Hideyo Noguchi

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Born Seisaku Noguchi in the Inawashiro in the Fukushima Prefecture in 1876 to an impoverished farming family.{{Cite web |title=野口英世の生涯／明治9年～明治24年 |url=http://www.tdc.ac.jp/noguchi/01.html |website=www.tdc.ac.jp}} His mother Shika worked to maintain the family farm and restore the Noguchi name to the honor it once had. Seisaku being descended from samurai in the days of his great grandfather.{{Cite web |last=Mehl |first=Margaret |date=2023 |title=From Fukushima to Ghana: Noguchi Hideyo, the Peasant Boy Who Made It |url=https://margaretmehl.com/from-fukushima-to-ghana-noguchi-hideyo-the-peasant-boy-who-made-it-1/}}Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickson University Press. p. 14-15.

Noguchi was two years old when he was left with his deaf grandmother who had poor eyesight alongside his four year old sister, Inu, while his mother worked in the rice fields. He fell into an irori and suffered burns and developed an infection on his left hand.

Since there were no doctor in Inawashiro, his left hand was unable to receive medical attention and remained useless as the upper joints of the fingers were gone, and the remaining joints had adhered to each other to form a solid clump. His thumb was drawn down to his wrist and had become attached to it. While Seisaku could no longer become a successful farmer. Shika promised to give her son an education.

In 1883, Noguchi entered Mitsuwa elementary school. His teacher elementary teacher Kobayashi saw his talent and due to generous contributions from his teacher, Noguchi received surgery for his left hand fifteen years after the accident. {{nihongo|Dr. Kanae Watanabe|渡部 鼎|Watanabe Kanae}} was the surgeon that operated on Noguchi's hand at his clinic in Aizuwakamatsu.

Noguchi recovered some functionality of his left hand. Afterwards, Noguchi decided to become a doctor. In 1893, sixteen year old Noguchi apprenticed with the same clinic as the doctor who had performed his surgery.

Japan was undergoing a modernization of its medical system during the Meji Restoration. In 1872, Japan introduced medical examination for doctors, a costly and time consuming process. Although graduates of the Imperial University, an exclusive and elite college, in Tokyo were exempt from the examinations.

Noguchi was not able to get into the Imperial University because of his peasant class. In 1896, he left for Tokyo to receive formal training and prepare for his examination. After one month, Noguchi passed his written portion, and subsequently passed the clinical examinations at twenty years old. He worked at the port of Yokohama as a quarantine officer, earning 35 yen a month.

During this period, he indulged in brothels and wine.{{Cite web |date=November 24, 204 |title=Discordant notes... |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2004/11/21/general/discordant-notes/}} In 1898, Noguchi changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a novel by Japanese author Tsubouchi Shōyō about a college student whose character had the same name as him. The character in the story, Seisaku, was an intelligent medical student but became lazy and ruined his life.{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Siang Yong |last2=Furubayashi |first2=Jill |date=October 2014 |title=Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928): Distinguished bacteriologist |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=550–551 |doi=10.11622/smedj.2014140 |issn=0037-5675 |pmc=4293967 |pmid=25631898}}

Noguchi received a position at the Kitasato Research. Although, he was an outsider as one of the few doctors to have not graduated from the Imperial University.

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Dr. Watanabe introduced Noguchi to Chiwaki Morinosuke founder of the Takayama Dental College (precursor to the Tokyo Dental College) who made him an apprentice. Both Noguchi and Morinosuke became close friend. Morinosuke felt Noguchi showed great talent.

Noguchi's main benefactors were, Sakae Kobayashi, his elementary school teacher and father figure,{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |location=Rutherford, N.J |publication-date=1980 |page=117}} Kanae Watanabe, the doctor who performed surgery on his hand,{{Cite journal |last=Yoshimine; Do; Moriyama; Yanagisawa; Takayesu; Ishikawa |first=Norio; Shinichi; Norinaga; Takaaki; Yoshinori; Tatsuya |date=1999 |title=The Villa of the Late Dr. Hideyo Noguchi in Shandaken, New York State and the Tokyo Dental College |url=https://archive.org/details/hideyo-noguchi-in-shandaken-new-york/The%20Villa%20of%20the%20Hideyo%20Noguchi%20ni%20Shandaken%20%281%29%20/mode/2up |journal=Journal of the Japanese Society of Dentistry History |volume=1 |issue=1 |via=National Library Diet Digital Collection}} and Morinosuke Chiwaki, who helped fund his travel to the United States.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |pages=viii}}

Noguchi was inspired to go to the United States. Partly, motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan as it required expensive schooling. He experienced discrimination as employers were concerned his hand deformity would discourage patients.

In 1899, Noguchi met Simon Flexner during his internship as his translator, being one of a few people who spoke English and Japanese at the Kitasato Institute.{{Cite journal |last=Lederer |first=Susan |date=March 1985 |title=Hideyo Noguchi's Luetin Experiment and the Antivivisectionists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/232791 |journal=The History of Science Society |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=34 |doi=10.1086/353736 |jstor=232791 |pmid=3888912 }} Flexner, who was visiting to see research being made on dysentery from foreign scientists, gave polite words of encouragement to his desire to work in the United States.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=}}

Noguchi decided that was that and bought a ticket on the America Maru. Chiwaki took a loan to pay for it.{{Cite book |last=KIta |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life Of Medical Search and Discovery |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=131}} Noguchi hosted a party to celebrate, spending most of his money before leaving.

On December 30, 1900, Noguchi arrived in Philadelphia.Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickson University Press. p. 72. He surprised Flexner at his position at the University of Pennsylvania. In spite of their brief encounter, Noguchi requested a position but he said the university had no funds. Although, Flexner did want to hire an assistant to investigate snake venoms.

Later in Flexner's diary, he recognized his courage and persistence for traveling so far from his home country.Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickson University Press. p. 73. The day after he arrived, Flexner asked, "Have you ever studied snake venom?" While not having much experience, but an abundance of determination, he said, "Yes, sir, I do know a little about it, but I'd like the chance to learn more."

