Hispanidad#Hispanic countries

The Hispanic model of identity and representation has been historically characterized by its multi-faceted nature, which transcends strict racial categorizations. Numerous figures exemplify this complexity, including Martín de Porres, Beatriz de Palacios, Spanish conquistador Juan Garrido that established the first commercial wheat farm in the Americas,{{Cite web |title=Review {{!}} February 2012: 1493 by Charles Mann '76 {{!}} Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/alumni/learn/amherstreads/pastfeatures/2012-features/1493/review |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.amherst.edu}} Estevanico, Francisco Menendez, Juan de Villanueva, Juan Valiente, {{ill|Juan Beltrán de Magaña|es}}, Pedro Fulupo, Juan Bardales, Antonio Pérez, Gómez de León, Leonor Galiano, Teresa Juliana de Santo Domingo and Juan García. Additionally, Juan Latino stands out as a significant figure in this discourse; he is recognized as the first black African to attend a European university, ultimately achieving the status of professor. This highlights the notion that the Hispanic identity is not monolithic and is instead enriched by diverse contributions across racial and ethnic lines. Such examples serve to challenge simplistic perceptions of race within the historical narrative of Hispanic culture.

The term has been used in the early modern period and is in the {{lang|es|Tractado de orthographía y accentos en las tres lenguas principales}} by Alejo Venegas, printed in 1531, to mean "style of linguistic expression". It was used, with a similar meaning, in the 1803 edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy as a synonym of Hispanismo (Hispanism), which, in turn, was defined as "the peculiar speech of the Spanish language".{{cite journal|url=http://www.filosofia.org/ave/002/b033.htm|title=Hispanidad|journal=Filosofía en Español|location=Buenos Aires|access-date=2015-12-15}}

In the early 20th century, the term was revived, with several new meanings. Its reintroduction is attributed to Miguel de Unamuno in 1909, who used the term again on 11 March 1910, in an article, La Argentinidad, published in a newspaper in Argentina, La Nación. He compared the term to other similar expressions: {{Wikt-lang|es|argentinidad}}, {{Wikt-lang|es|americanidad}}, {{Wikt-lang|es|españolidad}} and {{Wikt-lang|es|italianidad}}.{{cite book|first=Miguel de|last=Unamuno|author-link=Miguel de Unamuno|editor=Víctor Oiumette|title=De patriotismo espiritual. Artículos en "La Nación" de Buenos Aires (1901–1914)|year=1997|publisher=University of Salamanca|location=Salamanca|isbn=847481880X|page=24}}

Unamuno linked the concept to the multiplicity of peoples speaking the Spanish language, which encompassed in turn his idea of La Raza, gave it an egalitarian substrate and questioned the very status of motherland for Spain; he claimed the need of approaching Hispanic American republics in terms of sisterhood (opposing "primacies" and "maternities").{{cite journal|journal=Miguel de Unamuno. Estudios Sobre Su Obra|volume=II|editor=Ana Chaguaceda Toledano|first=Jean-Claude|last=Rabaté|title=Miguel de Unamuno frente a las conmemoraciones del 12 de octubre|year=2005|publisher=University of Salamanca|location=Salamanca|page=247|isbn=8478006834}}

File:Zacarias de Vizcarra.jpg spread the term in 1926]]

Further development of the concept had to wait for the 1920s, when a group of intellectuals was influenced by the ideas of ultranationalist French thinker Charles Maurras and rescued the term.{{Sfn|Colom González|2013|p=9}} The term was used by Spanish priest Zacarías de Vizcarra, who was living in Buenos Aires.{{Sfn|Ramón Solans|2014|p=364|ps= «Zacarías de Vizcaya»{{sic}}}} He proposed in 1926 that the expression Fiesta de la Raza should be changed to Fiesta de la Hispanidad.{{Sfnm|González Cuevas|2003|1p=244|Marcilhacy|2014|2p=75}}

