Hogmanay

The etymology of the word is obscure. The earliest proposed etymology comes from the 1693 Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, which held that the term was a corruption of a presumed {{langx|grc|ἁγία μήνη}} ({{transl|grc|hagíā mḗnē}}) and that this meant "holy month".{{cite book |title=Scotch Presbyterian eloquence display'd |publisher=J. Johnson |location=Rotterdam |last1=Crokatt |first1=Gilbert |last2=Monroe |first2=John |date=1738 |orig-year=First published 1693 |page=120 |quote=It is ordinary among some plebeians in the South of Scotland to go about from door to door upon New-years Eve, crying Hagmane, a corrupted Word from the Greek {{lang|el|αγια μηνη}}, which signifies the Holy Month. |url=https://archive.org/stream/scotchpresbyteri00crok#page/120/}}{{efn|{{lang|grc|μήνη}} actually means "moon"}} The three main modern theories derive it from a French, Norse or Gaelic root.

The word is first recorded in a Latin entry in 1443 in the West Riding of Yorkshire as {{lang|enm|hagnonayse}}."hogmanay, n.". OED Online. December 2014. Oxford University Press. (accessed 22 December 2014). The first appearance in Scots language came in 1604 in the records of Elgin, as hagmonay.William Cramond, [https://archive.org/details/recordsofelgin02elgi/page/118/mode/2up The records of Elgin, 2 (Aberdeen, 1903), p. 119] "delatit to haue been singand hagmonayis on Satirday". Subsequent 17th-century spellings include Hagmena (1677), Hogmynae night (1681), and Hagmane (1693) in an entry of the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence.{{cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/hogmanay |title=Hagmane |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language |access-date=21 December 2011 }}

Although Hogmanay is currently the predominant spelling and pronunciation, several variant spellings and pronunciations have been recorded, including:Robinson, Mairi (ed) The Concise Scots Dictionary (1985) The Scottish National Dictionary Association {{ISBN|0-08-028491-4}}

{{div col | colwidth=20em}}

• {{notatypo|Hoghmanay}}
• {{notatypo|Hagman(a)e}}
• {{notatypo|Hagmonay}}
• {{notatypo|Hagmonick}}
• {{notatypo|Hanginay}} (Roxburghshire)
• {{notatypo|Hangmanay}}
• {{notatypo|Hogernoany}} (Shetland)
• {{notatypo|Hogminay/Hogmenay/Hogmynae}}
• {{notatypo|Hoguemennay}}
• {{notatypo|Huggeranohni}} (Shetland)
• {{notatypo|Hu(i)gmanay}}

{{div col end}}

with the first syllable variously being {{IPA|/hɔg/}}, {{IPA|/hog/}}, {{IPA|/hʌg/}}, {{IPA|/hʌug/}} or {{IPA|/haŋ/}}.

The term may have been introduced to Middle Scots via French. The most commonly cited explanation is a derivation from the northern French dialectal word {{lang|frm|hoguinané}}, or variants such as {{lang|frm|hoginane}}, {{lang|frm|hoginono}} and {{lang|frm|hoguinettes}}, those being derived from 16th-century Middle French {{lang|frm|aguillanneuf}} meaning either a gift given at New Year, a children's cry for such a gift, or New Year's Eve itself.Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84158-207-7}} p. 575: "'Hogmanay' is French in origin. In the northern French dialect, it was {{lang|frm|hoguinané}}, going back to Middle French {{lang|frm|aguillaneuf}} (cf. {{ill|Guillaneu|fr}}), meaning a gift given on New Year's eve or the word cried out in soliciting it." The Oxford English Dictionary reports this theory, saying that the term is a borrowing of {{lang|frm|aguillanneuf}}, a medieval French cry used to welcome the new year consisting of an unknown first element plus "{{lang|frm|l'an neuf}}" ("the new year").{{cite dictionary |chapter=Hogmanay |title=The Oxford English Dictionary |volume=v (H-k) |last=Murray |first=James A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1933 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120829/page/n330/mode/1up |via=Archive.org}}