File:Specimens_by_Hideyo_Noguchi.jpgOn January 4, 1901, Noguchi started his research position, earning eight dollars a month, coming straight out of Flexner's pocket. Flexner left for San Francisco to investigate an outbreak of the plague, leaving Noguchi for three months under the guidance of Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell.Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickson University Press. p. 75. Despite his lack of knowledge, Flexner returned to find he had written a 250 pages on snake venom.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |pages=136–138}} Flexner was impressed. In addition, Mitchell and Noguchi wrote a joint research paper, which was his first official publication. Both presented their scientific findings before the National Academy of Science in Philadelphia, one of the greatest honors an American scientist could have at the time.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery Hardcover |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |pages=144–145}} Dr. Mitchell spoke during the presentation but Noguchi handled the specimens.File:Hideyo_Noguchi_in_robes.jpgDr. Mitchell said after their research concluded...

"It is thanks to the great efforts of this young man that I have been able to bring my thirty years of research to their final conclusion."{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |page=145 |language=English}}

French scientist Albert Calmette was the first to produce an antitoxin for venomous snake bites in 1895.{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurab |date=2021 |title=How Snake Antivenom is Developed? |url=https://vocal.media/fiction/how-snake-antivenom-is-developed |website=Fiction}} Mitchell had made attempts to produce a serum for rattlesnakes, but was unsuccessful and encouraged his protege. Subsequently, Noguchi received an invitation to research at the Statens Serum Institute in Copenhagen. He wrote several papers with fellow bacteriologist, Thorvald Madsen. Noguchi brought a hundred grams of dried rattlesnake venom to Copenhagen and with Madsen produced one of the first antiserums to treat North American rattlesnake bites in 1903. Noguchi was the first to propose the mass production of antivenom in the USA, but not having been realized until Afrânio do Amaral from the Butantan Institute and his research contributed to the development of the first North American rattlesnake antivenom in 1927.Dixon, Bernard. [http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081354/http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061|date=2012-03-28}}, Microbe Magazine (American Society for Microbiology). May 2004.{{Cite journal |last1=Pucca |first1=M. B. |last2=Cerni |first2=F. A. |last3=Janke |first3=R. |last4=Bermúdez-Méndez |first4=E. |last5=Ledsgaard |first5=L. |last6=Barbosa |first6=J. E. |last7=Laustsen |first7=A. H. |date=2019 |title=History of Envenoming Therapy and Current Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=10 |page=1598 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01598 |pmc=6635583 |pmid=31354735 |doi-access=free}}

Between 1905 and 1908, Noguchi produced 28 papers and reports on his work with snake venoms and the routine observations of immunologic relationships, as well as tetanus.Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 109. In 1907, he wrote the chapter on venoms in William Osler and Thomas McCraes Modern Medicine.{{Cite journal |date=September 1929 |title=Modern Medicine: Its Theory and Practice in Original Contributions by American and Foreign Authors. |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |page=464 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030163018 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/536586}} File:Statens Serum Institut hovedbygning.JPGIn 1909, Noguchi released a comprehensive monograph on snake venom, Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms. The publication contained drawings and several photographs of specimens.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |page=125}}{{ISBN?}} In the preface, it stated,

“No single work in the English language exists at this time which treats of the facts of zoological, anatomical, physiological, and pathological features of venomous snakes, with particular reference to the properties of their venoms."

File:Hideyo_Noguchi's_laboratory_at_Rockefeller_Institute.jpgIn 1905, Treponema pallidum was first identified as the cause of syphilis by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann. Flexner put Noguchi onto syphilis research as he selected syphilis as one of the major diseases to focus research on at the institute.

In 1906, Noguchi was the first person in the United States to confirm the spirochete sixty days after its discovery. Between 1906 to 1915, Noguchi made some of his most long lasting discoveries and scientific contributions to syphilis.

When the Wasserman test was announced in 1906, Noguchi began working on refining it as it utilized serum reactions, which he was familiar from the course of his research of snake venom.

Noguchi and J. W. Moore created the butyric acid test for diagnosing syphilis, which used fluid from the spinal column, it was considered valuable tool in the early days of syphilis diagnosis.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=170}} Physicians reported finding the test more sensitive. During the distribution to hospitals, doctors reported, “Noguchi had prepared for us all the antigen and ambocepter tests that we used. He also spent about two weeks at our laboratory and helped us materially by making many of the tests."{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickson University Press |year=1980 |page=130}}

In particular, it was effective at diagnosing neurosyphilis as it detected 90 percent of cases of general paralysis.{{Cite journal |last=Noguchi |first=Hideyo |title=The butyric acid test for syphilis in the diagnosis of metasyphilitic and other nervous disorders |journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|date=1909 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=604–613 |doi=10.1084/JEM.11.4.604 |pmid=19867270 |pmc=2124732 |s2cid=17663831 }} Although, the test was used less as more refined tests were developed and it was technically demanding and required more specialized expertise.

In 1909, he published twelve papers on syphilis. In 1910, Noguchi published his manuscript, Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis, his most popular publication, assisting doctors and physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis.{{Cite journal |last=Tan-1 Furubayashi-2 |first=Siang-1 Jill-2 |date=October 2014 |title=Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928): Distinguished bacteriologist |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=550–551 |doi=10.11622/smedj.2014140 |pmc=4293967 |pmid=25631898}}

Dr. Flexner told him to focus his efforts on obtaining a pure culture of the spirochete.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickson University Press |year=1980 |pages=126}} Flexner wrote in his diary, “Once he was started on a problem he would pursue it to the bitter end." Noguchi set up hundreds of tubes for his cultures and used thousands of microscopic slides in his lab.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickson University Press |year=1980 |page=128}}

In February 1911, Noguchi believed that he had grown a pure culture and wrote to his childhood mentor Kobayashi, “I feel as if I am dancing in heaven." He thought it might eradicate of syphilis. Although few were able to reproduce his results and his pure culture was considered unreproducible. In 1934, Hans Zinsser, a personal friend of Noguchi, reluctantly said it had not been successful. It was prone to contamination. Over the next century, bacteriologists and researchers continued struggled to produce a stable culture.{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=In Vitro Cultivation of the Syphilis Spirochete Treponema pallidum |journal= Current Protocols|volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=e44 |doi=10.1002/cpz1.44 |pmc=7986111 |pmid=33599121 |last1=Edmondson |first1=Diane G. |last2=Norris |first2=Steven J. }}

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Wards Island State Hospital, located on an island in the East River, held the New York State Pathologic Institute and was located opposite of the Rockefeller Institute. Staff members at the Rockefeller Institute, Phoebus Levene and James B. Murphy worked at the Pathologic Institute and were well aware of the problems of patients suffering from paresis. Noguchi began collecting samples from spinal cords and brains of patients that died from tabes dorsalis or of paresis to determine its relationship to syphilis.