During the reign of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Virgin of Guadaloupe was proclaimed "Queen of the Hispanidad" in Spain.{{Sfn|Pastor|2010|p=259}} In the later years of the decade, vanguard writer Ernesto Giménez Caballero began to elaborate a neo-imperialist narrative of the {{lang|es|Hispanidad|italic=no}} in La Gaceta Literaria.{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|pp=38–39}} The doctrine of {{lang|es|Hispanidad|italic=no}} would also become a core tenet of the reactionary thought in Spain in the coming years.{{Sfn|Juan-Navarro|2006|p=392}}

File:Defensa Hispanidad.jpg

During the Second Spanish Republic, Spanish monarchist author Ramiro de Maeztu, who had been the ambassador to Argentina between 1928 and 1930,{{Sfn|Núñez Seixas|2013|p=870}} considered the concept of Hispanidad, motivated by the interests aroused on him by Argentine-related topics,{{Sfn|Martínez de Velasco Farinós|1981|p=180}} and the meetings between him and the attendants to the courses of Catholic culture as nationalist, Catholic and anti-liberal.{{Sfn|González Calleja|2007|p=612}} Maeztu explained his doctrine of Hispanidad in his work Defensa de la Hispanidad (1934);{{cite web |url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/obras_culturales/defensa_de_la_hispanidad.html |title=In Defense of Spanishness|publisher=Ministry of Culture and Sport (Spain) |website=Spain is Culture|date= |author= |language=en|accessdate= 21 December 2021}} he thought it was a spiritual world that united Spain and its former colonies by the Spanish language and Catholicism.{{Sfn|Perfecto|2012|p=65}} He attributed the concept to Vizcarra, instead of Unamuno.{{Sfn|González Cuevas|2003|p=244}} In the Hispanidad of Maeztu, the Christian and humanist features that would identify Hispanic peoples would replace rationalism, liberalism and democracy, which he called alien to the Hispanic ethos.{{Sfn|González Calleja|2007|p=619}} His work "relentlessly" linked Catholicism and Hispanidad and was highly influential with Argentine nationalists{{Sfn|Saborido|2007|pp=425–426}} and the Spanish far right, including Francoism.{{Sfn|Rodríguez Jiménez|1994|p=45}} Although declaredly anti-racist because of its Catholic origin, the sense of racial egalitarianism in Maeztu's idea of Hispanidad was restricted to the scope of heavenly salvation.{{Sfn|Álvarez Chillida|2014|pp=111–112}}

File:Goma y Thomas.JPG defended the ideas of Vizcarra and Maeztu.{{Sfn|Martini|2015|p=58}}]]

Spanish Primate Isidro Gomá y Tomás issued in Argentina, on 12 October 1934, a Maeztu-inspired manifesto, In Support of Hispanidad:

{{Blockquote|text="America is the work of Spain. This work by Spain is essentially of Catholic nature. Hence, there is a relation of equality between Hispanidad and Catholicism, and any attempt at Hispanisation which rejects it is madness".

"América es la obra de España. Esta obra de España lo es esencialmente de catolicismo. Luego hay relación de igualdad entre hispanidad y catolicismo, y es locura todo intento de hispanización que lo repudie."{{Sfnm|Roberts|2004|1p=62|Colom González|2006|2p=64}}|author=Isidro Gomá |source=fragment of «Apología de la Hispanidad» (Buenos Aires, 1934), collected in Acción Española (1 November 1934).}}

According to Stephen G. H. Roberts, Gomá linked the ideas of Maeztu and the ideology that was developed by the dictatorship of Franco.{{Sfn|Roberts|2004|p=62}}

According to the philosopher and writer Julián Marías, the Spanish American territories were not only colonies but also extensions of Spain that mixed with the native American peoples, with whom Europeans intermarried, creating a multicultural society.{{cite book|last=González Fernández|first=Enrique|title=Pensar España con Julián Marías|date=2012|publisher=Ediciones Rialp|isbn=978-8432141669}}

