Herschelle Sullivan Challenor

Challenor is the second child of Atlanta natives. Her mother and aunts graduated from Spelman College and her father was a Morehouse College graduate.Challenor, Herschelle Sullivan (Interviewee) and Jeanne Law Bohannon (Interviewer) (August 25, 2017). [https://soar.kennesaw.edu/bitstream/handle/11360/2405/challenor-transcription.pdf Atlanta Student Movement Project: Dr. Herschelle Sullivan Challenor Interview] (Transcript). Kansas State University Scholarly Online Access Repository. While Challenor was born in Atlanta in 1938, the Sullivan family moved to Pittsburgh when her father enrolled in graduate school at Carnegie Institute of Technology. She was a preschooler when they moved. Her father became an electrical engineer and then a college professor.{{Cite news|last=Molzhan|first=Kathryn|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/290932837|title=Interpreter Speaks Against Prejudice|date=July 17, 1966|work=Post-Crescent|access-date=February 9, 2020}} In Pittsburgh her mother also earned her Master's in Social Work. They remained in Pittsburgh throughout her childhood. When they graduated from high school, she and her sister were each offered scholarships from colleges in the north, but both chose to follow in their mother's footsteps to enroll at Spelman College back in Atlanta, Georgia.

Challenor was an active member of the Spelman community. She was elected Freshman class president. In 1958 she wrote an article for The Spelman Spotlight, the school paper, entitled "Cowering Experience," criticizing the traditional rules and lifestyle enforced by the administration upon the students. The school's president, Dr. Albert E. Manley, reprimanded Challenor for the article, and it became a black mark on her record.{{Cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|title=Howard Zinn's Southern Diary: Sit-ins, Civil Rights, and Black Women's Student Activism|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2018|isbn=9780820353227|location=Athens|pages=62}} Nonetheless, Challenor later earned the Merrill Scholarship, which funded a year of study abroad."To Study Abroad". The Crisis. 66: 573. November 1956 – via Google Books. She went to France and studied at the Sorbonne and the University of Grenoble, where she spent time with African students, many of whom came from countries that were colonized by France.{{Cite book|last=Lefever|first=Harry G.|title=Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967.|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780865549388|location=Macon, GA|pages=19}} Her experiences in France informed much of her later career. Traveling abroad meant that Challenor graduated a year late from Spelman, but while she was still overseas she was elected Spelman student body president for her final year.{{Cite book|last1=Carson|first1=Clayborne|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/challenor-herschelle-sullivan|title=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Encyclopedia|last2=Armstrong|first2=Tenisha|last3=Carson|first3=Susan|last4=Englander|first4=Susan|last5=Cook|first5=Erin|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2008|isbn=9780313294402|location=Ann Arbor, MI|pages=53}}

Challenor received her Bachelor of Arts from Spelman College in 1961 (though she is often still listed with her original graduating class of 1960).Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. page 40. {{ISBN|9780865549388}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.spelman.edu/about-us/news-and-events/our-stories/stories/2016/03/29/herschelle-sulivan-chanellor|title=Herschelle Sullivan Challenor, C'60, Played a Significant Role in the Atlanta Student Movement|date=March 2016|website=Spelman College|access-date=February 10, 2020}} In March 1961, Challenor was among students awarded a scholarship for a summer start to graduate school because the Southern Education Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation partnered to encourage students of African-American descent who graduated from Southern colleges to stay in the South to teach.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107460802|title=Negros Will Enter the Teacher Program|date=March 19, 1961|work=Courier-Journal|access-date=February 9, 2020}}  Challenor found the students in Kentucky politically apathetic for her tastes, and instead went on to receive a Master of Arts from Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in 1963, where she was their first African-American woman to earn a degree.{{Cite journal|date=Summer 2018|title=Herschelle Sullivan|url=https://mediahost.sais-jhu.edu/saismedia/media/web/site/flip/SAIS-Magazine-Summer-2018/33/|journal=SAIS Magazine|pages=31}} She then went on to earn her Ph.D. from Columbia University in Political Science: International Relations and African Affairs in 1970.King, Martin Luther, Clayborne Carson, Peter Holloran, Ralph E. Luker, and Penny A. Russell. 1992. The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 334. {{ISBN|9780520079502}} While a doctoral candidate at Columbia she lived in Benin from 1967 to 1968, doing research for her thesis:{{Cite book|last=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCK1g3Fv06cC&q=herschelle+sullivan+lived+benin+1967&pg=PA34|title=Executive Council on Foreign Diplomats: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, June 16, 1983|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|year=1983|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=34}} French Speaking West Africa's Dahomeyan Strangers in Colonization and Decolonization.{{Cite book|last=Chanellor|first=Herschelle|title=French speaking West Africa's Dahomeyan strangers in colonization and decolonization (Doctoral thesis)|publisher=Columbia University|year=1970|location=New York City|oclc=6888573}}

