Horton Hall

The earliest entry for Horton can be found in the Domesday Book from 1086, when Odbert held 2 hides "in Hortone".{{cite web |last1=Domesday Book |title=Domesday Book online |url=http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/northamptonshire2.html |website=Domesday Book online |publisher=domesdaybook.co.uk |access-date=30 September 2020}} The land passed down to his son Alouf de Merke in the following century but it is not until the early 14th century that Ralph de Botyler is certified Lord of the Manor of Horton,{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=F.O. |title=Illustrated Particulars, Plan and Conditions of Sale of the Horton Hall Estate |date=October 1935 |publisher=Knight, Frank & Rutley |page=2|location=London}} implying the existence of a messuage of some significance. The manor passed to John Mortimer of Grendon who passed it on to Roger Salisbury, commemorated in 1492 by a brass plaque in St. Mary's Church at Horton. Roger's grand-daughter Mary married William Parr, uncle to Henry VIII's sixth and last queen, Katherine Parr.{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Maureen |title=Horton Hall (Gone, but not forgotten) |date=2019 |publisher=Maureen Williams in association with Hackleton Village Hall |pages=11–14|location=Hackleton}} Having become Lord of the Manor, William was created Baron Parr of Horton in 1543 and is memorialised with his wife Mary in a fine alabaster altar tomb in Horton Church. William had made Maud Parr his eldest daughter aged eight his heir in 1517. She was promised to the ten year old Ralph Lane and William saw over them, and their later marriage, until Ralph's twentieth birthday.{{Cite book |last=James |first=Susan E. |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70800 |title=Lane [née Parr], Maud [Matilda], Lady Lane (c. 1507–1558/9), courtier |date=2004-09-23 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70800}}

Ownership passed to the first Earl of Manchester Henry Montagu in the early 17th Century.{{cite web |last1=Historic england |title=Horton Hall Park |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1001316 |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=4 October 2020}} Over the next 160 years, six generations of the Montagu family added to the house and extended the grounds. An estate map of 1622{{cite book |title=Survey map 1351 |date=1622|location=Northamptonshire Records Office}} reveals a sizeable Tudor mansion built around two courtyards and an octagonal tower in its southeastern corner, the birth place of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, who later established the Bank of England.{{cite book |title=Drawing of Horton House |date=1721|volume=32467| issue=142 |location=British Library Board}} By 1721, the Montagus had set about developing the house and estate, surrounding the house with formal gardens{{cite web |last1=Parks & Gardens |title=Horton Hall |url=https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/horton-hall |website=parksandgardens.org |publisher=The Hestercombe Gardens Trust |access-date=1 October 2020}} in keeping with their growing influence both locally and in Parliament.{{cite journal |last1=Dyndor |first1=Zoe |title='Disgraceful Brawls and Drunken Riots': Disorder During Northampton Borough Elections (1768-1830) |journal=Northamptonshire Past and Present |date=2009 |volume=62 |pages=80–90 |url=http://www.northamptonshirerecordsociety.org.uk/eNpp/NppNo62.pdf |access-date=10 October 2020}} The last Montagu to live at Horton, George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, extended the house even further commencing around 1742, eventually completely replacing the original medieval edifice with a grand Palladian mansion designed by Daniel Garrett, completed by Thomas Wright after 1753, when Garrett died.{{cite book |last1=Dorey |first1=Susan J |title=A Winterbottom Family |date=2010 |publisher=Library Registry |page=162|location=Saddleworth Historical Society |url=http://www.susandoreydesigns.com/genealogy/clirehugh/Winterbottom.pdf |access-date=1 October 2020}} Contemporary drawings reveal a central dome and two bows topped by domes,{{cite book |title=Thomas Wright's designs for the Earl of Halifax |volume=P/4068|location=Northamptonshire Records Office}} the latter observed by Horace Walpole when he visited in 1763.{{cite journal |last1=Walpole Society |title=Journals of Visits to Country Seats |journal=Walpole Society |date=1928 |volume=16}}