In 1912, Noguchi had collected a total of 200 brains and 12 spinal cords samples from post-mortem patients.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |page=131}}{{ISBN?}} In collboration with J. W. Moore, a psychiatrist at Wards Island, Noguchi discovered the presence of Treponema pallidum in the spinal cord of a patient with tabes dorsalis and paresis. His discovery proved the homogeneity of a mental and physical disease through demonstrating that an organic agent could cause psychosis. His friend and neighbor, Ichiro Hori, reported he bursted into his apartment in the middle of the night, dancing and wearing nothing but his underwear, shouting, “I found it! I found it!"

With this discovery, Noguchi's influence went beyond bacteriology. John C. Whiteborn wrote about the history of American psychiatry.

“In the organicist tradition, the outstanding psychiatric achievement as well as the final and conclusive link in the demonstration of the etiologic role of syphilis in general paresis was Noguchi and Moore’s demonstration of the spirochete in the brains of general paretics."

Noguchi was prolific in his lab results. Flexner described his work as "superhuman".{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |page=167}} His record for numbers of published papers in a single year was an unheard of nineteen submitted to journals. Noguchi published over 200 paper and gave lecture tours throughout Europe during his career.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha |page=164}}

Noguchi rarely read extensively before his experimentation. He wanted to learn through his failure.{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Paul |date=1959 |title=Hideyo Noguchi 1876–1928 |url=https://ia803201.us.archive.org/35/items/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_january-february-1959_33_1/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_january-february-1959_33_1.pdf |journal=Bulletin of History of Medicine |volume=33 |issue=1 |page=13 |pmid=13629181}} He report in a letter to his mentor,

"Theories are not to be taught by anybody outside of ourselves. We are the best teachers of the truth — I mean by this that we ought to convince ourselves chiefly by our own experiences and own experiments."Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 107.

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Noguchi secretly married Mary Loretta Dardis on April 10, 1912, whom he met for a single time after he returned from Copenhagen. He did not meet her again for years, "then ran into her on the street, had a rose in his hand, held it up to her."{{Cite book |last=KIta |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |page=173}}{{Cite news |date=1931 |title=The Hidden Romance of Dr. Noguchi's Life |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-romance-of-mary/8997521/?locale=en-CA |access-date= |work=The St. Louis Post-Dispatch Daily Magazine |pages=30}} Both came from a background of poverty. Mary, nicknamed Maize, called her husband, Hidey.

The marriage was kept secret from his family, friends, and boss.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. |year=1980 |location=Rutherford, N.J. |page=119}} Flexner opposed his marriage to an American. Flexner felt he should marry someone of Japanese descent. Noguchi worried his marriage would put his promotion at risk because she would have to be added to his pension and the taboo of having an interracial marriage. Their marriage did become known to the public until his death.

Both of them moved into an apartment at 381 Central Park West.{{Cite book |last=Eckstein |first=Gustav |title=Noguchi |publisher=Harper |year=1931 |page=244}} He would turn the kitchen into a laboratory, leaving bacterial specimens in the refrigerator, have microscopes holding germ cultures on the dinner table, and put test tubes in the oven.

Mary would read often to him at his microscope, whether it was old tales, Tolstoy, or Shakespeare. Mary had to endure his long absences on scientific exhibition.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=174}}

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Noguchi would often be caught at the laboratory at night and people would ask him why he was not at home? His usual reply was, "Home? This is my home." Some people thought he was escaping from his relationship but it is revealed through letters their marriage brought great satisfaction. Mary provided a refuge and inspiration.{{Cite journal |last=Cruzado |first=Lizardo |date=2020 |title=Primera centuria de la presencia de Hideyo Noguchi en el Perú |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/3720/372064490006/html/ |journal=Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=177–191}}

Suzanne Kamata has discussed how American women, such as Mary Dardis, have played a large part in the success of their Japanese husbands but have often gone unnoticed due to their nationality. She states "her assistance may have even helped to prolong his life."Kamata, Suzanne (2019). Critical Perspectives on Wives: Roles, Representations, Identities, Work. Demeter Press. pp. 143–156.

Since he was notoriously bad with money, he often got paid in two separate checks, one to hand on to his wife who paid the bills and the other to keep so that he would have something to spend it on. Mary could have stopped him from entering financial ruin.

Hideyo was close friends with his neighbor, Ichiro Hori, a Japanese painter and photographer. During his studies, Noguchi befriended Hajime Hoshi in the United States.Later Hoshi returned to Japan and started the successful Hoshi Pharmaceutical Co. Hoshi used his friendship with Noguchi and his reputation for his pharmaceutical company, which Hoshi offered to compensate him for. Noguchi said to give it to his family in Inawashiro.

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He would write often to his mentor, Kobayashi, who granted him permission to call him "father."

His childhood mentor encouraged Noguchi to return and establish his career in Japan. In 1912, he told his family that he did not plan to return to Japan.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |pages=132}}

His mother, Shika, who was notably illiterate, wrote, “Please come home soon, please come home soon, please come home soon, please come home soon.” She worked as a midwife but did not have much of an income and his family was at risk of losing the Noguchi home. Noguchi began sending money every month to his family.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |pages=115}}

His mother's health declined. Noguchi sent an unsubtle telegram to Hoshi and asked for enough money to return home. Hoshi was generous and immediately sent him enough to return to Japan Noguchi bought a ticket and sailed to visit her and accept the Imperial Prize on September 5, 1915. Noguchi was surrounded at the dock with reporters.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |pages=188}} He greeted his mentors Chiwaki and Kobayashi at the Imperial Hotel. Noguchi presented them with golden watches as gifts.