{{Falangism sidebar|expanded=Ideology}}

That narrative was heavily featured in Nationalist propaganda during the Spanish Civil War,{{Sfn|Pasamar|2010|p=197}} being used as war tool.{{Sfn|Pardo Sanz|1992|p=211}} Spanish philosopher and Francoist propagandist {{ill|Manuel García Morente|es}} would make Francisco Franco the saviour of the legacy of the Hispanidad from an "invisible army" that was sent by the Communist International of Moscow.{{Sfn|Nicolás Marín|1998|pp=39–40}} García Morente would synthesize the essence of Hispanidad in the archaistic ideal of "Christian knight", half-monk and half-soldier;{{Sfn|Colom González|2006|p=66}} that figure was used in the pages of student books during the beginning of the Francoist dictatorship.{{Sfn|Núñez Seixas|2006|p=205}}

After the Spanish Civil War, the Our Lady of the Pillar became a symbol of Hispanidad in Spain and was linked to the National Catholicism of the Franco´s regime to the ideas of patriotism and "Hispanic essences".{{Sfn|Cenarro|1997|pp=92, 97 y 98}}

Franco created the Council of the Hispanidad on 2 November 1940.{{Sfnm|Payne|1987|1p=360|Barbeito Díez|1989|2p=117}} It was thought at first to be a sort of supranational institution,{{Sfn|Barbeito Díez|1989|p=118}} and it ended up being a council of 74 members, charged with the task of coordinating the relations with Latin America.{{Sfn|Payne|1987|p=360}} The Hispanidad became the source of an expansive nationalism (first imperialist and then cultural).{{Sfn|Marcilhacy|2014|p=101}} Besides its character both as national identity element and as stalwart of Catholicism, Francoism used the Hispanidad in international relations.{{Sfn|Calle Velasco|2004|p=170}}

The Council of the Hispanidad would become the {{ill|Institute of Hispanic Culture|es|Instituto de Cultura Hispánica}} in 1946 and change from a more Falangist profile to a more Catholic one.{{Sfn|Fernández de Miguel|2012|p=360}} That happened within a framework of a general change in the doctrine of the Hispanidad between 1945 and 1947, with Alberto Martín-Artajo at the helm of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The message then became more defensive and less aggressive, with fewer mentions of "empire" and "race" (biological).{{Sfn|Sepúlveda Muñoz|2005|p=174}} Afterwards, later in the Francoist dictatorship, the regime, then less constrained by the international community, recovered more aggressive rhetorics, but it failed to reach the full extent of when Ramón Serrano Suñer was Minister of Foreign Affairs.{{Sfn|Sepúlveda Muñoz|2005|pp=174–175}}

In 1958, the Day of the Race was renamed to Day of the Hispanidad in Spain.{{Sfn|Marcilhacy|2014|p=100}}

Already in the 1930s, conservative Mexican writer {{ill|Alfonso Junco|es}} had become an active propagandist of the Hispanidad.{{Sfn|Urías Horcasitas|2010b|p=615}} One of the key parts of the ideology of "Panista" Mexican politician {{ill|Efraín González Luna|es}}, who strongly supported miscegenation, was the Hispanidad, which he conceived in terms of a united community of sovereign states that defended their own values from foreign threats like communism.{{Sfn|Gómez Peralta|2010|p=172}} Other opponents of post-revolutionary Mexico, who spread the doctrine of the Hispanidad were {{ill|Miguel Palomar y Vizcarra|es}}, {{ill|Jesús Guisa y Azevedo|es}}, Salvador Abascal, and Salvador Borrego.{{Sfn|Urías Horcasitas|2010a|p=196}} The National Synarchist Union saw in the Hispanidad a key component of the vitality of the Mexican nation.{{Sfn|Ard|2003|p=44}}

The idea of Hispanidad was also featured with new meanings in authors of the Spanish Republic in exile, such as Fernando de los Ríos, Joaquín Xirau, Eduardo Nicol and Américo Castro.{{Sfn|Sánchez Cuervo|2014|pp=17, 25 y 30}} Salvador de Madariaga, also exiled, defended the Hispanidad as a positive factor towards cultural ontogeny; he believed its miscegenation was much better than the Anglo-Saxon example.{{Sfn|Rojas Mix|1997|p=187}}

