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House of Stuart

{{Short description|British royal house of Scottish origin}}

{{Redirect|Stuarts|the defunct New England store chain|Stuarts (store)}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox family

|name=Stuart

|other_names=Stewart

|type=Royal house

|coat_of_arms=File:Coat of arms of England (1603–1649).svg

|coat_of_arms_size=200px

|alt=

|coat_of_arms_caption=Coat of arms of James VI and I, 1603–1649

|image=

|image_size=

|alt2=

|image_caption=

|parent_family=Clan Stewart

|country=Scotland, England, Ireland, Great Britain

|region=

|early_forms=

|etymology=

|origin=

|founded={{circa|1371}} ({{time ago|1371}})

|founder=Robert II of Scotland (1371–1390)

|dissolution={{End date|1807}}

|deposition=

|cadet_branches={{Collapsible list

|Stewart of Ardvorlich

|Stewart of Ballechin

|Stewart of Castle Stewart

|Stewart of Darnley

|Stewart of Galloway

}}

|final_ruler=Anne, Queen of Great Britain (1702–1714)

|final_head=

|titles={{Collapsible list

|King and Queen of Scotland

|King and Queen of England

|King and Queen of Ireland

|Queen of Great Britain

|King and Queen of Francetitular claim rather than de facto

|High Steward of Scotland

|Duke of Lennox

|Duke of Albany

|Duke of Richmond

|Duke of York

|Marquess of Bute

|Earl of Moray

|Earl of Lennox

|Queen of France

|Lord of IrelandTitle assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'

|Lord of Aubigny

}}

|styles=

|members=

|connected_members=

|other_families=

|distinctions=

|traditions=

|motto=

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|heirlooms=

|estate=

|website=

|footnotes=

}}

The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, also known as the Stuart dynasty, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain. The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan ({{Circa|1150}}). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart. The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II, whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567), was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.

In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece, Elizabeth I of England died without issue in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the Union of the Crowns. The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, except for the period of the Commonwealth between 1649 and 1660.{{refn|The Earls of Galloway are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.|group=note}}

In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife Anne Hyde and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so the crown passed to the House of Hanover on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704. The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia.

After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as Jacobites. Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin Franz, Duke of Bavaria, of the House of Wittelsbach. The senior living member of the royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, is Andrew Richard Charles Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart.

Background

The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan fitz Flaad, a Breton who went to England not long after the Norman conquest.{{cite web |title=J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1|url=http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/round/stewarts1.shtml|publisher=MedievalGenealogy.org.uk}} Retrieved on 13 November 2008. Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in the Duchy of Brittany;Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, 544. Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire. The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire.Lieber, Encyclopædia Americana, 30. It was the son of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, while his brother William's family went on to become Earls of Arundel.

When the civil war in the Kingdom of England, known as The Anarchy, broke out between the legitimist claimant Matilda, Lady of the English, and her cousin who had usurped her, King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda.King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign, 249. Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of Lord High Steward. The next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV, made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire, between the 12th and 13th centuries.

History

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}

style="width:300px; height:350px" border=0" align="right"
File:Arms of Stewart.svg{{small|Stewart of Stewart}}

! File:Arms of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (1403).svg{{small|Stewart of Albany}}

!

File:Stewart of Barclye arms.svg{{small|Stewart of Barclye}}

! File:Stewart of Garlies arms.svg{{small|Stewart of Garlies}}

! File:Stewart of Blantyre arms.svg{{small|Stewart of Minto}}

File:Arms of Stewart, Earl of Atholl (1596 creation).svg{{small|Stewart of Atholl}}

! File:Arms of Stuart, Marquess of Bute.svg{{small|Stewart of Bute}}

! File:Arms of Stuart of Bute.svg{{small|Stuart of Bute}}

File:Blason Stewart of Ardvorlich.svg{{small|Stewart of Ardvorlich}}

! File:Blason Stewart of Physgill (Ecosse).svg{{small|Stewart of Physgill}}

! File:Stuart de Rothesay arms.svg{{small|Stewart of Rothesay}}

The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce, the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a personal union, as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars, breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. {{cite book |last=Cust |first=Richard |date=2005 |title=Charles I: A Political Life |publisher=Pearson/Longman |page=251 |isbn=9781405859035}} This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles, as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck's occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland" - with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before.

