Hess v. Indiana
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS case
|Litigants=Hess v. Indiana
|DecideDate=November 19
|DecideYear=1973
|FullName=Gregory Hess v. State of Indiana
|USVol=414
|USPage=105
|ParallelCitations=94 S. Ct. 326; 38 L. Ed. 2d 303; 1973 U.S. LEXIS 177
|Docket=73-5290
|OralArgument=
|OralReargument=
|OpinionAnnouncement=
|Prior=Hess v. State, 260 Ind. 427, 297 N.E.2d 413 (1973)
|Subsequent=
|Holding=Hess's language did not fall within any of the "narrowly limited classes of speech" that the States may punish without violating the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
|PerCuriam=y
|JoinMajority=
|Dissent=Rehnquist
|JoinDissent=Burger, Blackmun
|LawsApplied=U.S. Const. amends. I, XIV
}}
Hess v. Indiana, 414 U.S. 105 (1973), was a United States Supreme Court case{{ussc|name=Hess v. Indiana|link=|volume=414|page=105|pin=|year=1973}}. involving the First Amendment that reaffirmed and clarified the imminent lawless action test first articulated in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Hess is still cited by courts to protect speech threatening future lawless action.{{Cite news |title=Fighting words: Hess v. Indiana tested limits of free speech during wartime |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/1725.html |publisher=IU News Room, Indiana University |date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=16 May 2017}}
Background
The case involved an antiwar protest on the campus of Indiana University Bloomington. Between 100 and 150 protesters were in the streets. The sheriff and his deputies then proceeded to clear the streets of the protestors. As the sheriff was passing Gregory Hess, one of the members of the crowd, Hess uttered, "We'll take the fucking street later" or "We'll take the fucking street again." Hess was convicted in Indiana state court of disorderly conduct.
Decision
The Supreme Court reversed Hess's conviction because Hess' statement, at worst, "amounted to nothing more than advocacy of illegal action at some indefinite future time." In contrast to such an indefinite future time, the Court emphasized the word imminent in the "imminent lawless action" test of Brandenburg. Because the evidence did not show that Hess' speech was intended and likely to produce "imminent disorder", the state could not punish Hess' speech.Hess, 414 U.S. at 108-109.{{citation | last = Lynd | first = Staughton | year=1975 | title=Brandenburg v. Ohio: A Speech Test for All Seasons? | journal = University of Chicago Law Review | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=151–191 | doi = 10.2307/1599194 | jstor = 1599194 | url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol43/iss1/22}}
In addition, Hess' speech was not directed at any particular person or group. As a result, "it cannot be said that he was advocating, in the normal sense, any action." For similar reasons, Hess' speech also could not be considered "fighting words" under Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942).Hess, 414 U.S. at 107-109
See also
- Clear and present danger
- List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 414
- Shouting fire in a crowded theater
- Abrams v. United States, {{ussc|250|616|1919}}
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, {{ussc|315|568|1942}}
- Dennis v. United States, {{ussc|341|494|1951}}
- Feiner v. New York, {{ussc|340|315|1951}}
- Kunz v. New York, {{ussc|340|290|1951}}
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, 244 F. 535 (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
- Schenck v. United States, {{ussc|248|47|1919}}
- Terminiello v. Chicago, {{ussc|337|1|1949}}
- Whitney v. California, {{ussc|274|357|1927}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal |first=Lewis |last=Bogaty |title=Beyond Tinker and Healy: Applying the First Amendment to Student Activities |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=78 |issue=8 |year=1978 |pages=1700–1713 |doi=10.2307/1121861 |jstor=1121861 }}
External links
- {{caselaw source
| case = Hess v. Indiana, {{ussc|414|105|1973|el=no}}
| courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/108885/hess-v-indiana/
| findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/414/105.html
| googlescholar = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4042159652386241321
| justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/414/105/case.html
| loc =http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep414/usrep414105/usrep414105.pdf
| oyez =https://www.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-5290
}}
- [http://blog.legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/legal-research/today-in-1973-supreme-court-expands-free-speech-in-hess-v-indiana/ Thomson Reuters blog post: TODAY IN 1973: SUPREME COURT EXPANDS FREE SPEECH IN HESS V. INDIANA]
{{US1stAmendment Freedom of Speech Clause Supreme Court case law|state=collapsed}}
Category:1973 in United States case law
Category:Illegal speech in the United States
Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law
Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court