When Noguchi greeted his mother, he showed her a photograph of Mary and she approved.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=194–195}} Noguchi spent another ten whole days with his mother, but returned to the United States, and this would be the last time he would be back in Japan. In November 1918, his mother Shika died.File:Hideyo_Noguchi's_Shandaken_house.jpg

In 1917, Noguchi's health had declined.{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=202–203}} Earlier Noguchi was told he had enlarged heart from his irregular intense activity after a physical examination.{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Paul |date=1959 |title=Hideyo Noguchi 1876–1928 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44450585 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=11 |jstor=44450585|pmid=13629181 }} Mary called an ambulance since he refused to go to the hospital and was brought to Mount Sinai hospital. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever, a severe case with perforation of his digestive tract.{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Paul |date=1959 |title=Hideyo Noguchi 1876–1928 |url=https://ia803201.us.archive.org/35/items/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_january-february-1959_33_1/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_january-february-1959_33_1.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=33 |issue=1 |page=12 |pmid=13629181 }} He claimed it was jaundice after accidentally digesting. His fever worsened and Mary and those around him thought he might die.File:Hideyo Noguchi sitting on the porch of his house in Shandaken, NY.jpg

Hoshi financially supported him during his treatment. He made a slow recovery, Noguchi and Mary after seeing an advertisement in a newspaper took a four hour train ride to the Catskills. Both of them booked a room at the Glenbrook Hotel in the small hamlet of Shandaken, which had less than a hundred people. Noguchi felt it reminded him of his hometown in Fukushima.

Noguchi decided to purchase approximately two hectares and build a house in Shandaken, becoming one of the largest landowners in the hamlet. He bought it with the money he had leftover for his treatment. The construction was completed around June 15, 1918. Noguchi built his home alongside the Esopus river where he would fish and paint and spend most of his summers in 1918, 1922, and 1925 to 1927.{{Cite book |last=Eckstein |first=Gustav |title=Noguchi |date=1931 |publisher=Harper}}File:Noguchi_hideyo_photo_01-2.jpg

Noguchi was gifted oil paints from Ichiro Hori and he started painting in Shandaken. He had excellent success. Ichiro said, "he would be good at anything" and was not surprised at his painting ability. His paintings hang in the [https://www.noguchihideyo.or.jp/idm/english/ Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum].{{Cite web |title=Hideyo as His Natural Self |url=https://www.noguchihideyo.or.jp/about/exhi07.html |website=Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum}}

Noguchi was an amateur photographer. It was said that there is no scientific researcher who likes photography more than Noguchi. He might have been one of the first non hand colored photographs of a Japanese person.{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Masafumi |date=October 26, 2015 |title=Color photo of Hideyo Noguchi after 100 years (from Alumni Journal No. 401) |url=https://tdc-alumni.jp/2015/10/26/academia/tdca_120th_anniversary/401_noguchi_hideyo_photo/}} He achieved this through using autochrome lumière. He sent this in a letter, dated August 8, 1914, to his childhood mentor, Sakae Kobayashi.

Noguchi was fluent in Japanese and English, but also spoke German, Dutch, French, Mandarin, Danish and Spanish.

In 1911 and 1912 at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City, Noguchi was working on a syphilis skin test, which could provide an additional diagnostic procedure to complement the Wassermann test in the detection of syphilis.{{Cite journal |last=Lederer |first=Susan |date=March 1985 |title=Hideyo Noguchi's Luetin Experiment and the Antivivisectionists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/232791 |journal=The History of Science Society |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1086/353736 |jstor=232791 |pmid=3888912 }}

Professor William Henry Welch, Board of Scientific Directors at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, urged Noguchi to conduct human trials. The subjects were gathered from clinics and hospitals across New York City. In the experiment, the doctors given the tests injected an inactive product of syphilis, called luetin, under the skin on the upper arm of the patient.

Skin reactions were studied, as they varied among healthy subjects and syphilis patients, based on the disease's stage and its treatment. The lutein test gave a positive reaction almost 100 percent for congenital and late syphilis.{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Leslie |title=Value of Organic Latin in Diagnosis and Treatment of Syphilis: A Study of Nine Hundred Cases |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/514030 |journal=JAMA Dermatology|date=November 1934 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=676–691 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1934.01460170068008 }} While his diagnostic test was effective, it never had a reliable supply from the organism in pure culture form, never yielding practical results.

Of the 571 subjects, 315 had syphilis.{{cite journal |author=Noguchi H |year=1912 |title=Experimental research in syphilis with especial reference to Spirochaeta pallida (Treponema pallidum) |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423377 |journal=JAMA |volume=58 |issue=16 |pages=1163–1172 |doi=10.1001/jama.1912.04260040179001}} The remaining subjects were controls; some of which were orphans between the ages of 2 and 18 years. Most were hospital patients being treated for diseases, such as malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and pneumonia, and the subjects did not realize they were being experimented on and could not give consent.

Critics at the time, mainly from the anti-vivisectionist movement, noted that the Rockefeller Institute violated the rights of vulnerable orphans and hospital patients. There was concern among anti-vivisectionists that the test subjects had contracted syphilis from the experiments, but were proven to be false.Lederer, Susan E. Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995/1997 paperback {{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=January 2025}}

In Dr. Noguchi's defense, Noguchi had performed tests on animals to ensure the safety of the lutein test. Rockefeller Institute business manager Jerome D. Greene wrote a letter to the Anti-Vivisection Society, which had pointed out that Noguchi had tested it on himself and his fellow researchers before administering it.

In a letter to District Attorney Charles S. Whitman, Greene said

"What public institution would not welcome a harmless and painless test which would enable it to decide in the case of every person admitted whether that person was afflicted with a venereal disease or not?"

During the period, consent in medical science was by no means customary. The United States did not develop sufficient consensus about unethical human experimentation until the late 20th century, which brought laws about involving informed consent and the rights of patients to pass.

Noguchi received incredible scrutiny. One of the newspapers described him as "the Oriental admirer of the fruits of Western civilization." He made a wrong doing with his experiments, not obtaining consent, but he might have received more criticism due to his race and the perpetuated stereotype of yellow peril.

