Howard Cary

Henry Howard Cary was born on 3 May 1908 in Los Angeles, California to Henry Gardner Cary and Bessie (Brown) Cary.{{cite web|title=Autobiography of Howard Cary|url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/0r967383v|website=Science History Institute |access-date=27 March 2018}}{{rp|1}}California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Database. FamilySearch. Henry H Cary, 03 May 1908. Citing Los Angeles, California, United States, Department of Health Services, Vital Statistics Department, Sacramento.

The 1940 US Census listed Cary as married to Barbara (Ward) Cary from Washington state. His occupation was recorded as research engineer and industry as laboratory.United States Census, 1940. Database with images. FamilySearch. Henry Cary. Tract 474, South Pasadena, Pasadena Judicial Township, Los Angeles, California, United States. Citing enumeration district (ED) 19-509, sheet 65A, family 10, NARA digital publication T627 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012), roll 243.

In 1991, Cary died of pneumonia after a long illness at Orange, California.California Death Index, 1940-1997. Database. FamilySearch. Henry Howard Cary, 20 Dec 1991. Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento.{{cite web|last1=Godfrey|first1=Tom|title=Howard Cary. Fellows Profile.|url=http://www.ossc.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=239344&module_id=61898|website=OSSC: Optical Society of Southern California, Fullerton, CA. |date=1992}}

In 1925, after graduating from Los Angeles High School, Cary entered the California Institute of Technology.{{cite journal|title=Bulletin of the California Institute of Technology|date=December 1925|publisher=California Institute of Technology|number=109|page=188|volume=XXXIV |url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/69/1/dec1925.pdf|access-date=3 May 2017}} He missed one year due to illness,{{rp|2}} and graduated in 1930 with a B.S. degree in civil engineering. In sports, he was captain of the varsity tennis squad. During his first year he won the junior travel prize. Cary was a member of Sigma Xi.{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=F. S.|title=The Big T|date=1930|publisher=California Institute of Technology|url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2219/1/1930.pdf|access-date=3 May 2017}}

After receiving his degree, Cary went to work in his father's plumbing construction business, H. G. Cary Co. He held a variety of engineering and accounting positions with the company during the early years of the Great Depression.{{rp|3–6}}

As of May 31, 1935, Cary was hired by Arnold Beckman of National Technical Laboratories (NTL) (later Beckman Instruments).{{cite news|title=Contract between Howard Cary and Arnold O. Beckman |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/fn106z00p |website=Science History Institute |access-date=26 March 2018}} By 1937, Cary was the chief design engineer on Beckman's research team.{{cite book | isbn = 978-0-941901-23-9 |first1=Arnold |last1=Thackray |first2=Minor |last2=Myers, Jr. | year = 2000 | publisher = Chemical Heritage Foundation | location = Philadelphia, Pa. | title = Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence}}{{rp|140}} Cary distinguished himself in work relating to pH meters and glass electrodes, and became vice-president of development.{{rp|148–149}} By 1940 Cary and Beckman were developing a quartz spectrophotometer. They presented a paper on this work in July 1941 at MIT's Summer Conference on Spectroscopy.{{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=H. H.|last2=Beckman|first2=Arnold O.|title=A Quartz Photoelectric Spectrophotometer|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|date=1941|volume=31|issue=11|pages=682–689 |doi=10.1364/JOSA.31.000682|bibcode=1941JOSA...31..682C }} Cary made substantial contributions, including the design of a reliable ultraviolet phototube for the instrument.{{rp|164}} The DU spectrophotometer was the first easy-to-use single instrument containing both the optical and electronic components needed for ultraviolet-absorption spectrophotometry.{{rp|153–154}}

