Housing estate#Britain and Ireland

The use of the term may{{original research inline|date=January 2015}} have arisen from an area of housing being built on what had been a country estate as towns and cities expanded in and after the 19th century. It was in use by 1901.{{OED | housing estate }}. Note the example in a 1923 book by Francis Longstreth Thompson, [https://archive.org/details/siteplanninginpr00thomuoft Site planning in practice; an investigation of the principles of housing estate development].

Reduction of the phrase to mere "estate" is common in the United Kingdom and Ireland (especially when preceded by the specific estate name), but not in the United States.

There are several different housing types utilized by housing developers.{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Housing Type Sheets|url=http://www.corridordevelopment.org/pdfs/Housing%20Types/Housing_Types_Sheets.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801125930if_/http://www.corridordevelopment.org/pdfs/Housing%20Types/Housing_Types_Sheets.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2014}} Each of the different housing types will have their distinctive characteristics, density ranges, number of units, and floors.

• Single Detached: This type of housing will be detached from other housing types. This type of unit houses lower densities. Lawns are an option for this kind of design, with distinctive public and private spaces. A single detached can have up to three floors.
• Commonly referred to as: House, Cottage, Villa, or Bungalow.
• Duplex, Triplex: This type of housing can have two or three dwelling units in a detached building. The units could be together or separate depending on the location of the duplex. A duplex will also have an option for a yard in order to keep their private space. This type of housing will allow for higher density housing compared to the single detached units. Duplex, and Triplex can account for 2-3 units, and have up to 3 floors.
• Commonly referred to as: Semi-detached, Double House, Accessory unity, Ancillary unit, Carriage unit, or Twin Home.
• Big house, Multiplex: Big house, Multiplex can come in many forms, it can have a single or muli-level unit. Just like the duplex, it can have multiple floors, up to 3 floors. It can account for up to 5 units as well. This type of housing will have a higher density than single detached housing.
• Commonly referred to as: Quadruplex, Mansion townhomes, back to back semi-detached, or Grand house.
• Other types: Side Attached, Stacked Rowhouse, Small Apartment, Low-rise Apartment, Mid-rise Apartment, Apartment over Commercial, High-Rise Apartment.

File:Japan Garden City Dhaka.jpg, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]

{{Further|Public housing in Hong Kong|Private housing estates in Hong Kong}}

Due to dense population and government control of land use, Hong Kong's most common residential housing form is the highrise housing estate, which may be publicly owned, privately owned, or semi-private. Due to the real-estate developers oligopoly (sometimes called real estate hegemony, {{Lang-zh|c=地產霸權}}) in the territory, and the economies of scale of mass developments, there is the tendency of new private tower block developments with 10 to over 100 towers, ranging from 30 to 70 stories high.

Public housing provides affordable homes for those on low incomes, with rents which are heavily subsidised, financed by financial activities such as rents and charges collected from car parks and shops within or near the estates. They may vary in scale, and are usually located in the remote or less accessible parts of the territory, but urban expansion has put some of them in the heart of the urban area. Although some units are destined exclusively for rental, some of the flats within each development are earmarked for sale at prices that are lower than for private developments.

Private housing estates usually feature a cluster of high-rise buildings, often with its own shopping centre or market in the case of larger developments. Mei Foo Sun Chuen, built by Mobil, is the earliest (1965) and largest (99 blocks) example of its kind. Since the mid-1990s, private developers have been incorporating leisure facilities including clubhouse facilities,{{cite news|title = Nan Fung to build $1b flats in Tsuen Wan|work = The Standard|last = Chan|first = Karen|date = 30 May 1996|access-date = 22 March 2007|url = http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=16667&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19960530&sear_year=1996|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217052455/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=16667&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19960530&sear_year=1996|archive-date = 17 December 2007}} namely swimming pools, tennis courts and function rooms in their more up-market developments. The most recent examples would also have cinemas, dance studios, cigar-rooms.

