Heracleum persicum

In Europe, Persian hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).{{Cite web|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ec.europa.eu}} This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.

Image:Golparground.jpg

The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. The very thin, small mericarps (seed-like fruits) are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "angelica seeds". The powder is sprinkled over broad beans, lentils and other legumes, and potatoes.

Golpar is also used in soups and stews, or sprinkled over pomegranate arils.{{cite web |last=Fujimori |first=Sachi |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Get cooking with pomegranates, the super fruit that's in season |url=http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/235525181_Get_cooking_with_pomegranates__the_super_fruit_that_s_in_season_.html |access-date=December 31, 2013 |publisher=NorthJersey.com}}

Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating.{{Cite web |title=Persian Lentil & Beetroot Salad with Golpar |url=https://www.spicemountain.co.uk/recipe/persian-lentil-beetroot-salad-with-golpar/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Spice Mountain |language=en-US}}

Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans and is alleged to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans.{{cite web |title=Gas in the Digestive Tract: Digestive Diseases - NIDDK |url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011063704/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2010-11-08}}{{failed verification|date=October 2011}}{{dubious|date=October 2011}}{{cite journal |last1=Buso |first1=Piergiacomo |last2=Manfredini |first2=Stefano |last3=Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani |first3=Hamid |last4=Sciabica |first4=Sabrina |last5=Buzzi |first5=Raissa |last6=Vertuani |first6=Silvia |last7=Baldisserotto |first7=Anna |title=Iranian Medicinal Plants: From Ethnomedicine to Actual Studies |journal=Medicina |date=February 2020 |volume=56 |issue=3 |page=18 |doi=10.3390/medicina56030097|doi-access=free |pmid=32110920 |hdl=11392/2427783 |hdl-access=free }}

In Persian cuisine, the petals are used in the spice mixture advieh to flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken, fish, and bean dishes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known as golpar torshi).{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The chemicals composition in golpar (Persian hogweed) are: hexyl acetate, acetyl acetate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, and various other acids that are responsible for its pungent smell. Also, there is a kind of oily and volatile essential oil in the Heracleum persicum plant, which is used to flavor some foods.{{Cite journal |last1=Changxing |first1=L. |last2=Dongfang |first2=D. |last3=Lixue |first3=Z. |last4=Saeed |first4=M. |last5=Alagawany |first5=M. |last6=Farag |first6=M. R. |last7=Chenling |first7=M. |last8=Jianhua |first8=L. |date=June 2019 |title=Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-s-poultry-science-journal/article/abs/heracleum-persicum-chemical-composition-biological-activities-and-potential-uses-in-poultry-nutrition/6E3EBAC876EA87A2E1A6807F795583E0 |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=207–218 |doi=10.1017/S0043933919000205 |issn=0043-9339}}

The sap of the Tromsø palm contains furanocoumarins, which in combination with ultraviolet light, leads to phytophotodermatitis. There is some anecdotal evidence that H. persicum may be less dangerous than H. mantegazzianum with respect to phototoxicity.

Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

• Heracleum, the genus
• Other tall invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum sosnowskyi
• Non-invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum maximum
• Species that can be mistaken for Heracleum persicum: wild parsnip, garden angelica, wild angelica

{{Reflist}}

• [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4091/is_200407/ai_n9450521 Analysis of the Oil of Heracleum persicum L. (seeds and stems)]
• [http://daneshnameh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-index.php?page=گلپر&PHPSESSID=1528decbbf4664bae77f6c025f8d7ebb&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0 Heracleum persicum, Heracleum glabrescens] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121202232238/http://daneshnameh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-index.php?page=%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1&PHPSESSID=1528decbbf4664bae77f6c025f8d7ebb&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0 |date=2012-12-02 }} {{in lang|fa}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Sajjadi|first1=S. E.|last2=Noroozi|first2=P.|title=Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) from the fruits of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer|journal=Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences|date=2007|volume=2|issue=1|pages=13–16|url=http://rps.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrps/article/view/21 }}

{{Edible Apiaceae}}

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Category:Apioideae

Category:Edible Apiaceae

Category:Medicinal plants of Asia

Category:Spices

Category:Iranian cuisine