This explanation is supported by a children's tradition, observed up to the 1960s in parts of Scotland at least, of visiting houses in their locality on New Year's Eve and requesting and receiving small treats such as sweets or fruit. The second element would appear to be {{lang|fr|l'an neuf}} ('the New Year'), with sources suggesting a druidical origin of the practice overall.{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=Hogmanay |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |volume=XIII SLICE V Hinduism to Home, Earls of |edition=11 |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/39232/pg39232-images.html#ar125}} Compare those to Norman {{lang|xno|hoguinané}} and the obsolete customs in Jersey of crying {{lang|xno|ma hodgîngnole}}, and in Guernsey of asking for an {{lang|xno|oguinane}}, for a New Year gift (see also {{lang|fr|La Guiannee}}). In Québec, {{lang|fr-CA|la guignolée}} was a door-to-door collection for people experiencing poverty.Roy, Pierre-Georges [http://www.uquebec.ca/~uss1083/ssvdp/Texte%20de%20Pierre%20Georges%20ROY.pdf Les petites choses de notre histoire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222610/http://www.uquebec.ca/~uss1083/ssvdp/Texte%20de%20Pierre%20Georges%20ROY.pdf |date=25 January 2021 }} Garneau (1944)

Compare also the apparent Spanish cognate {{lang|es|aguinaldo}}/{{lang|es|aguilando}}, with a suggested Latin derivation of {{lang|la|hoc in anno}} "in this year".{{cite web |url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/srv/search?val=aguilando |title=Aguilando |author= |website=www.rae.es |publisher=Real Academia Española |access-date=21 September 2015 }}

Other suggestions include {{lang|fr|au gui mener}} ("lead to the mistletoe"),{{cite book |last=Chambers |first= Robert |title=Popular Rhymes of Scotland |page=165 |publisher=Chambers |date=1870 |edition =New (fourth?) |url=https://archive.org/details/popularrhymesofs00cham/page/165/mode/1up}} {{lang|fr|à {{linktext|gueux}} mener}} ('bring to the beggars'), {{lang|fr|au gui l'an neuf}} ('at the mistletoe the new year', or {{lang|fr|(l')homme est né}} ('(the) man is born').[http://www.scotland.org/whats-on/hogmanay/ "Hogmanay", Scotland.org]. Retrieved 14 May 2009.

File:Edinburgh, UK - panoramio (40).jpg, as part of the 2011 Hogmanay celebrations]]

The word may have come from the Goidelic languages. Frazer and Kelley report a Manx new-year song that begins with the line To-night is New Year's Night, Hogunnaa but did not record the full text in Manx.Frazer, Sir James George The Golden Bough 1922Kelley, Ruth The Book of Hallowe'en (1919) Kelley himself uses the spelling {{lang|gv|Og-u-naa... Tro-la-la}}Y Kelley, Yuan Fockleyr Gailckagh as Baarlagh (1866) The Manx Society whereas other sources parse this as {{lang|gv|hog-un-naa}} and give the modern Manx form as Hob dy naa.Folk-lore – A Quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution and Custom Vol II (1891) The Folk-lore Society Manx dictionaries though give {{lang|gv|Hop-tu-Naa}} ({{IPA|gv|hopʰ tθu neː}}), generally glossing it as "Hallowe'en",Broderick, G. A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx Niemeyer (1984) {{ISBN|3-484-42904-6}}Fargher, Douglas Fockleyr Baarle-Gaelg (1979) Shearwater Press {{ISBN|0-904980-23-5}} same as many of the more Manx-specific folklore collections.Moore, A.W. Manx Ballads & Music (1896) G R Johnson

In this context, it is also recorded that in the south of Scotland (for example Roxburghshire), there is no {{angbr|m}}, the word thus being Hunganay, which could suggest the {{angbr|m}} is intrusive.