During World War II, National Technical Laboratories worked on a number of then-secret projects, including one for the development of synthetic rubber. The Office of Rubber Reserve of the United States government contracted with NTL to produce an infrared spectrophotometer based on a single-beam design by Robert Brattain of Shell Development Company. The first Beckman IR-1 Spectrophotometer was shipped to Shell on September 18, 1942 barely six months after it was ordered. The IR-1 used a Littrow prism mounting featuring a single rock salt prism with a mirrored back, and an analog galvanometer for presenting results.{{cite journal|last1=Beckman|first1=A. O.|last2=Gallaway|first2=W. S.|last3=Kaye|first3=W.|last4=Ulrich|first4=W. F.|title=History of spectrophotometry at Beckman Instruments, Inc.|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1977|volume=49|issue=3|pages=280A–300A|doi=10.1021/ac50011a001}}{{rp|160–169}}

Cary and Beckman adapted features from the pH meter and the DU spectrophotometer to improve the design of the IR-1 spectrophotometer.{{rp|160–169}}

By 1945, the IR-2 spectrophotometer was in production, using an electronic vacuum tube amplifier instead of a galvanometer, and a thermocouple tube for the detection of infrared light.{{rp|160–169}}

In January 1946, Cary left NTL to form his own company, Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments) in Pasadena, California, with George W. Downs, William Miller, and Russell E. Vaniman.{{rp|160–169}} Cary and his company developed a range of scientific instruments, particularly dual-beam spectrophotometers. The Applied Physics Corporation made its first delivery, a Cary 11 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, to Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in April 1947. The Cary 11 was followed by the Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR in 1954, the Cary 15 UV-Vis in 1961, the Cary 16 UV-Vis in 1964, and an expanded offering of instruments through the 70s, 80s, and 90s.{{cite web|title=UV-VIS-NIR Varian Cary 100/300/400/500 Spectrophotometers|url=http://photos.labwrench.com/equipmentManuals/1055-1029.pdf|publisher=Varian|page=4|access-date=4 May 2017}}{{cite journal|title=Downs-Lauritsen Laboratory of Physics|url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/289/01/lab.pdf|first=Howard|last= Cary|journal=Engineering and Science|volume= 33|number=4|pages= 28–29|date= 1970}}

The Cary 14 spectrophotometer used a double folded-z-configuration monochromator. Appearing on the market in 1954, it was the first commercial UV-VIS-NIR instrument to fully extend into the near-infrared spectrum.{{cite journal|last1=Hind|first1=Andrew R.|title=To improvements in spectrophotometry. . .|journal=American Laboratory|date=December 2002|volume=34|pages=32–35|url=http://cn.agilent.com/cs/library/whitepaper/public/uv-vis-hind-1202.pdf|access-date=27 April 2017}}

The Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer was an important contribution to high-performance Raman spectroscopy.{{cite book|last1=Oster|first1=Gerald|title=Optical Techniques: Physical Techniques in Biological Research|date=October 22, 2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9781483175997|pages=338|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKk4BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA338|access-date=4 May 2017}} Described as "famous"{{cite book|last1=Califano|first1=Salvatore|title=Pathways to modern chemical physics|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=Heidelberg, Germany|isbn=9783642281792|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sCt4RT0bMC&pg=PA94}} it gave the field of Raman spectrophotometry a "tremendous boost" in the United States.{{cite book|last1=Szymanski|first1=Herman A.|title=Raman Spectroscopy Theory and Practice|date=1967|publisher=Springer US|location=Boston, MA|isbn=9781468430264|pages=49, 60–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VX_rBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|quote=The instrument which gave Raman spectroscopy a tremendous boost in the United States was the Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer.|access-date=4 May 2017}}

Other instruments included nondispersive infrared gas analyzers{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=W. A.|title=Non-Dispersive Types of Infrared Analyzers for Process Control|journal=Applied Spectroscopy|date=1951|volume=6|issue=5|pages=17–23|doi=10.1366/000370252774652389|s2cid=96547097}} electrometers such as the Cary Model 31 and 36 Electrometers which used a vibrating reed with an ionization chamber{{cite journal|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=January 1956|volume=28|issue=1|pages=46A|doi=10.1021/ac60109a756|title=Applied Physics Corporation}}{{cite journal|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=March 1964|volume=36|issue=3|pages=125A|doi=10.1021/ac60209a816|title=Applied Physics Corporation}}{{cite web|title=Cary Vibrating Reed Electrometer with Ionization Chamber (late 1950s)|url=https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/ionization-chambers/miscellaneous/cary.html|website=Oak Ridge Associated Universities|access-date=11 October 2021}} and calorimeters{{cite book|title=Industrial Research Laboratories of the United States|date=1960|publisher=National Academies|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36|access-date=8 May 2017}} such as the Cary Model 41 Calorimeter.