In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch, the Dukes of Grafton, the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond.

File:0 Monument funéraire des derniers Stuarts - Basilique St-Pierre - Vatican (1).JPG in St. Peter's Basilica – Work of Antonio Canova.]]

Present-day

The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir.{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010657/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2008 |title=Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland |access-date=22 June 2008 |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |author2=de Quetteville, Harry |date=7 April 2008 |work=Daily Telegraph}}

List of monarchs

= Monarchs of Scotland =

{{more citations needed section|date=July 2012}}

width=90% class="wikitable"

! width=8% | Portrait

! width=20% | Name

! width=7% | From

! width=7% | Until

! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor

align="center"|126x126pxalign="center" |Robert IIalign="center"|22 February 1371align="center"|19 April 1390NephewThe Oxford Dictionary of National Biography of David II who died without issue. Robert's mother Marjorie Bruce was daughter of Robert I.
align="center"|140x140pxalign="center" |Robert IIIalign="center"|19 April 1390align="center"|4 April 1406Son of Robert II.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James Ialign="center"|4 April 1406align="center"|21 February 1437Son of Robert III.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James IIalign="center"|21 February 1437align="center"|3 August 1460Son of James I.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James IIIalign="center"|3 August 1460align="center"|11 June 1488Son of James II.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James IValign="center"|11 June 1488align="center"|9 September 1513Son of James III.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James Valign="center"|9 September 1513align="center"|14 December 1542Son of James IV.
align="center"|103x103pxalign="center" |Maryalign="center"|14 December 1542align="center"|24 July 1567Daughter of James V.
align="center"|80pxalign="center"|James VIalign="center"|24 July 1567
align="center"|27 March 1625Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. {{cite web |author= |title=A brief history of James VI and I |url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/a-brief-history-of-james-vi-and-i |website=National Museums Scotland |access-date=7 Feb 2025}}

= Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland =

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}

From the Acts of Union 1707, which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.

width=90% class="wikitable"

! width=8% | Portrait

! width=20% | Name

! width=7% | From

! width=7% | Until

! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor

align="center"|127x127pxalign="center" |James VI and I
align="center"|24 March 1603align="center"|27 March 1625Great-great grandson of Henry VII of England. King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors.
align="center"|127x127pxalign="center" |Charles Ialign="center"|27 March 1625align="center"|30 January 1649 (executed)Son of James VI and I
align="center"|127x127pxalign="center" |Charles IIalign="center"|30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto)align="center"|6 February 1685Son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England, but then accepted as king in 1661.
align="center"|127x127pxalign="center" |James VII and IIalign="center"|6 February 1685align="center"|11 December 1688Brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688. Died in 1701.
align="center"|127x127pxalign="center"|Mary IIalign="center"|13 February 1689align="center"|28 December 1694Daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was William III & II who outlived his wife.
align="center"|127x127pxalign="center"|Annealign="center"|8 March 1702align="center"|1 August 1714Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political Acts of Union 1707, though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass to House of Hanover.

{{#tag:timeline|

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File:Armorial tablet of the Stewarts, Falkland Palace, Fife Scotland.jpg, Fife]]

Family tree

{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}

{{See also|Scottish monarchs' family tree#House of Stewart|l1=Stuart Scottish monarchs family tree|British monarchs' family tree#House of Stuart|l2=Stuart British monarchs family tree}}

Round provided a family tree{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/studiesinpeerage02rounuoft#page/128/mode/2up|title=Studies in peerage and family history|year=1901|publisher=New York Longmans, Green}} to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.