At the same time, notable microbiologists, such as Robert Koch in 1906 to 1907 operated medical concentration camps in Africa to find a cure for sleeping sickness and blinded patients, and Louis Pasteur experimented on nine-year-old Joseph Meister without a medical license and was suspected to have lied about conducting animal trials.{{Cite web |last=Schwikowski |first=Martina |title=Robert Koch's dubious legacy in Africa |url=https://www.dw.com/en/robert-kochs-dubious-legacy-in-africa/a-61235897 |website=Deutsche Welle}}{{Cite web |last=Najera |first=Rene |title=The Other Side of Louis Pasteur's Discoveries in Science and Medicine |url=https://historyofvaccines.org/blog/the-other-side-of-louis-pasteurs-discoveries-in-science-and-medicine}} They received far less scrutiny on their legacy.

File:Dr. Noguchi Hideyo.jpg

In July, 1914, Flexner made Noguchi a full member of the Institute.

His name and discoveries began to appear regularly in American newspapers. Noguchi felt compelled to make more discoveries and pressure from his boss Simon Flexner and home country to bring respect and honor to his fellow Japanese.{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Rutherford, N.J. : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |publication-date=1980 |pages=244 |language=English}} He wrote in a letter,

"I am almost exhausted and I feel the weight of my situation, because every one working at this Institute is expected by the outsiders to do something. Yet, as you know, we cannot find a new thing every day!"Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 108.

Noguchi began to tackle Rocky mountain spotted fever, similar to another disease Tsutsugamushi present in Japan, where deaths were common among rice planters and farmers.{{Cite book |last=Eckstein |first=Gustav |title=Noguchi |publisher=Harper |year=1931 |pages=236}}{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |date=July 1, 2005 |publisher=Kodansha USA |pages=201}} Furthermore, he began researching jaundice after two Japanese scientists announced a discovery of a spirochete appearing in the liver of a guinea pig demonstrating jaundice.{{Cite journal |last=Otteraaen |first=Andrew |date=1919 |title=The Spirochete of Infectious Jaundice (Spiro- Chets Icterohemorrhagiae, Inada; Lep -Tospira, Noguchi) in House Rats in Chicago |journal=John McCormick Institute for Infectious Disease |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=485–488 |doi=10.1093/infdis/24.5.485}}

In June of 1918, Noguchi became chief investigator on a commission of the International Health Board traveled throughout Central America and South America to conduct research to develop a vaccine for yellow fever.{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Siang |date=2014 |title=Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928): Distinguished bacteriologist |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=550–551 |doi=10.11622/smedj.2014140 |pmc=4293967 |pmid=25631898}}

He once said, "Whether I succeed or not is another matter, but the problem is worth trying." Noguchi dabbled in researching numerous diseases at the same time. He felt one might get results.

In 1921, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Noguchi&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}} In the meantime, Noguchi published a revision of Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis with assistance from Evelyn Tilden in 1922, Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis, which aided in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.Plesset, Isabel (1980). Noguchi and his Patrons. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 225

In 1923, Noguchi had attempted creating passive and active immunity for Rocky mountain spotted fever. One of his close assistants died during the research, which he mourned. He supported his assistants widow and children. He made a breakthrough when he produced the first antiserum for the disease to render partial immunity.{{Cite book |last=Eckstein |first=Gustav |title=Noguchi |publisher=Harper |year=1931 |pages=235}}

During his time in Peru and Ecuador, between 1925 to 1927, he worked on Carrions disease and verruca peruana, which was widespread in the regions, and proved the infections were due to the same species, Bartonella bacilliformis.File:Dr.Noguchi Hideyo - The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York - 1927 - Suzuki Rakan Seisaku.pngHis assistant, Akatsu, noted Noguchi showed discontent in his career even with recent breakthroughs.{{Cite book |last=Eckstein |first=Gustav |title=Noguchi |publisher=Harper |year=1931 |publication-date=1931 |pages=243}}{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. |publisher=Kodansha USA |date=July 1, 2005 |pages=200}} Noguchi sometimes lost his temper and scolding his assistants, but outside of the laboratory, Noguchi was a different and more open person. He would invite him to restaurants and speak Japanese{{snd}}something he never did at the Rockefeller Institute.

In a letter to Flexner, he wrote,

"Somehow I cannot manage to find enough time to sit quietly and think over things calmly and reflect upon many things and phases in life. I seem to be chasing something all the time, perhaps an acquired habit or rather the lack of poise".{{Cite web |last=Mehl |first=Margaret |date=March 16, 2023 |title=From Fukushima to Ghana: Noguchi Hideyo, the Peasant Boy Who Made It |url=https://margaretmehl.com/from-fukushima-to-ghana-noguchi-hideyo-the-peasant-boy-who-made-it-3/#_edn2 |access-date=August 29, 2024 |website=Margaret Mehl}}

File:Dr._Hideyo_Noguchi_dissecting_a_crocodile.jpg

Noguchi decided to focus on yellow fever, which some of his colleagues died researching because of his experience with syphilis and spirochetes.{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Pinghu |date=2004 |title=Noguchi's Contributions to Science |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.305.5690.1565a |journal=Science |volume=305 |issue=5690 |page=1565 |doi=10.1126/science.305.5690.1565a |pmid=15361606}} He thought the disease could have been a spirochete after traveling to Merida, Mexico and seeing patients demonstrate symptoms of Weil's disease, but similar to yellow fever. Noguchi identified it as Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae and mistakingly declaring it the causative agent of yellow fever. Other scientists unable to repeat his findings, it was questioned.

During his career, whether yellow fever was a virus or a bacteria was a debated topic with viruses having been discovered in 1892.{{Cite journal |last=Lecoq |first=H |date=2001 |title=Discovery of the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus: 1892 or 1898 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11570281/#:~:text=Abstract,world%20was%20discovered%3A%20filterable%20pathogens |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III |volume=324 |issue=10 |pages=929–933 |doi=10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01368-3 |pmid=11570281}} Noguchi worked much of the next ten years to prove his theory that it was from spir bacteria. He even thought he developed a vaccine against it, unknowingly for Weil's disease.

Following the death of British pathologist Adrian Stokes from yellow fever in September 1927,{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/09/22/archives/prof-adrian-stokes-dies-of-yellow-fever-british-pathologist.html|title=Prof. Adrian Stokes Dies of Yellow Fever – British Pathologist Succumbs in Africa to Disease He Went There to Study|work=The New York Times|via=www.nytimes.com|date=September 22, 1927}} it became increasingly evident that yellow fever was caused by a virus, not by the bacillus Leptospira icteroides, as Noguchi believed. He began preparing to travel to Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) to study yellow fever and get closer to specimens. Noguchi believed himself immune to yellow fever because of his own vaccine.