Another theory occasionally encountered is a derivation from the phrase {{lang|gd|thog mi an èigh/eugh}} ({{IPA|gd|hok mi ˈɲeː|}}, "I raised the cry"), which resembles Hogmanay in pronunciation and was part of the rhymes traditionally recited at New Year{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article62422547 |title=Origin of Hogmanay |date=5 January 1940 |work=Townsville Daily Bulletin |access-date=1 January 2012}} but it is unclear if this is simply a case of folk etymology.

Overall, Gaelic consistently refers to the New Year's Eve as {{lang|ga|Oidhche na Bliadhn(a) Ùir(e)}} ("the Night of the New Year") and {{lang|ga|Oidhche Challainn}} ("the Night of the Calends").MacBain, A. Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (1896)Dwelly, E. The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary (1941)Mark, Colin The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2004) Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-29761-3}}

Other authors{{who|date=November 2022}} reject both the French and Goidelic theories and instead suggest that the ultimate source for this word's Norman French, Scots, and Goidelic variants have a common Norse root.Harrison, W. Mona Miscellany (1869) Manx Society It is suggested that the full forms

• "Hoginanaye-Trollalay/Hogman aye, Troll a lay" (with a Manx cognate {{lang|gv|Hop-tu-Naa, Trolla-laa}})
• "Hogmanay, Trollolay, give us of your white bread and none of your gray"Chambers, R. Popular Rhymes of Scotland (1841) W&R Chambers p. 165

invoke the hill-men (Icelandic {{lang|is|haugmenn}}, compare Anglo-Saxon {{lang|ang|hoghmen}}) or "elves" and banishes the trolls into the sea (Norse {{lang|non|á læ}} 'into the sea').Repp, Þorleifur On the Scottish Formula of Congratulation on New Year's Eve – "Hogmanay, Trollalay" (1831) Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Vol IV Repp furthermore links "Trollalay/Trolla-laa" and the rhyme recorded in Percy's Relics: "Trolle on away, trolle on awaye. Synge heave and howe rombelowe trolle on away", which he reads as a straightforward invocation of troll-banning.Percy, Thomas Percy's Reliques (1765)

It is speculated that the roots of Hogmanay may reach back to the celebration of the winter solstice among the Norse,{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-History-of-Hogmanay/|title=The History of Hogmanay|website=Historic UK}} as well as incorporating customs from the Gaelic celebration of Samhain. The Vikings celebrated Yule, which later contributed to the Twelve Days of Christmas, or the "Daft Days" as they were sometimes called in Scotland. Christmas was not celebrated as a festival, and Hogmanay was the more traditional celebration in Scotland. This may have been a result of the Protestant Reformation after which Christmas was seen as "too Papist".[https://web.archive.org/web/20030102221931/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1230_021231_hogmanay.html Bogle, Lara Suziedelis. "Scots Mark New Year With Fiery Ancient Rites", National Geographic News, 31 December 2002]

Hogmanay was also celebrated in the north of England, down to and including Richmond in North Yorkshire.{{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Ronald |title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University |isbn=0192854488 |page=65}} It was traditionally known as 'Hagmena' in Northumberland, 'Hogmina' in Cumberland, and 'Hagman-ha' or 'Hagman-heigh' in the North Riding of Yorkshire.{{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Edward |title=Golspie: Contributions to Its Folklore |date=1897 |publisher=Nutt}}

There are many customs, both national and local, associated with Hogmanay. The most widespread national custom is the practice of first-footing, which starts immediately after midnight. This involves being the first person to cross the threshold of a friend or neighbour and often involves the giving of symbolic gifts such as salt (less common today), coal, shortbread, whisky, and black bun (a rich fruit cake), intended to bring different kinds of luck to the householder. Food and drink (as the gifts) are then given to the guests. This may go on throughout the early morning hours and into the next day (although modern days see people visiting houses well into the middle of January). The first-foot is supposed to set the luck for the rest of the year. Traditionally, tall, dark-haired men are preferred as the first-foot.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/highlandsandislands/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8434000/8434760.stm|title=Hogmanay traditions, old and new|publisher=BBC|date=30 December 2015}}