{{Further|Atlanta sit-ins}}

While many sources credit Challenor with co-signing the March 9, 1960, Appeal for Human Rights, the students' manifesto published in local newspapers,{{Cite book|last=Grady-Willis|first=Winston A|title=Challenging U.S. apartheid: Atlanta and black struggles for human rights, 1960-1977|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780822337782|location=Durham, NC|pages=5}} Challenor was actually still studying in Paris at the time.{{Cite web|url=https://www.crmvet.org/info/60asmtim.htm|title=Atlanta Student Movement Timeline Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) 1960-1964|last=King|first=Lonnie|date=2013|website=Civil Rights Movement Archive|access-date=February 11, 2020}}Grady-Willis, Winston A (2006). Challenging U.S. apartheid: Atlanta and black struggles for human rights, 1960-1977. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. page 6. Upon her return to Atlanta in September 1960, however, Challenor did become co-chair of the students' organization, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). She replaced the founding Co-Chair, John Mack of Clark Atlanta University, who had graduated the previous spring. Her co-leader was Lonnie King.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantavoice.com/articles/legacy-of-the-atlanta-student-movement/|title=Legacy of the Atlanta Student Movement|last=Conner|first=Alysha|date=February 22, 2019|website=Atlanta Voice|access-date=February 9, 2020}}

Early in her tenure as co-chair, Challenor helped arrange for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to join the students in simultaneous, peaceful COAHR-organized sit-ins at lunch counters around Atlanta.Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. pages 62-3. {{ISBN|9780865549388}}.{{Cite journal|last=Fort|first=Vincent D|date=January 5, 1980|title=The Atlanta Sit-In Movement, 1960-1961: an Oral Study|url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.td%3A1980_fort_vincent_d|journal=Digital Commons, Atlanta University Center|pages=32–34}}{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=John|title=Walking with the wind: a memoir of the movement|last2=D'Orso|first2=Michael|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1998|isbn=9780684810652|location=New York, New York|pages=120}} On October 19, 1960, with students protesting at several different lunch counters around the city, both Challenor and Dr. King protested at Rich's Department Store, the largest store in Atlanta and thus the local leader in business people's decisions with regard to segregation.{{Cite book|last=Ferris|first=Marcie C|title=The Edible South: The Power of Food and the Making of an American Region|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2014|isbn=9781469617695|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=280}}"Dawn's Early Light," Ralph McGill Papers, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. https://web.archive.org/web/20000824145052/http://www.unbrokencircle.org/scripts22 They were both arrested there, along with many other students. Dr. King became Challenor's mentor and remained so until his assassination in 1968, even writing her a letter of recommendation for graduate school.

Challenor quickly became the student spokesperson for the Student-Adult Liaison Committee, a group formed over the summer of 1960 to show a unified African-American front in the fight for desegregation in Atlanta.Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. page 51. {{ISBN|9780865549388}}. Challenor would attend various adult-only functions, such as church fundraisers to support jailed students, as the students' representative.{{Cite news|last=Galphin|first=Bruce|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/398338923/|title=Negroes at Rally Cheer Call for More Support|date=February 20, 1961|work=The Atlanta Constitution|access-date=February 18, 2020}} For example, when the Student-Adult Liaison Committee decided to work together to extend the boycott of lunch counters to all downtown Atlanta businesses, Challenor called a press conference with Reverend William Holmes Borders announcing the broader initiative.{{Cite news|last=Galphin|first=Bruce|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/398627588|title=Sit-In Chiefs Widen Downtown Protests|date=November 30, 1960|work=The Atlanta Constitution|access-date=February 18, 2020}}

Tuesday, February 7, 1961, saw Challenor's second arrest, during a sit-in in Sprayberry's cafeteria, located in a building that also housed federal offices.{{Cite news|last=McCartney|first=Keeler|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/398296452|title=Lonnie King, 12 Others Held Under $100 Bond in Sit-In|date=February 8, 1961|work=The Atlanta Constitution|access-date=February 18, 2020}} Most of the students chose to follow the "Jail-no-bail" campaign, while she and Lonnie King posted bail to keep fighting on the students' behalf in the community.{{Cite news|last=Sitton|first=Claude|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/02/09/97585886.pdf|title=Fifty Choose Jail in 3-City Sit-Ins|date=February 9, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 18, 2020}}

April, 1961, Challenor, Benjamin Brown, Charles Lyles, and Lonnie King filed a federal lawsuit against "public" facilities owned by the city. They did so without a lawyer, submitting the suit on the seventh anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. The filing was a class action on behalf of all African-American residents of Atlanta. On August 27, 1962, the courts ruled in their favor. By this time, Challenor was already studying at Johns Hopkins University and was no longer an active member of the Atlanta Student Movement.{{Cite web|url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/meiklejohn/meik-8_1/meik-8_1-4.html|title=Civil Liberties Docket|last=Ginger|first=Ann Fagan|date=November 1962|website=Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley|access-date=February 13, 2020}}