Uniform high-rise developments may form 'wall effect ({{Lang-zh|c=屏風效應}})', adversely affecting air circulation, causing some controversy.{{cite news|title='Asia's walled city' leaves – residents longing for air |work=The Standard|last=Yung |first=Chester |date=21 December 2006 |access-date=21 March 2007 |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=34625&sid=11441787&con_type=1&d_str=20061221&sear_year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217052500/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=34625&sid=11441787&con_type=1&d_str=20061221&sear_year=2006 |archive-date=17 December 2007 }} In-fill developments will tend to be done by smaller developers with less capital. These will be smaller in scale, and less prone to the wall effect.

Given the security situation and power shortages in South Asia, 'gated communities' with self-generated energy and modern amenities (24-hour armed security, schools, hospitals, a fire department, retail shopping, restaurants and entertainment centres ) such as Bahria Town and DHA have been developed in all major Pakistani cities. Bahria Town is the largest private housing society in Asia.{{cite web | url=http://hackread.com/asias-largest-real-estate-builder-bahria-town-website-hacked-by-pakistani-hackers/ | title=Asia's Largest Real Estate Builder Bahria Town Website | date=23 February 2013 | access-date=2013-04-23}} Bahria has been featured by international magazines and news agencies such as GlobalPost, Newsweek, Los Angeles Times and Emirates 24/7, referred to as the prosperous face of Pakistan.{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/property/pakistani-expats-new-realty-check-2013-12-14-1.531291|title=Pakistani expats' new realty check|date=14 December 2013|website=Emirates247.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131214/happiness-some-pakistans-gated-communities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320164339/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131214/happiness-some-pakistans-gated-communities|url-status=dead|title=Happiness for some in Pakistan's gated communities|archive-date=20 March 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/gateway-to-paradise/|title=Bahria Town, Gateway to Paradise|date=10 December 2013|website=Newsweek Pakistan}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-oct-06-la-fg-pakistan-gated-communities-20111007-story.html|title=Pakistan gated community sparks controversy|date=6 October 2011|website=Los Angeles Times}} Gated communities in Pakistan are targeted towards upper middle class and upper class, and are mostly immune from problems of law enforcement.

{{Further|Panelák|Sídlisko}}

File:Bratislava Petrzalka R01.jpg in Bratislava, Slovakia. The largest housing estate of its sort in Central Europe.]]

Forms of housing estates may vary in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. During the Communist era of Czechoslovakia, construction of large housing estates ({{langx|cs|sídliště}}, {{langx|sk|sídlisko}}) was an important part of building plans in the country, as the government wanted to provide large quantities of fast and affordable housing for all people,{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Feargus |date=2020-09-30 |title=Prague's Communist-Era Apartments Get a Second Life |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-09-30/the-history-and-design-behind-prague-s-concrete-apartments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004235200/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-09-30/the-history-and-design-behind-prague-s-concrete-apartments |archive-date=2020-10-04 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Bloomberg CityLab |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |type=Even though this publication is mainly about Prague, it applies just as well to Slovakia and the Czech Republic as a whole}} as well as to slash costs by employing uniform designs over the whole country. They also sought to foster a "collectivistic" in its people.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Most buildings in Czech and Slovak housing estates are the so called paneláks, a colloquial term in Czech and Slovak for a large panel system panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete, such as those extant in the former Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic & Slovakia) and elsewhere in the world. Large housing estates of concrete panel buildings (paneláks) now dominate the streets of Prague, Bratislava and other towns. The largest such housing estate in Central Europe can be found in Petržalka (population about 130,000), a part of the Slovak capital of Bratislava.