File:Stonehave fireballs 2003.jpg Fireballs Ceremony 2003]]File:Catalonian Sun Goddess.jpg 2005]]

An example of a local Hogmanay custom is the fireball swinging that takes place in Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, in northeast Scotland. This involves local people making up "balls" of chicken wire filled with old newspaper, sticks, rags, and other dry flammable material up to a diameter of {{convert|2|ft}}, each attached to about {{convert|3|ft}} of wire, chain or nonflammable rope. As the Old Town House bell sounds to mark the new year, the balls are set alight, and the swingers set off up the High Street from the Mercat Cross to the Cannon and back, swinging the burning balls around their heads as they go.{{Cite web|title=Stonehaven Fireballs {{!}} Stonehaven's way to greet the new year|url=https://stonehavenfireballs.co.uk/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=stonehavenfireballs.co.uk}}

At the end of the ceremony, fireballs still burning are cast into the harbour. Many people enjoy this display, and large crowds flock to see it,[http://www.stonehavenfireballs.co.uk/ Stonehaven Fireball Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002212956/http://www.stonehavenfireballs.co.uk/ |date=2 October 2011 }} photos and videos of festivities. Retrieved 31 December 2017. with 12,000 attending the 2007/2008 event.[http://www.thisisaberdeen.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=148760&command=displayContent&sourceNode=148586&contentPK=19422957&folderPk=85349&pNodeId=148317 Aberdeen Press and Journal]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2 January 2018. "around 12,000 turned out in Stonehaven to watch the town's traditional fireball ceremony." Retrieved 3 January 2008. In recent years, additional attractions have been added to entertain the crowds as they wait for midnight, such as fire poi, a pipe band, street drumming, and a firework display after the last fireball is cast into the sea. The festivities are now streamed live over the Internet.

Another example of a fire festival is the burning the clavie in the town of Burghead in Moray.{{Cite web|title=The Burning of the Clavie, Burghead Moray|url=http://www.burghead.com/clavie/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Burghead Visitor Centre|language=en-GB}}

In the east coast fishing communities and Dundee, first-footers once carried a decorated herring. And in Falkland in Fife, local men marched in torchlight procession to the top of the Lomond Hills as midnight approached. Bakers in St Andrews baked special cakes for their Hogmanay celebration (known as "Cake Day") and distributed them to local children.{{Cite web|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: cake|url=https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/cake|access-date=2021-05-17}}

Institutions also had their own traditions. For example, amongst the Scottish regiments, officers waited on the men at special dinners while at the bells, the Old Year is piped out of barrack gates. The sentry then challenges the new escort outside the gates: "Who goes there?" The answer is "The New Year, all's well."'[http://www.visitscotland.com/library/hogmanaytraditions Hogmanay Traditions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217033654/http://www.visitscotland.com/library/hogmanaytraditions |date=17 December 2007 }}' at [http://www.visitscotland.com Scotland's Tourism Board]. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

An old custom in the Highlands is to celebrate Hogmanay with the saining (Scots for 'protecting, blessing') of the household and livestock. Early on New Year's morning, householders drink and then sprinkle 'magic water' from 'a dead and living ford' around the house (a 'dead and living ford' refers to a river ford that is routinely crossed by both the living and the dead). After the sprinkling of the water in every room, on the beds and all the inhabitants, the house is sealed up tight and branches of juniper are set on fire and carried throughout the house and byre. The juniper smoke is allowed to thoroughly fumigate the buildings until it causes sneezing and coughing among the inhabitants. Then, all the doors and windows are flung open to let in the cold, fresh air of the new year. The woman of the house then administers 'a restorative' from the whisky bottle, and the household sits down to its New Year breakfast.{{Cite book| first =F. Marian | last =McNeill | author-link = F. Marian McNeill | year =1961 | title =The Silver Bough, Vol.3: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Halloween to Yule | chapter =X Hogmany Rites and Superstitions | page =113 | publisher =William MacLellan | location =Glasgow| isbn =0-948474-04-1 }}