In 2010, the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum honored Challenor along with thirty-four other women who fought for civil rights in Atlanta. Challenor was a member of the speakers' panel at the event.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/assets/documents/news/10-32.pdf|title=Carter Library Honors 35 Atlanta Freedom's Sisters: Women Who Fought for Civil Rights in Atlanta|last=Clark|first=Tony|date=September 17, 2010|website=Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum and Library|access-date=February 13, 2020}}

While working on her doctorate, in 1966, Challenor did work as an "interpreter escort" for women visiting from African locations for the Women's African Committee of the Africa-American Institute.{{Cite news|last=Molzahn|first=Kathryn|date=July 17, 1966|title=Interpreter Speaks Against Prejudice|work=Post-Crescent|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/290932837|access-date=February 13, 2020}} From 1969 to 1972, she served as an assistant professor at the City University of New York, Brooklyn College Department of Political Science during which time she was also a Fellow at Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs in Chicago (1970-1971).

In 1972, Dr. Challenor's work shifted to Washington, D.C. She served as an American Political Science Studies Association Congressional Fellow, working for Congressman Charles Diggs, Jr of Michigan. The same year, presidential nominee Senator George McGovern selected a panel of foreign policy advisors, including Challenor.{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|date=25 Aug 1972|title=McGovern Picks Foreign Policy Advisors|work=Arizona Republic|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/119855099}}

The following year (1973), Challenor went to work for the Ford Foundation, as its Program Officer for Diversity Education and Research, where she stayed for two years. Her next post, as the Staff Director for Committee on International Relations at US House of Representatives, lasted from 1975-1978. From there she moved to United Nations' Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1978, as the Senior Liaison Officer in the Washington, D.C. Communications Liaison Office, and in 1983 she became UNESCO's Director of Washington office. She next served as Coordinator of the World Decade for Cultural Development (1988-1997) for several years at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France.https://www.unmultimedia.org/avlibrary/asset/2148/2148870/

Clark Atlanta University established its School of International Relations in 1993, and Dr. Challenor accepted the role of dean of the school. While there, she helped use a $3 million grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation to "internationalize" the school.{{Cite news|last=Towns|first=Gail H|date=June 24, 1997|title=Centers of Excellence|work=Atlanta Constitution|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/403172625}} During her tenure at CAU, President Bill Clinton appointed Challenor to the National Security Education Board (NSEB){{Cite web|date=August 4, 1994|title=President Names Herschelle Challenor to the National Security Education Board|url=https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1994/08/1994-08-04-challenor-named-to-national-security-education-board.html|access-date=February 13, 2020|website=National Archives}}"Nominations Submitted to the Senate." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, October 25, 1999, 2122-2123. of the National Security Education Program, where she helps determine the skills national security employees should possess. She served two terms, starting in 1994 and 1999.{{Cite web|title=National Security Education Board|url=https://www.nsep.gov/content/national-security-education-board|website=National Security Education Program}} In 2002, Dr. Challenor switched positions at CAU to become the Professor of International Relations & African Affairs, Department of International Affairs and Development.

Dr. Challenor's final professional positions were with United States Agency for International Development (USAID). She was originally hired as administrator Constance Berry Newman's Special Assistant. From 2004 to 2006, Challenor served as Director of Democracy and Governance Programs at the USAID Mission in Conakry, Guinea.CHAIRMAN PAYNE ISSUES STATEMENT ON PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN GUINEA. (2007, March 22). US Fed News Service, Including US State News.

• "No Longer at Ease: Confrontation at the 12th Annual African Studies Association Meeting at Montreal" Africa Today 16, nos. 5–6, pages 4–7. 1969.
• "A Challenge to Multilateralism," Africa Report, September Political Science Quarterly 87, number 3 (1972): pages 493–96. doi:10.2307/2149236.
• "United States Foreign Policy Towards Africa." Johnson, Willard R., Goler Butcher, Herschelle Challenor, Karl Gregory, Elizabeth Landis, John Marcum, Ronald Walters, Peter Weiss, and Carol A. Bloomberg. Africa Today 20, number 1 (1973): pages 15–44.
• "The Sahel Drought: A Continuing Disaster," RAINS Information Sheet, November 1, 1973
• "Trans-Africanism: Towards an African Peoples Alliance." Pages 17–42 in Proceedings of the Conference on Afro-Americans and Africans: Historical and Political Linkages. Washington, D.C.: Howard University, 1974.
• Strangers in African Societies, edited by William A. Shack, Elliott Percival Skinner, and Herschelle Challenor. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1979.
• "The Influence of Black Americans on U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Africa." Pages 139–74 in Ethnicity and US. Foreign Policy, edited by A. A. Said. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977.
• "The Contribution of Ralph Bunche to Trusteeship and Decolonization," in Ralph Bunche, The Man and His Times edited by Benjamin Rivlin. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990.
• "Transition: January 1999, Cambridge." Foreign Policy, number 114 (1999): pages 135–37. doi:10.2307/1149602.
• "African Studies at Historically Black Colleges and Universities." African Issues 30, number 2 (2002): pages 24–29.

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Category:1938 births

Category:Living people

Category:American civil rights activists

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Category:Clark Atlanta University faculty