People living in these housing estates usually own their individual apartments, mainly due to the fact that majority of the individual apartments went from being publicly owned by the state to being privately owned, as they were sold to most apartment occupants by the government for small, symbolic prices after the fall of socialism. People can also rent apartments, usually through real estate agents and private landlords, although some apartments are still owned by the state and are usually used for social housing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} There's usually a mix of social classes in these housing estates.{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Matt |date=2005-03-10 |title=Still standing |url=http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2005/Art/0310/news1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312060427/http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2005/Art/0310/news1.php |archive-date=2005-03-12 |access-date=2025-02-10 |publisher=The Prague Post |type=Even though this publication was mainly about Prague and the Czech Republic, it applies just as well to Slovakia}}{{Cite web |last=Kleknerova |first=Zuzana |last2=Holub |first2=Petr |last3=Vojir |first3=Ales |date=2005-03-15 |title=Zachrante nase panelaky, tlaci na EU Cesko |trans-title=Save our panelaks, Czechia pressures the EU |url=http://reality.ihned.cz/1-10009430-15804060-K00000_detail-92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822011039/http://reality.ihned.cz/1-10009430-15804060-K00000_detail-92 |archive-date=2006-08-22 |access-date=2020-05-03 |website=iHNed.cz |language=cs |type=Even though this publication was mainly about the Czech Republic, it applies just as well to Slovakia. Also note that this publication was a news article about saving paneláks from becoming "criminal ghettos" in the Czech Republic by pressuring the European Union (EU), some information may only be half-truth}}

{{See also|Public housing in the United Kingdom}}

Image:Broadwater Farm Estate from Gloucester Road.jpg-style Broadwater Farm Estate in London N17.]]

Image:Gaeltacht Park, Whitehall. Dublin, Ireland - geograph.org.uk - 332084.jpg.]]

In Britain and Ireland, housing estates have become prevalent since the Second World War, as a more affluent population demanded larger and more widely spaced houses coupled with the increase of car usage for which terraced streets were unsuitable.

Housing estates were produced by either local authorities (more recently, housing associations) or by private developers. The former tended to be a means of producing public housing leading to monotenure estates full of council houses often known as "council estates". The latter can refer to higher end tract housing for the middle class and even upper middle class.

The problems incurred{{clarify|reason=article needed?|date=March 2020}} by the early attempts at high density tower-block housing turned people away from this style of living. The resulting demand for land has seen many towns and cities increase in size for relatively moderate increases in population. This has been largely at the expense of rural and greenfield land.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Recently, there has been some effort to address this problem by banning the development of out-of-town commercial developments and encouraging the reuse of brownfield or previously developed sites for residential building. Nevertheless, the demand for housing continues to rise, and in the UK at least has precipitated a significant housing crisis.

Forms of housing estates in the United States include tract housing, apartment complexes, and public housing.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Park_Island_Aerial.jpg|Park Island, Hong Kong

Eunpyeong New Town, Seoul.jpeg|Eunpyeong New Town, Seoul

201806 Tianducheng Bird-eye View.jpg|Tianducheng, Hangzhou

Zhubei, Hsinchu Skyline 20231117.jpg|Different housing estates Zhubei, Hsinchu County, Taiwan

Saigon Pearl 1-2-3.JPG|A housing project Saigon Pearl in Ho Chi Minh City

Laika ac Pyongyang (7975203223).jpg|Changjon Street Apartment Complex, Pyongyang

ワールドシティタワーズ2.jpg|World City in Minato, Tokyo, it is categorized as "Big Scale Mansions" by the Japanese Building Standard Act

• Danchi (Japan)
• Ghost estate (Ireland)
• Khrushchyovka (former Soviet Union)
• Panelák and Sídlisko (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
• Panelház (Hungary)
• Bloc (Romania)
• Plattenbau (Germany)
• HLM (France)
• Million Programme (Sweden)
• Ugsarmal bair (Mongolia)
• Public housing
• Affordable housing
• Subsidized housing
• Subsidized housing in the United States
• Section 8 (United States)
• Residential area
• Subdivision (land)
• Tract housing
• Social welfare
• Welfare state
• Bahria Town

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{{Developments}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Human habitats

Category:Human settlement

Category:Housing estates