{{main|Auld Lang Syne}}

File:John Masey Wright - John Rogers - Robert Burns - Auld Lang Syne.jpg and John Rogers' c. 1841 illustration of Auld Lang Syne.]]

The Hogmanay custom of singing "Auld Lang Syne" has become common in many countries. "Auld Lang Syne" is a Scots poem by Robert Burns, based on traditional and other earlier sources. It is common to sing this in a circle of linked arms crossed over one another as the clock strikes midnight for New Year's Day. However, it is only intended that participants link arms at the beginning of the final verse before rushing into the centre as a group.{{Cite web |title=Auld Lang Syne could be lost as only 3 percent know the words |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/auld-lang-syne-could-be-lost-as-only-3-per-cent-know-the-words-1-4648493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228080914/https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/auld-lang-syne-could-be-lost-as-only-3-per-cent-know-the-words-1-4648493 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |access-date=2019-01-17 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}

Between 1957 and 1968, a New Year's Eve television programme, The White Heather Club, was presented to herald the Hogmanay celebrations.

The show was presented by Andy Stewart, who always began by singing, "Come in, come in, it's nice to see you...." The show always ended with Stewart and the cast singing, "Haste ye Back":

{{Blockquote|Haste ye back, we loue you dearly,

Call again you're welcome here.

May your days be free from sorrow,

And your friends be ever near.

May the paths o'er which you wander,

Be to you a joy each day.

Haste ye back we loue you dearly,

Haste ye back on friendship's way.}}

The performers were Jimmy Shand and band, Ian Powrie and his band, Scottish country dancers: Dixie Ingram and the Dixie Ingram Dancers, Joe Gordon Folk Four, James Urquhart, Ann & Laura Brand, Moira Anderson & Kenneth McKellar. All the male dancers and Andy Stewart wore kilts, and the female dancers wore long white dresses with tartan sashes.

Following the demise of the White Heather Club, Andy Stewart continued to feature regularly in TV Hogmanay shows until his retirement.{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/a-funny-wee-idea-for-a-show-ian-jack-misses-andy-stewart-and-the-whole-white-heather-club-crowd-1511360.html|title=A funny wee idea for a show: Ian Jack misses Andy Stewart and the whole 'White Heather Club' crowd|newspaper=The Independent|date=16 October 1993}} His last appearance was in 1992.

In the 1980s, comedian Andy Cameron presented the Hogmanay Show (on STV in 1983 and 1984 and from 1985 to 1990 on BBC Scotland) while Peter Morrison presented the show A Highland Hogmanay on STV/Grampian, axed in 1993.

For many years, a staple of New Year's Eve television programming in Scotland was the comedy sketch show Scotch and Wry, featuring the comedian Rikki Fulton, which invariably included a hilarious monologue from him as the gloomy Reverend I.M. Jolly.

Since 1993, the programmes that have been mainstays on BBC Scotland on Hogmanay have been Hogmanay Live and Jonathan Watson's football-themed sketch comedy show, Only an Excuse?.

The 1693 Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence contained one of the first mentions of the holiday in official church records. Hogmanay was treated with general disapproval. Still, in Scotland, Hogmanay and New Year's Day are as important as Christmas Eve and Christmas Day.

Although Christmas Day held its normal religious nature in Scotland amongst its Catholic and Episcopalian communities, the Presbyterian national church, the Church of Scotland, discouraged the celebration of Christmas for nearly 400 years; it only became a public holiday in Scotland in 1958. Conversely, 1 and 2 January are public holidays, and Hogmanay is still associated with as much celebration as Christmas in Scotland.