File:Medical Research Institute, Accra; medical researchers Wellcome V0030931.jpg in Accra]]

File:Medical Research Institute, Accra; disinfection with a Wellcome V0030932.jpg

Feeling his reputation was at stake, Noguchi hastened to Lagos to carry out research. However, he found the working conditions in Lagos did not suit him. At the invitation of Dr. William Alexander Young, the young director of the British Medical Research Institute, he moved and made this his base in 1927.

The diaries of Oskar Klotz, another researcher with the Rockefeller Foundation,{{cite journal|url=http://www.cbmh.ca/index.php/cbmh/article/view/399|title=Diary Notes on a Trip to West Africa in Relation to a Yellow Fever Expedition under the Auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1926, by Oskar Klotz.|first=H. J.|last=Barrie|date=1 January 1997|volume=14|issue=1|pages=133–163|doi=10.3138/cbmh.14.1.133|pmid=11619770|journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History|doi-access=free}} describe Noguchi's temper and behavior as erratic and bordering on the paranoid. One reason might be he had untreated syphilis, for which he was diagnosed in 1913, but it could have progressed to neurosyphilis, prone to personality changes.

According to Klotz, Noguchi inoculated huge numbers of monkeys with yellow fever, but failed to keep proper records.

Despite this, Noguchi failed to keep infected mosquitoes in their secure containers. In May 1928, having been unable to find evidence for his theories, Noguchi was set to return to New York after spending six months in Africa, but became sick. Noguchi boarded to sail home but on May 12 was put ashore at Accra. He taken to a hospital and he died on 21 May.{{cite news |first= Wireless|last= To|title=Dr. Noguchi is Dead, Martyr of Science. Bacteriologist of Rockefeller Institute Dies of Yellow Fever on Gold Coast. Japanese, Ranked With Pasteur and Metchnikoff, Found Carrier of Own Disease. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/22/archives/dr-noguchi-is-dead-martyr-of-science-bacteriologist-of-rockefeller.html |quote=Professor Hideyo Noguchi, bacteriologist of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, died here today from yellow fever, which ... |work=New York Times |date=May 22, 1928 |access-date=2009-08-26 }}

During his last letters to Mary, he writes

“I spend every moment of every day waiting for a telegram from you. When I am dispirited or tired, you are the one thing that raises my spirits. I am always thinking of you. It is rare that I dream but when I do, it is always of you.” Kamata, Suzanne (2019). Critical Perspectives on Wives: Roles, Representations, Identities, Work. Demeter Press. pp. 143–156.

In a letter home, Young states, "He died suddenly noon Monday. I saw him Sunday afternoon – he smiled – and amongst other things, said, “Are you sure you are quite well?" "Quite." I said, and then he said "I don’t understand."WA Young, personal letter dated 23 May 1928 His obituary was featured in The New York Times. Doing his autopsy, he was found to have a syphilitic heart. Seven days later, despite exhaustive sterilization of the site, Young himself died of yellow fever.{{cite journal|title=Obituary, Dr. W.A. Young|journal=Nature|date=7 July 1928|volume=122|issue=3062|pages=29|doi=10.1038/122029a0|bibcode=1928Natur.122Q..29.|doi-access=free}}

Noguchi was profoundly influential during his lifetime. He brought newfound attention to obscure and tropical diseases, such as trachoma, affecting a large part of developing countries in Africa, often ignored by western scientists.

Furthermore, Noguchi and Tilden's identification of the leishmaniasis pathogen and proving Carrion's disease and Oroya fever one of the same. He was applauded for his discovery in South America and had a 2.1 km street in Guayaquil, Ecuador named after him.{{Cite web |title=Dr. Hideyo Noguchi's Academic Achievements and Contribution to Africa |url=http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/doc/academic-achievements-e.pdf}}

His most famous contribution was his identification of syphilis in the brain tissues of patients with paralysis due to meningoencephalitis. In addition to his lasting contributions to the use of snake venom and serums for Rocky Mountain spotted fever.File:Noguchi hideyo memorial hall daikyocho.JPGIn the 21st century, the Nobel Foundation archives were opened for public inspection and research. Noguchi was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: in 1913–1915, 1920, 1921 and 1924–1927.Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26]

With the electron microscope, which was invented two years after his passing, some of his discoveries became understood as mistaken.SS Kantha. "[http://www1.gifu-u.ac.jp/~srikanth/srikantha_library/file/History%20of%20science/Kitasato%20Arch%201989%20p1-9.pdf Hideyo Noguchi's Research on Yellow Fever (1918–1928) In The Pre-Electron Microscope Era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194743/http://www1.gifu-u.ac.jp/~srikanth/srikantha_library/file/History%20of%20science/Kitasato%20Arch%201989%20p1-9.pdf|date=2013-10-29}}," Kitasato Arch. of Exp. Med., 62.1 (1989), pp. 1–9

Some of his research, including his discovery of polio, rabies, trachoma, and yellow fever's cause were not able to be reproduced.{{cite book |author=Grant J |url=https://archive.org/details/corruptedscience0000gran/page/43 |title=Corrupted Science |publisher=Facts, Figures & Fun, 2007 |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-904332-73-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/corruptedscience0000gran/page/43 43] |url-access=registration}} His finding that Noguchia granulosis causes trachoma was questioned within a year of his death. Beret E. Strong, G. Richard O'Connor. Seeking the Light: The Lives of Phillips and Ruth Lee Thygeson. p. 57{{cite journal | author = de Rotth A | year = 1939 | title = The Problem of the Etiology of Trachoma Rickettsia | journal = Arch Ophthalmol | volume = 22 | issue = 4| pages = 533–539 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860100017001 }} His identification of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae as yellow fever was disproven after Max Theiler discovery. Furthermore, his rabies pathogen medium to cultivate bacteria was prone to contamination.Fielding H. Garrison. An introduction to the history of medicine. WB Saunders Co., 4th ed., 1966. p. 588.{{cite journal | author = Wilson G.S. | year = 1959 | title = Faults and Fallacies in Microbiology: The Fourth Marjory Stephenson Memorial Lecture | journal = Microbiology | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 1–15 | doi = 10.1099/00221287-21-1-1 | pmid = 13845061 | doi-access = free }}File:Statue of Hideyo Noguchi.jpg]]A Rockefeller Institute researcher criticized him for being unwilling to issue retractions for his claims, but others said it was more flaws inside the system of peer review at the Institute.Thomas Rivers. Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science: An Oral History Memoir. M.I.T. Press, 1967. pp. 95–98.Isabel Rosanoff Plesset, Noguchi and his patrons

• 1904: [https://books.google.com/books?id=diz1IVBy8_UC The Action of Snake Venom Upon Cold-blooded Animals.]