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer back cover crop Cary Model 11 Recording Spectrophotometer.tif | Cary Model 11 Recording Spectrophotometer

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer page 5 crop Cary Model 14 Rear View Door Open.tif | Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer (back open)

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer back cover crop Cary Model 14B Recording Spectrophotometer.tif | Model 14B Recording Spectrophotometer (front)

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer back cover crop Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer.tif | Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer back cover crop Cary Model 31 Electrometer.tif | Cary Model 31 Electrometer

File:Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer back cover crop Cary Model 41 Calorimeter.tif | Cary Model 41 Calorimeter

In 1966 the Applied Physics Corporation was one of a number of companies acquired by Varian Associates during a period of rapid expansion by Varian.{{cite web|title=Finding Aid to the Varian Associates Records, 1948-1998|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7f59q4cp/|website=OAC Online archive of California|access-date=4 May 2017}} Applied Physics Corporation was renamed Cary Instruments as a subsidiary of Varian.{{cite web|title=Collection of Historical Scienctific Instruments: Name: Applied Physics Corporation|url=http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/view/people/asitem/items@null:2387/0?t:state:flow=dc1aacb2-1c87-4f55-91ab-71fb5fe8e906|website=Harvard University|access-date=4 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Also in 1966, groundbreaking for a new building for the company occurred in Monrovia, California.{{cite journal|title=Personals|journal=Engineering and Science|date=March 1966|page=34|url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/2439/1/Personals.pdf|quote="1930 HOWARD CARY, president of the Applied Physics Corp., recently took part in ground breaking ceremonies for the company's new research and corporate headquarters in Monrovia."}}

In 1972 the company moved to Varian's facilities in Palo Alto, California. In 1982, it moved again, to Varian's Techtron facilities in Melbourne, Australia.

In 1959, Cary was the recipient of the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry's Award in Chemical Instrumentation. Robert Brattain described Cary's approach to instrument design, when giving the award.{{cite web|title=DAC Award in Chemical Instrumentation|url=http://analyticaldivision.sites.acs.org/chemicalinstrumentation.htm|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424061946/http://analyticaldivision.sites.acs.org/chemicalinstrumentation.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{blockquote|First, he does not necessarily start from where others have left off. Rather, he goes back to the basic problem and gets it clearly enough in his mind that he can start his thinking and his theoretical development from a simple, logical statement of the problem. Second, he uses his very marked ability as a theoretician; an ability well known to his close associates but probably not as well known in general as it deserves to be, to develop a logical analysis based on the simple statement of the problem and exploring various methods of solution. Thirdly, Howard believes what a logical analysis of the problem tells him. Consequently, throughout the entire period of theoretical design, he avoids being trapped into blind acceptance of the folklore in a particular area and consequently, his designs consistently include new and original approaches.Robert Brattain, April 23, 1959 "Introduction of Howard Cary as the Beckman Award Winner" (1959) ACS Presentation.}}

In 1969, Cary was awarded the David Richardson Medal by the Optical Society of America.{{cite journal|title=NEWS|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=23 May 2012|volume=41|issue=6|pages=43A|doi=10.1021/ac60275a730}}{{cite web |url= http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/davidrichardson/ |title=David Richardson Medal |work=OSA.org | publisher=The Optical Society|year=2013 |access-date=December 18, 2013}} Cary was honored for: "his painstakingly careful and very valuable contributions to the design and production of highly precise instrumentation in areas which range from spectroscopy to chemical, medical and nuclear research."Editor. (2015). David Richardson Medal. The Optical Society.