File:Edinburgh Hogmanay Longship.jpg is burnt during Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations (though Edinburgh has no historical connection with those Norse who invaded Scotland).]]

As in much of the world, the largest Scottish cities – Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen – hold all-night celebrations, as do Stirling and Inverness. The Edinburgh Hogmanay celebrations are among the largest in the world. Celebrations in Edinburgh in 1996–97 were recognised by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest New Years party, with approximately 400,000 people in attendance. Numbers were then restricted due to safety concerns.{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12354687.numbers-cut-for-hogmanay-party/|title=Numbers cut for Hogmanay party|website=HeraldScotland|date=4 November 1997 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-17}}

In 2003-4, most organised events were cancelled at short notice due to very high winds. The Stonehaven Fireballs went ahead as planned, however, with 6,000 people braving the stormy weather to watch 42 fireball swingers process along the High Street.'[http://stonehavenfireballs.co.uk/history History of the Stonehaven Fireballs Ceremony] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104235638/http://www.stonehavenfireballs.co.uk/history |date=4 January 2008 }}', 3 January 2008, at Stonehaven Fireballs Association. Retrieved 3 January 2008. Similarly, the 2006–07 celebrations in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Stirling were all cancelled on the day, again due to high winds and heavy rain.'[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6221557.stm Weather spoils Hogmanay parties]', 1 January 2007, at BBC News, Scotland. Retrieved 21 December 2007. The Aberdeen celebration, however, went ahead and was opened by pop music group Wet Wet Wet.

Many Hogmanay festivities were cancelled in 2020–21 and 2021–22 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.{{Cite news|date=2021-12-21|title=Hogmanay events cancelled as Covid rules tightened|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-59745262|access-date=2021-12-21}}

The Edinburgh event was also cancelled in 2024-25 due to high winds.

Most Scots celebrate New Year's Day with a special dinner, usually steak pie.'[http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/hogmanaycustoms.php Scottish Hogmanay Customs and Traditions at New Year]' at [http://www.aboutaberdeen.com About Aberdeen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101256/http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/ |date=11 January 2012 }}. Retrieved 21 December 2007.{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/our-humble-pie-man-1-499368|title=Our humble pie man|website=www.scotsman.com}}

{{main|Handsel Day}}

Historically, presents were given in Scotland on the first Monday of the New Year. A roast dinner would be eaten to celebrate the festival. Handsel was a word for gift and hence "Handsel Day".{{OED|Handsel}} "A gift or present (expressive of good wishes)". In modern Scotland, this practice has died out.

The period of festivities running from Christmas to Handsel Monday, including Hogmanay and Ne'erday, is known as the Daft Days.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/316|title=Scotslanguage.com - Fergusson's Daft Days|website=www.scotslanguage.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/feast|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: feast}}{{Cite web|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/daft|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: daft}}

• Christmas in Scotland
• Calennig, the last day of the year in Wales

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, Brand, London, 1859
• Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernesiais, de Garis, Chichester, 1982
• Dictionnaire Jersiais-Français, Le Maistre, Jersey, 1966
• Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Hogmanay}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/19990202171612/http://www.edinburghshogmanay.org/ Edinburgh's Hogmanay] (official site)
• [http://www.hogmanay.net/ Hogmanay.net]
• "[http://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2012/12/31/the-origins-history-and-traditions-of-hogmanay/ The Origins, History and Traditions of Hogmanay]", The British Newspaper Archive (31 December 2012)
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtEAKVmA10g Hogmanay traditional bonfire]

{{Traditional and public holidays in Scotland}}{{Scotland topics}}

{{Winter solstice}}

{{New Year}}

Category:Annual events in Scotland

Category:December observances

Category:Festivals in Scotland

Category:Holidays in Scotland

Category:New Year celebrations

Category:Winter events in Scotland

Category:Winter solstice