File:Horton woodcut print.jpgBy 1781, the Montagus had run out of male heirs and the entire estate was sold to Sir Robert Gunning. Horton House was described in 1791 as a spacious mansion of great beauty set in an extensive park with a pavilion at both ends of the park with follies, a menagerie, temples, serpentine lakes as well as out-buildings.{{cite web|title=England's lost country houses |url=http://lh.matthewbeckett.com/lh_complete_list.html |access-date=24 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121505/http://lh.matthewbeckett.com/lh_complete_list.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }} By the time that James Storer presented his engraving of the house in 1812,{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Maureen |title=Horton Hall (Gone, but not forgotten) |date=2019 |publisher=Maureen Williams in association with Hackleton Village Hall |page=54|location=Hackleton}} the house looked much as it did in 1935inset photograph but with the domes missing, presumed demolished. Four generations of the Gunning family lived at Horton Hall until 1888 when it was sold for its investment potential to Pickering Phipps II, a Northampton brewer. Phipps leased the house as a boarding school{{cite news |last1=1891 Census |title=1891 England, Wales & Scotland Census |publisher=Administrative Council of Nottinghamshire |date=1891}} until 1899, when the lease expired. Horton Hall had been neglected but was purchased the same year by George Harold Winterbottom, a wealthy industrialist,{{cite book |last1=Dorey |first1=Susan J |title=A Winterbottom Family |date=2010 |publisher=Library Registry |page=161|location=Saddleworth Historical Society |url=http://www.susandoreydesigns.com/genealogy/clirehugh/Winterbottom.pdf |access-date=1 October 2020}} together with the greater estate including land and properties in the villages and parishes of Horton, Hackleton, Piddington, Quinton, Preston Deanery, Stoke Goldington, Ravenstone, Roade and Hanslope.{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=F.O. |title=Illustrated Particulars, Plan and Conditions of Sale of the Horton Hall Estate |date=October 1935 |publisher=Knight, Frank & Rutley |page=1|location=London}} Winterbottom set about extending the house, adding a new front and entrance hall to the north side, squaring the building off and completely refurbishing the interior,{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Maureen |title=Horton Hall (Gone, but not forgotten) |date=2019 |publisher=Maureen Williams in association with Hackleton Village Hall |page=6|location=Hackleton}} commissioning a series of large murals on canvas by Sir Frank Brangwyn.{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Ken |title=Overstone Park, Hall and Solariu |journal='Hindsight' the Journal of the Northamptonshire Heritage Forum |date=September 2006 |issue=11}} Winterbottom breathed new life in to the estate by building a new village hall at Hackleton and donating a cricket ground and pavilion for the newly formed Horton House Cricket Club, which thrive today.{{cite web |last1=Horton House Cricket Club |title=Club History |url=https://www.hortonhouse.co.uk/a/club-history-56187.html |website=Horton House Cricket Club |publisher=Horton House Cricket Club |access-date=7 October 2020}}