In Argentina, one of the few countries with good relations with Francoist Spain after the end of World War II, President Juan Domingo Perón defended the concept of Hispanidad by highlighting the Hispanic roots of Argentina. However, Peronism began to detach itself from the idea from 1950 to 1954 period to replace it with {{lang|es|Latinidad}} (Latinity).{{Sfn|Rein|1991}}

In Colombia, {{ill|Eduardo Carranza|es}} used the idea of Hispanidad in his work.{{Sfn|Carranza|2006|pp=6–7}}

In Chile, Jaime Eyzaguirre would do the same.{{Sfn|Campos Harriet|1983|p=49}} In Peru, diplomat Víctor Andrés Belaúnde held that Peru was essentially a mestizo and Spanish nation and due to this its people "gravitated" towards what was "Hispanic".{{cite journal |last=Montoya Iriarte |first=Urpi |date=1998 |title=Hispanismo e Indigenismo: o dualismo cultural no pensamento social peruano (1900-1930). Uma revisão necessária |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77011998000100005 |journal=Revista de Antropologia |language=pt |volume=41 |issue=1 |access-date=30 January 2016}}

• Panhispanism
• Spanish nationalism
• Breve Historia de México
• Hispanismo
• Hispanic eugenics
• Limpieza de sangre
• Spanish-speaking world
• Traditionalist conservatism

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• {{cite book|title=Reaccionarios y golpistas: la extrema derecha en España : del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia, 1967–1982|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|location=Madrid|first=José Luis|last=Rodríguez Jiménez|author-link=José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez |year=1994|isbn=84-00-07442-4}}
• {{cite book|title=Los cien nombres de América: eso que descubrió Colón|first=Miguel|last=Rojas Mix|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica|orig-year=1991|year=1997|location=San José|isbn=84-264-1209-2}}
• {{Cite journal|title=Por Dios y por la Patria: el ideario del nacionalismo católico argentino de la década de 1970|first=Jorge|last=Saborido|publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca|location=Salamanca|volume=25|year=2007|pages=421–444|journal=Studia historica. Historia contemporánea|issn=0213-2087|url=http://gredos.usal.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10366/80236/%C2%ABPor_Dios_y_por_la_patria%C2%BB_el_ideario_de.pdf|access-date=2016-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193235/http://gredos.usal.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10366/80236/%C2%ABPor_Dios_y_por_la_patria%C2%BB_el_ideario_de.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Sánchez Cuervo|first=Antolín|title=La metamorfosis de la hispanidad bajo el exilio español republicano de 1939|journal=Desafíos|year=2014|volume=26|issue=2|pages=17–42|issn=0124-4035|location=Bogotá|url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/desa/v26n2/v26n2a02.pdf|publisher=Editorial Universidad del Rosario|doi=10.12804/desafios26.02.2014.01|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal|title=El sueño de la madre patria: hispanoamericanismo y nacionalismo|journal=Ambos Mundos|issn=1885-3943|first=Isidro|last=Sepúlveda Muñoz|year=2005|isbn=84-96467-04-X|publisher=Fundación Carolina. Centro de Estudios Hispánicos e Iberoamericanos y Marcial Pons Historia|location=Madrid}}
• {{Cite journal|title='Méjico' visto por el conservadurismo hispanófilo: el debate en torno al indigenismo (1948–1955)|journal=Historia y Política|last=Urías Horcasitas|first=Beatriz|issn=1575-0361|issue=24|location=Madrid|year=2010a|publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia & Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales|pages=189–211}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Urías Horcasitas|first=Beatriz|year=2010b|title=Una pasión antirrevolucionaria: el conservadurismo hispanófilo mexicano (1920–1960)|journal=Revista mexicana de sociología|volume=72|issue=4|pages=599–628|issn=0188-2503|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rms/v72n4/v72n4a4.pdf|location=Ciudad de México|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales}}

{{Countries and languages lists}}

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Category:Foreign relations of Francoist Spain

Category:Miguel de Unamuno