:::Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. {{OCLC|2377892}}

• 1909: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-QcDAAAAIAAJ&q=hideyo+noguchi Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.]

:::Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. {{OCLC|14796920}}

• 1911: [https://books.google.com/books?id=cs0KC_8dqsIC Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis and the Butyric Acid Test for Syphilis.]

:::Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. {{OCLC|3201239}}

• 1923: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFQlGQAACAAJ Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis: A Manual for Students and Physicians.]

:::New York: P. B. Hoeber. {{OCLC|14783533}}

Noguchi was honored with Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.File:Busto Hideyo Noguchi en Guayaquil Ecuador.jpg]]Noguchi was self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself as "Funny Noguchi" as noted in Times Magazine. When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, William Lyon Phelps observed that the kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/23/109809214.pdf "Angll Inaugurated at Yale Graduation; New President Takes Office Before a Distinguished Audience of University Men; 784 Degrees are given; Mme. Curie, Sir Robert Jones, Archibald Marshall, J.W. Davis and Others Honored,"] New York Times. June 23, 1921.

• Kyoto Imperial University, Doctor of Medicine, 1909.Kita, Atsushi. (2005). Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery, p. 169.
• Knight of the Order of Dannebrog, 1913 (Denmark).Kita, p. 181.
• Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, 1913 (Spain).Kita, p. 177;
• Commander of the Order of the Polar Star, 1914 (Sweden).Kita, p. 182.
• Tokyo Imperial University, Doctor of Science, 1914.
• Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, 1915.Kita, Atsushi. (2005). Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery, p. 196; n.b., Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, 1915.
• Imperial Award, Imperial Academy (Japan), 1915.Kita, p. 186.
• Central University of Ecuador, 1919, (Ecuador).Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/latin_e/episode.html#Hideyo Noguchi & Latin America]
• National University of San Marcos, 1920, (Peru)
• Medicine School of Merida, "Doctor Honoris Causa en Medicina y Cirugía", 1920 (México)
• John Scott Medal, 1921, (United States){{Cite book |last=Pleaset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his patron |date=1980 |pages=222}}
• University of Guayaquil, 1919, Ecuador.
• Yale University, 1921, (United States).
• Knight of the Legion of Honour of France, 1924Japanese Wikipedia
• Senior fifth rank in the order of precedence, Japanese government, 1925

File:1000 yen banknote 2004.jpg]]

File:Hideyo Noguchi Grave 1024.jpg]]

Noguchi's remains were returned to the United States and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D71E31F932A3575AC0A961958260 "A Place for All Eternity In Their Adopted Land"], New York Times. September 1, 1997.

In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, which represents the second highest of eight classes associated with the award.[https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50D16FC3F58127A93C0A9178DD85F4C8285F9 "Mikado Honors Dr. Noguchi], New York Times. June 2, 1928.

In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by the Japanese governmentUniversity of Pennsylvania: [http://www.med.upenn.edu/globalhealth/UPENNSOMGlobalHealthPrograms--InternationalOpportunitiesforStudents.shtml Global Health Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312064445/http://www.med.upenn.edu/globalhealth/UPENNSOMGlobalHealthPrograms--InternationalOpportunitiesforStudents.shtml |date=March 12, 2008 }} at the University of Ghana in Legon, a suburb north of Accra.University of Ghana: [http://ffhtechnical.org/partners/collaborating-organizations/university-of-ghana-noguchi-memorial-institute-for-medical-research Noguchi Institute (NMIMR).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145255/http://ffhtechnical.org/partners/collaborating-organizations/university-of-ghana-noguchi-memorial-institute-for-medical-research |date=January 7, 2009 }}

In 1981, the Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental (National Institute of Mental Health) "Honorio Delgado – Hideyo Noguchi" was founded with founds of the Peruvian Government and the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in Lima – Perú.{{Cite web|url=http://www.insm.gob.pe/institucional/historia.html|title = Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado – Hideyo Noguchi}}

Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000-yen banknotes since 2004.Bank of Japan: [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/list/yuko/data/money01.pdf Valid Bank of Japan Notes, as of August 2004]; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325223705/http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/list/yuko/data/money01.pdf |date=2009-03-25 }} Brook, James. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/business/worldbusiness/02notes.html "Japan Issues New Currency to Foil Forgers,"] New York Times. November 2, 2004 In addition, the house near Inawashiro where he was born and brought up is preserved. It is operated as part of a museum to his life and achievements.

Noguchi's name is honored at the [http://www.cir.uady.mx/ Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi] at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.{{cite web|url=http://www.uady.mx/directorio/cir.html|title=Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán – 2016 – Directorio Universitario|first=Departamento de|last=Teleinformática}}

File:The Footstone of Hideyo Noguchi in Woodlawn Cemetery.JPG, New York City]]The Japanese Government established the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit by Prime Minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi's death.Japan Science and Technology Agency: [http://sciencelinks.jp/content/view/616/246/ "Commemorative Lecture: The First Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328110113/http://sciencelinks.jp/content/view/616/246/ |date=2012-03-28 }} Science Links Japan web site. The Prize is awarded to individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.Rockefeller Foundation: [http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/news/2006/072506noguchi.shtml Noguchi Prize, history] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523172141/http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/news/2006/072506noguchi.shtml |date=May 23, 2007 }} The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development in late April 2008.Japan, Cabinet Office: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html Noguchi Prize, chronology] In 2009, the conference venue was moved from Tokyo to Yokohama as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum: [http://www.town.inawashiro.fukushima.jp/eng/main_eng_noguchi.html Noguchi, life events] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824071844/http://www.town.inawashiro.fukushima.jp/eng/main_eng_noguchi.html |date=August 24, 2010 }}