{{tree chart/start}}

{{tree chart| | | | | Ala |Ala=Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis
(Seneschal or Steward of Dol)}}

{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart| Aln | | Fla | | Rhi |Aln=Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis,
Took part in First Crusade, 1097.|Fla=Flaald
Occurs at Monmouth, 1101/2|Rhi=Rhiwallon
Monk of St Florent.}}

{{tree chart| | | | | |!| }}

{{tree chart| | | | | AlF |AlF=Alan Fitz Flaad,
Founder of Sporle Priory|boxstyle_Al= background-color: #ccddcc;|}}

{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart| Jor | | Wil | | Wal |Jor=Jordan Fitz Alan,
Dapifer in Brittany,
Benefactor of Sele Priory.|Wil=William Fitz Alan,
Lord of Oswestry
Founder/benefactor of Haughmond Abbey,
Died 1160|Wal=Walter fitz Alan
Dapifer Regis Scotiae,
Founder of Paisley Abbey,
Died 1177|}}

{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| }}

{{tree chart| AlJ | | Wll | | Al2 |AlJ=Alan Fitz Jordan,
Dapifer Dolensis.|Wll=William Fitz Alan II,
Lord of Oswestry and Clun|Al2=Alan the Steward
Senescallus Regis Scotiae|}}

{{tree chart/end}}

=Origin=

{{Tree list}}

{{Tree list/end}}

=House of Stewart=

{{Tree list}}

{{Tree list/end}}

=House of Stuart=

Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox)

{{Tree list}}

{{Tree list/end}}

=Complete male-line family tree=

{{hidden begin

|toggle = right

|title = List of male-line members of the Houses of FitzAlan and Stuart

|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;

}}

Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

{{Tree list}}

{{Tree list/end}}

{{hidden end}}

See also

Notes

{{Reflist|group=note}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Sources

{{Refbegin|30em}}

  • {{cite book |title=The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ychyAQ1JTVAC&q=walter+fitzalan+matilda+scotland&pg=PA249 |last= King, Edmund|year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820364-0}}
  • {{cite book | last = Barrow | first = G. W. S. | author-link = G. W. S. Barrow | title = The Kingdom of the Scots | place = Edinburgh | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | year = 2003| isbn = 0-7486-1802-3}}
  • {{cite ODNB | last =Barrow | first =G. W. S.| author-link =G. W. S. Barrow | year =2004 | title =Stewart family (per. c.1110–c.1350) | edition = online | series =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/49411 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49411 | access-date = 11 October 2010}}
  • {{cite book | last = Round | first = J. Horace | title = Studies in Peerage and Family History | place = Westminster, London | publisher = Archibald Constable & Co Ltd | year = 1901}}

{{Refend}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin}}

  • Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
  • Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.

{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|House of Stuart}}

  • [http://www.stewartsofcampbeltown.com Official website of the Stewarts of Argyll]

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou| House of Stuart |||| name=Royal house }}

{{S-bef| before=House of Bruce }}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland | years=1371–1649 }}

{{s-vac | reason=The Covenanters }}

{{S-break}}

{{S-bef| before=House of Tudor}}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of England | years=1603–1649 }}

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{{s-break}}

{{s-vac | reason=The Covenanters }}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland | years=1660–1694 }}

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{{s-break}}

{{s-vac | reason=Commonwealth of England }}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of England | years=1660–1694 }}

{{s-break}}

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{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland | years=1702–1707 }}

{{s-non | rows=2 | reason=Titles merged by the
Acts of Union 1707 }}

{{s-break}}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the Kingdom of England | years=1702–1707 }}

{{S-break}}

{{S-new| reason=England and Scotland united }}

{{S-ttl| title=Ruling house of the {{nowrap|Kingdom of Great Britain}} | years=1707–1714 }}

{{S-aft| after=House of Hanover }}

{{s-end}}

{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}

{{Kingdom of Great Britain}}

{{Kingdom of England}}

{{Kingdom of Scotland}}

{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}

{{House of Stuart Lord High Treasurers}}

{{House of Stuart Chancellors of the Exchequer}}

{{Masters of the Mint}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Scottish monarchy

Category:Medieval royal families

.

Category:Scoto-Norman families

Category:1370s establishments in Scotland