File:The_Horton_Menagerie.jpgWinterbottom died in 1934, leaving his considerable fortune and estate to be divided amongst his widow and six children. Horton Hall had been refurbished, modernised, augmented with pleasure gardens and a swimming pool, and was just too large for private buyers in the midst of The Depression.{{cite news |last1=Collinson |first1=Patrick |title=Decline and fall of the country estate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/1999/dec/18/mortgages.property |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=Guardian |date=18 December 1999}} The House and gardens were sold to a developer and were demolished in 1936 to make way for new housing. Of the original 18th and 19th century buildings associated with the main house, four are grade II listed and remain in use today. These include dual lodges,{{cite web |last1=Danehurst Lodge |title=British Listed Building - history in structure |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101190122-danehurst-lodge-hackleton#.X3xQypNKhR4 |website=British Listed Buildings |publisher=BritishListedBuildings.co.uk |access-date=6 October 2020}} The Menagerie, fully restored by Gervase Jackson-Stops,{{cite web |last1=The Menagerie |title=The Menagerie, Horton |url=https://www.jackson-stops.co.uk/articles/historic-18th-century-listed-grade-ii-parkland-folly-for-sale-in-horton-northants |website=Jackson-Stops |publisher=Jackson-Stops |access-date=4 October 2020}}{{cite book |last1=Headley and Meulenkamp |title=Follies, Grottoes and Garden Buildings |date=1999 |publisher=Aurum Press Ltd. |location=London |isbn=1854106252 |url=https://www.thedicamillo.com/house/the-menagerie-at-horton-hall/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}{{cite web|title = Magic of the Menagerie|work = Northampton Chronicle & Echo|date = 25 June 2007|url = http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/gardening/Magic-of-the-Menagerie.2979775.jp|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505034009/http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/gardening/Magic-of-the-Menagerie.2979775.jp|url-status = dead|archive-date = May 5, 2013|access-date = 26 October 2008}} The New Temple, "as fine as any at Stowe or Stourhead",{{cite book |last1=Mowl |first1=Timothy |title=The Historic Gardens of England: Northamptonshire |date=2008 |publisher=The History Press Ltd |isbn=978-0752445687}} which was converted so that the portico forms the centre of a substantial property and was renamed Temple House, and finally the brick stable block and coach house, which was restored, converted and renamed Captain's Court.{{cite web |last1=Captain's Court |title=Captain's Court, Horton |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-captains-court-one-of-the-remaining-buildings-on-the-estate-of-the-169178067.html |website=Alamy |publisher=Alamy |access-date=4 October 2020}} The beautiful interiors, fireplaces, marbles, panelled rooms, main staircase, "stone and door knob" were all auctioned,{{cite journal |last1=Lyon |first1=Neil |title=Useless Anachronisms? a study of the Country Houses and Landed Estates of Northamptonshire Since 1880 |journal=Victor Hatley Memorial Series, Published by Northamptonshire Record Society, Northampton, 2018. |date=2018 |volume=5}} with some of the murals now held by the Dunedin Public Art Gallery,{{cite web |last1=Dunedin Public Art Gallery |title=Chioggia |url=http://collection.dunedin.art.museum/search.do?view=detail&page=1&id=37944&db=object |website=Dunedin Public Art Gallery |publisher=Bridgeman Art Library |access-date=11 October 2020}} and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa both in New Zealand.{{cite journal |last1=Horner |first1=Libby |title=Brangwyn and the Horton House mystery |journal=The British Art Journal |date=2005 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=40-51 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41614624 |access-date=16 July 2023}}

Horton Hall was an historic building whose owners, as certified Lords of the Manor, had a duty of care to a large community of villages and tenants that was neither sustainable nor appropriate as a social model in the 20th century.{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Andrew|date=December 1972|title=The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Critical Comment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117261|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=32|issue=4|pages=938–944| doi=10.1017/S0022050700071217 | jstor=2117261 |s2cid=154937254 |access-date=7 October 2020}} Those same owners were often historic world figures, six of whom were appointed High Sheriffs to a grateful County, from Roger Salisbury in 1467 to George Winterbottom in 1906. What remains of the original house are valuable fragments of the social history of England, some scattered across the globe.

{{Reflist}}

• Cornforth, John, 1970 Horton House, Northamptonshire in H.Colvin and J. Harris (eds), The Country Seat, publisher Allen Lane, Penguin Press
• Williams, Maureen, 2019 Horton Hall - Gone but not Forgotten(An illustrated history of one of Northamptonshire's lost country houses), published in Association with Hackleton Village Hall

Horton House Cricket Club{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Paul |title=A History of Horton House – The Book |url=https://www.hortonhouse.co.uk/news/a-history-of-horton-house--the-book--2463498.html |website=Horton House Cricket Club |publisher=Horton House Cricket Club |access-date=6 October 2020}}

Category:Country houses in Northamptonshire

Category:Houses completed in 1740

Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Northamptonshire

Category:Palladian architecture

Category:Renaissance architecture in England

Category:1320 establishments in England

Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1936

Category:Hackleton