The Prize is expected to be awarded every five years.World Health Organization: [http://www.afro.who.int/press/2007/pr20070430.html Noguchi Prize, WHO/AFRO involved] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130024613/http://www.afro.who.int/press/2007/pr20070430.html |date=January 30, 2010 }} The prize has been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY03103.htm "Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target,"] Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo). March 30, 2008. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{Portal|Japan|Medicine}}

• List of medicine awards
• Max Theiler – completed Noguchi's work, yellow fever vaccine (1926)
• Human experimentation in the United States
• Tōki Rakujitsu – Japanese film

{{reflist|30em}}

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}}

• Flexner, James Thomas. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHUQdmAlX-4C Maverick's Progress.] New York: Fordham University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8232-1661-1}} (cloth)
• {{cite journal | author = Flexner Simon | year = 1929 | title = Hideyo Noguchi: A Biographical Sketch | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zTUFHAAACAAJ&q=hideyo+noguchi | journal = Science | volume = 69 | issue = 1800| pages = 653–660 | doi=10.1126/science.69.1800.653| pmid = 17737643 | bibcode = 1929Sci....69..653F }}
• {{cite journal

|last=Haniu

|first=J

|year=2000

|title=Dr. Noguchi's laboratory

|journal=Scalpel & Tongs: American Journal of Medical Philately

|volume=44

|pages=97

| issn = 0048-9255| pmid = 11624705

}}

• Kita, Atsushi. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BpLSkxTg_o8C Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery] (tr., Peter Durfee). Tokyo: Kodansha. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2355-1}} (cloth)
• {{cite journal

|last=Koide

|first=S S

|date=May 2000

|title=Hideyo Noguchi's last stand: the Yellow Fever Commission in Accra, Africa (1927–8)

|journal=Journal of Medical Biography

|volume=8

|issue=2

|pages=97–101

| issn = 0967-7720| pmid = 11042776

|doi=10.1177/096777200000800413

|s2cid=40772728

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Lederer

|first=S E

|date=March 1985

|title=Hideyo Noguchi's luetin experiment and the antivivisectionists

|journal=Isis

|volume=76

|issue=281

|pages=31–48

| issn = 0021-1753| pmid = 3888912

| doi = 10.1086/353736

|s2cid=27969371

}}

• Lederer, Susan E. Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995/1997 paperback
• {{cite journal

|last=Liu

|first=Pinghui V

|date=September 2004

|title=Noguchi's contributions to science

|journal=Science

|volume=305

|issue=5690

|pages=1565

| pmid = 15361606

|doi = 10.1126/science.305.5690.1565a

|s2cid=11983110

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Masaki

|first=T

|year=1978

|title=[Hideyo Noguchi and oral spirochaete]

|journal=Shikai Tenbo = Dental Outlook

|volume=51

|issue=6

|pages=1265

| issn = 0011-8702| pmid = 394992

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Misawa

|first=M

|year=1991

|title=[Dr. Hideyo Noguchi and Hajime Hoshi] (Jpn)

|journal=Yakushigaku Zasshi

|volume=26

|issue=2

|pages=113–120

| issn = 0285-2314| pmid = 11623303

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Misawa

|first=M

|year=1991

|title=[Dr. Hideyo Noguchi and Hajime Hoshi]

|journal=Yakushigaku Zasshi

|volume=26

|issue=2

|pages=113–120

| issn = 0285-2314| pmid = 11623302

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Noguerea

|first=J J

|date=October 2007

|title=Hideyo Noguchi and trachoma (Inawashiro, Japan, 1876 – Accra, Ghana, 1928)

|journal=Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología

|volume=82

|issue=10

|pages=661–662

| issn = 0365-6691| pmid = 17929213

| doi=10.4321/s0365-66912007001000014

|doi-access=free

}}

• Sri Kantha, S. "Hideyo Noguchi's research on yellow fever (1918–1928) in the pre-electron microscopic era", Kitasato Archives of Experimental Medicine, April 1989; 62(1): 1–9.
• {{cite journal

|last=Takazoe

|first=Ichiro

|date=October 2002

|title=[Achievement by Hideyo Noguchi]

|journal=Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi

|volume=91

|issue=10

|pages=2887–2890

| issn = 0021-5384| pmid = 12451642

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Takeda

|first=Yoshifumi

|date=November 2003

|title=[Great Japanese bacteriologists in the Meiji, Taisho and Showa era]

|journal=Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi

|volume=58

|issue=4

|pages=645–655

| issn = 0021-4930| pmid = 14699855

|doi=10.3412/jsb.58.645

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{cite journal

|date=January 1977

|title=[Hideyo Noguchi – pioneer bacteriologist]

|journal=Orvosi Hetilap

|volume=118

|issue=4

|pages=213–215

| issn = 0030-6002| pmid = 319394

}}

{{Commons category|Hideyo Noguchi}}

• [http://www.noguchimedres.org/ Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon]
• Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html streaming video, "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," 2007/04/26 (5 mins.)]
• Fukushima Prefecture: [http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/list_e/ym961_le.html "The Dreamer, Hideyo Noguchi," slide show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810121258/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/list_e/ym961_le.html |date=2015-08-10 }}
• Cabinet Office, Government of Japan: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/index.html Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]
• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): [http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-noguchiafrica/index.html Purpose and Description of the Noguchi Prize]
• National Diet Library: [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/312.html?c=26 NDL portrait]
• Yomiuri Shimbun: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514045419/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080628TDY01306.htm Noguchi – slightly less than 90% name recognition amongst primary school students in Japan], 2008.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noguchi, Hideyo}}

Category:1876 births

Category:1928 deaths

Category:People from Fukushima Prefecture

Category:Japanese expatriates in the United States

Category:Japanese bacteriologists

Category:Japanese microbiologists

Category:Japanese Christians

Category:Japanese Protestants

Category:Ghana–Japan relations

Category:People from the Empire of Japan

Category:Scientists from Fukushima Prefecture

Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class

Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour

Category:Laureates of the Imperial Prize

Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog

Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

Category:Order of the Polar Star

Category:Members of the United Church of Christ in Japan

Category:Deaths from yellow fever

Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)

Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society