/bio-diesel/bio-diesel.html
|title = Hemp Oil Fuels & How to Make Them
|author = Agua Das
|publisher = HempFarm.com
|date = November 16, 1997
|access-date = November 18, 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061029043253/http://www.hempworld.com/Hemp-CyberFarm_com/htms/hemp-products/bio-diesel/bio-diesel.html
|archive-date = October 29, 2006
}}
Manufacture
Hemp seed oil is manufactured from varieties of Cannabis sativa that do not contain significant amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive element present in the cannabis plant. This manufacturing process typically includes cleaning the seed to 99.99% before pressing the oil. There is no THC within the hemp seed, although trace amounts of THC may be found in hemp seed oil when plant matter adheres to the seed surface during manufacturing. The modern production of hemp seed oil, particularly in Canada, has successfully lowered THC values since 1998.{{cite journal |vauthors=Holler JM, Bosy TZ, Dunkley CS, Levine B, Past MR, Jacobs A | title=Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of commercially available hemp products|journal=J Anal Toxicol|year=2008|volume=32|issue=6|pages=428–32 |pmid=18652749 |doi=10.1093/jat/32.6.428|doi-access=free}} Regular accredited sampling of THC in Canadian hemp seed oil shows THC levels usually below detection limit of 4 ppm (parts per million, or 4 mg/kg). Legal limit for THC content in foodstuffs in Canada is 10 ppm.{{cite web |url=http://www.drugwatch.org/resources/publications/articles/161-cannabis-hemp-thc-in-the-food-cosmetic-supply.html |title=Cannabis Hemp THC in the Food–Cosmetic Supply |publisher=drugwatch.org |access-date=2018-12-20 |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182611/http://www.drugwatch.org/resources/publications/articles/161-cannabis-hemp-thc-in-the-food-cosmetic-supply.html |url-status=live }} In the EU some countries have limits defined such as 5 ppm or "none detected", while other EU countries have no limits defined.
Nutrition
{{main|Hemp}}
About 49% of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil{{cite web | title = Basic Report: 12012, Seeds, hemp seed, hulled | url = https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170148/nutrients | publisher = USDA National Nutrient Database | access-date = 2019-02-22 | date = April 2018 | archive-date = April 3, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170148/nutrients | url-status = live }} that contains 76% as polyunsaturated fat, including omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA, 54%) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 3%), and omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 17%) and stearidonic acid (2%). Both LA and ALA are essential fatty acids. In addition, hempseed oil contains 5% to 11% monounsaturated fat and 5% to 7% saturated fat. In common with other oils and fats, hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal/g.{{cite web |url=http://www.goodwebsite.co.uk/kingsreport.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226002903/http://www.goodwebsite.co.uk/kingsreport.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2009|title= King's College Review of Nutritional Attributes of Cold Pressed Hemp Seed Oil |author=Tom Sanders |author2=Fioa Lewis |publisher= Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College, London |date= February 26, 2009 }}
Compared with other culinary oils, hempseed oil is low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fat. It has a relatively low smoke point and is not suitable for frying. It is primarily used as a food oil and dietary supplement.
=Comparison to other vegetable oils=
{{Vegetable_oils,_composition}}
Wood finish
Hemp oil is a "drying oil", as it can polymerize into a solid form. Due to its polymer-forming properties, hemp oil is used on its own or blended with other oils, resins, and solvents as an impregnator and varnish in wood finishing, as a pigment binder in oil paints, and as a plasticizer and hardener in putty.
Gallery
File:Bottles-of-hemp-oil.jpg|Bottles of hemp seed oil
File:An experimental batch of hemp oil produced in Buryatia in bottles.jpg|An experimental batch of hemp oil produced in bottles in Buryatia
File:Hempseeds.jpg|Hemp seeds from which hemp seed oil can be extracted
Society and culture
In December 2021, Berlin's public transport offered passengers edible hemp tickets.{{cite web |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Berlin metro offers passengers edible hemp tickets {{!}} DW {{!}} 14.12.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-metro-offers-passengers-edible-hemp-tickets/a-60119704 |website=DW.COM |access-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107052744/https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-metro-offers-passengers-edible-hemp-tickets/a-60119704 |url-status=live }}
See also
{{portal|Cannabis|Food}}