In 1977, Howard Cary received the Maurice F. Hasler Award{{cite web|title=Maurice F. Hasler Award|url=http://vault.pittcon.org/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/1_-FinalProg14_pp17-26-TOC.pdf|website=Pittcon 2014|page=23}} at Pittcon "for his pioneering leadership in the development of instrumentation for absorption and Raman spectroscopy".{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh Conference: Cleveland Convention Center Cleveland, Ohio February 28 to March 4, 1977|url=http://docslide.net/documents/cleveland-convention-center-cleveland-ohio-february-28-to-march-4-1977.html|website=Pittcon 1977|page=}}

Cary is listed on a considerable number of patents for his work at National Technical Laboratories and Cary Instruments, often as "Henry H. Cary" or "H. H. Cary". They include:

• "Automatic voltage and pH indicator", February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meter Cary, H. H. (February 18, 1941). Automatic voltage and pH indicator. {{US Patent|2232211A}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: December 6, 1938.
• "Apparatus for amplifying direct current voltages and currents", February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meterCary, Henry H. (February 18, 1941). Apparatus for amplifying direct current voltages and currents. {{US Patent|2232212A}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: January 17, 1940.
• "Method and apparatus for winding resistance elements", December 9, 1952, for the Beckman Helipot potentiometerCary, Henry H. et al. (December 9, 1952). Method and apparatus for winding resistance elements. {{US Patent|2620990A}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: September 9, 1946.
• "Infrared spectrophotometer", July 31, 1951, for the Beckman IR-2 spectrophotometerCary, H. H. (July 31, 1951). Infrared spectrophotometer. {{US Patent|2562525A}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: January 14, 1947.
• "Double folded-z-configuration monochromator".Cary, Henry H. (July 5, 1966). Double folded-z-configuration monochromator. {{US Patent|RE26053E}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: February 11, 1959. This monochromator is the heart of the Cary Model 14 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The monochromator patent drawings also show the dual beam configuration with the optical chopper, etc. as an example.
• "Raman spectrophotometer", June 14, 1960.Cary, Henry H. (June 14, 1960). Raman spectrophotometer. {{US Patent|2940355A }}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: March 2, 1956.

• {{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=H. H.|last2=Beckman|first2=Arnold O.|title=A Quartz Photoelectric Spectrophotometer*|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|date=1 November 1941|volume=31|issue=11|pages=682|doi=10.1364/JOSA.31.000682|bibcode=1941JOSA...31..682C }}
• {{cite book|last1=Cary|first1=H. H.|title=Operating Instructions for Beckman Spectrophotometer|date=1941|publisher=National Technical Laboratories|location=Pasadena, California}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=H. H.|title=New Instruments|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1946|volume=17|issue=12|page=558|doi=10.1063/1.1770432|bibcode=1946RScI...17..558W}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=H. H.|title=The Effect of Optical Design and the Limit of Energy Detectable|journal=OSU International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy|date=1949|hdl=1811/21726}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=H.|last2=Hawes|first2=R.|last3=George|first3=K.|last4=Mann|first4=A.|last5=Rock|first5=F.|title=Aids in Raman Spectroscopy|journal=Spectrochimica Acta|date=1959|volume=15|issue=3–4|page=299}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Cary|first1=Howard|last2=Hawes|first2=R. C.|last3=Hooper|first3=Paige B.|last4=Duffield|first4=J. J.|last5=George|first5=K. P.|title=A Recording Spectropolarimeter|journal=Applied Optics|date=1964|volume=3|issue=3|pages=329–337|doi=10.1364/ao.3.000329|bibcode=1964ApOpt...3..329C}}

• Optical Society of California, co-founder and first president, formed in 1951
• Instrumentation Society of America, president
• Western Spectroscopy Association, executive committee
• American Physical Society, member
• American Chemical Society, member
• Institute of Radio Engineers, member
• Society for Applied Spectroscopy, member

• There are papers relating to Howard Cary in the {{cite book|title=Beckman historical collection, 1911-2011 (bulk 1934-2004) |url=http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1072260~S5|website=Science History Institute |access-date=27 March 2018}}

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Category:1908 births

Category:1991 deaths

Category:American scientific instrument makers

Category:Engineers from Los Angeles

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Category:American civil engineers

Category:Deaths from pneumonia in California

Category:20th-century American engineers

Category:20th-century American inventors