Hopper car

Two main types of hopper car exist. Covered hopper cars, which are equipped with a fixed roof, are used for cargo like grain, sugar, and fertilizer, and Portland cement{{cite book |last=Walthers |first=W. K. |author-link=Wm. K. Walthers |title=Handbook for Model Railroaders |date=1937 |publisher=The Modelmaker Corporation |location=Wauwatosa, Wisconsin |page=114}} that must be protected from exposure to the weather. Open hopper cars, which do not have a roof, are used for commodities such as coal, which can suffer exposure with less detrimental effect.

Removable canvas covers are sometimes used to protect moisture sensitive commodities in open hopper cars. Closed hopper cars have a metal top with waterproof loading hatches, which provides superior protection.{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Robert Self |title=This Fascinating Railroad Business |date=1942 |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company |edition=First |location=New York |pages=248 & 249}} These loading hatches along the top of the covered hopper may be a single long opening along the centerline or a pattern of multiple round or square openings positioned to allow uniform weight distribution when loading the car.

Some covered hoppers have two to four separate bays, with chutes at the bottom to direct unloading contents.

Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. "Ore jennies" is predominantly a term for shorter open hopper cars hauling taconite by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway on Minnesota's Iron Range. The Coke Express, a CSX unit train of hopper cars loaded with coke, with the words "Coke Express" painted on the sides of the hoppers.

File:Covered_hopper_grain_car.webp

Large unit trains of various grain crops are a common sight in North America, reaching up to 125 cars long. These predominantly haul grain from the large farming areas of the Great Plains to various markets, but a number of unit trains originate from other major farming areas, such as Illinois and Indiana as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. These trains may originate from a single grain elevator, or may be marshaled in a yard from various locals (short trains which serve nearby industries). The destinations tend to be large flour mills or ports (for export), or they may be split up and delivered to multiple locations. The empty cars may return as a whole train, or may be sent back in smaller quantities on manifest trains (trains which carry just about any type of freight). These trains are used primarily for hauling products such as corn, wheat and barley.

File:6619.JPG. After the 1967 SCL merger, these cars were fitted with rotary couplers and used in Bone Valley phosphate service.]]

The word "hopper", meaning a "container with a narrow opening at bottom", goes back to the thirteenth century,{{cite web |title=Hopper |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hopper |website=Online Etymology dictionary}} and is found in Chaucer's story "The Reeve's Tale" (written late fourteenth century) in reference to a machine for grinding grain into flour.

Historically, open hopper cars were used to carry coarse mined products like coal, ore, and gravel, while boxcars were used for granular materials requiring protection from the elements.

Weatherproof covers were added to hopper cars, creating the covered hopper. Early production emphasized two-bay cars very similar to open coal hoppers and suitable for materials of similar density, like Portland cement or rock-salt. Some cars were available in the 1910s, and became more common by the 1940s. These early cars were volume-limited for less dense commodities like grain or sugar, so later designs include longer covered hopper cars with higher sides and three or more bottom bays.{{cite book |last1=Sweetland |first1=David R. |title=Northern New England Color Guide to Freight and Passenger Equipment |last2=Horsley |first2=Stephen |date=1994 |publisher=Morning Sun Books |location=Edison, New Jersey |pages=35, 36 & 51 |lccn=94075695 |oclc=32243319}} Increasing axle load limits have allowed some of the heavier loads formerly assigned to two-bay hoppers to be assigned to larger, more efficient three-bay hoppers.

Some covered hopper cars retain the conventional centersill as a strength member transmitting compression and tension forces from one car to the next. Beginning in the 1960s, designs distributing these forces along the sides of the car eliminated the centersill beam to simplify bulk material handling with wider hopper openings reducing the tendency for bridging to restrict gravity flow when unloading the car.{{cite web |title=Centerflow Cars |url=http://www.americanrailcar.com/Manufacturing/CenterflowCars |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=American Railcar Industries, Inc.}}

Increase in wheel loads has important implications for the rail infrastructure needed to accommodate future grain hopper car shipments. The weight of the car is transmitted to the rails and the underlying track structure through these wheel loads. As wheel loads increase, track maintenance expenses increase and the ability of a given rail weight, ballast depth, and tie configuration to handle prolonged rail traffic decreases. Moreover, the ability of a given bridge to handle prolonged rail traffic also decreases as wheel loads increase.{{cite web |last1=Bitzan |first1=John D. |last2=Tolliver |first2=Denver D. |date=October 2001 |title=The Economics of Heavy Hopper Cars |url=http://www.mountain-plains.org/pubs/html/mpc-01-127-4/pg2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723174647/http://www.mountain-plains.org/pubs/html/mpc-01-127-4/pg2.php |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-08-07 |website=Mountain-Plains.org |publisher=Mountain Plains}} The axle load is twice the wheel load.

File:Iron ore hopper (SJ, 1900).JPG|Swedish iron ore hopper (mineral wagon), built in 1900

File:Вагон.jpg|Kambarka Engineering Works hopper car to transport track ballast, {{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge

File:BOBRN class Hopper cars Freight rakes at Samalkot Junction 01.jpg|BOBRN class hopper cars freight rakes used by Indian Railways

File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Mechanik.jpg|Unloading mechanism of a German hopper car

File:Coke Express.jpg|The Coke Express rolls through a level crossing. Cars display both the CSX logo and the words COKE EXPRESS

File:Hopper cars.jpg|Two-bay hopper cars of the Reading Railroad

File:Pittsburg August 2015 17 (hopper car).jpg|NOKL hopper car at Pittsburg, Texas, in 2015

File:2009-07-05 Hopper car at N&W Durham Yard.jpg|N&W ballast hopper car.

File:CSXhopper7182012.jpg|a two-bay through-sill CSX covered hopper

File:LO DME 49328.jpg|Covered hopper of the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad

• CDA wagon
• Gravity wagon, also called a slant wagon
• Hopper barge
• Victorian Railways hopper wagons

{{Reflist}}

• Bernard Ciry, "Les wagons-trémies à céréales et à bogies", Rail Miniature Flash, No. 632, Paris, Rigel Editions, June 2018, pages 28–41.

{{Commons category|Hopper railway wagons}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509071410/http://sdrm.org/roster/freight/hopp7801/index.html Union Pacific #7801] – Photos and short history of an example of a typical self-clearing, open-top triple hopper
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327040407/http://www.americanrailcar.com/RailcarManufacturing.aspx Rail car manufacturing]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007195551/http://worldtraderef.com/WTR_site/Rail_Cars/Guide_to_Rail_Cars.asp Guide to Rail Cars]

{{Freight cars}}

{{Mining equipment}}

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