Huizhou Chinese

Huizhou Chinese was originally classified as Lower Yangtze Mandarin but it is currently classified separately from it.{{cite book

| title=Ethnologue, Volume 1

| year=2000

| editor=Barbara F. Grimes

| publisher=SIL International

| edition=14th

| isbn=1-55671-103-4

| page=404

| quote=Formerly considered to be part of the Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin, but now considered by many to be a separate major variety of Chinese. Dialects are reported to differ greatly from each other. Different from the Huizhou dialect of...}}

The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences supported the separation of Huizhou from Lower Yangtze Mandarin in 1987.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw4ZAQAAIAAJ

| title=Facts About China

| year=2003

| editor1=Xiao-bin Ji

| publisher=H.W. Wilson

| edition=illustrated

| isbn=0-8242-0961-3

| page=70

| quote=For this reason, the Chinese Academy of Social Science suggested in 1987 that two new groups, the Jin and the Hui, be separated from the northwestern and the Jiang-Huai Mandarin subgroups. Distinctive Features: Mandarin dialects are...}} Its classification is disputed, with some linguists, such as Matisoff classifying it as Wu Chinese, others such as Bradley (2007) as Gan, and still others setting it apart as a primary branch of Chinese.

A reconstruction of Common Huizhou by Coblin has found that the lect group is likely areal, not a "genetically related" group of varieties, and is merely a useful category to collect these hard-to-classify varieties. He notes that they do not belong to any other top-level group due to the lack of shared innovations with any, and that they do not have any shared innovations among themselves. He also notes that the above conclusion would imply that his reconstruction is not a proto-system, but instead an "analytical device or template".{{cite journal|last=Coblin|first=W. South|year=2007|title=Comparative Phonology of the Huīzhōu Dialects|institution=University of Iowa|journal=Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics|volume=2|issue=1|postscript=.}}

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jianghuai speakers moved into Hui dialect areas.{{cite book

| title=Chinese Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9PdjsBqUk4C&pg=PA17

| year=2004

| editor=Hilary Chappell

| publisher=Oxford University Press

| edition=illustrated, reprint

| isbn=0-19-927213-1

| page=17

| quote=According to Hirata, however, Hui is composed of many layers: its dialects are spoken in an area originally occupied by the Yue i* tribe, suggestive of a possible substrate, later to be overlaid by migrations from Northern China in the Medieval Nanbeichao period and the Tang and Song dynasties. This was followed by the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects of the migrants who arrived during the Ming and Qing periods, and more recently by Wu dialects in particular, acquired by peripatetic Hui merchants who have represented an active...}}

Some works of literature produced in Yangzhou, such as Qingfengzha, a novel, contain Jianghuai Mandarin. People in Yangzhou identified by the dialect they speak, locals spoke the dialect, as opposed to sojourners, who spoke other varieties like Huizhou or Wu. This led to the formation of identity based on one's dialect. Large numbers of merchants from Huizhou lived in Yangzhou and effectively were responsible for keeping the town afloat.{{cite book

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA184

| title=Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou

| series=Issue 44 of NIAS studies in Asian topics, Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier København

| year=2009

| editor=Lucie B. Olivová

| editor2=Vibeke Børdahl

| chapter=Local Fiction of the Yangzhou Region: Qingfengzha

| author=Margaret B. Wan

| publisher=NIAS Press

| edition=illustrated

| isbn=978-87-7694-035-5

| page=184

| quote=Some grammatical features of Yangzhou dialect are shared with Jianghuai Mandarin. Others may be of more limited usage but are used in Dingyuan County (the setting of Qingfengzha), which belongs to the same subgroup of Jianghuai.}} Merchants in the later imperial period also sponsored operas and performances in the Hui dialect.{{cite book |last = Guo |first = Qitao |year = 2005 |title = Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou |publisher = Stanford University Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJWTY9dIs5oC|location = Stanford, Calif. |isbn = 0804750327 |ref = none}}

Zhengzhang Shangfang divided the Hui languages into five subgroups, which are also used in the Language Atlas of China:{{cite book | surname = Yan | given = Margaret Mian | title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology | publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6 | pages = 222–223 }}{{cite book | surname = Kurpaska | given = Maria | title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2 | page = 69 }}

;Ji–She (績歙)

:spoken in Jixi, She County, Huizhou, Jingde (Hongchuan area in the west), and Ningguo (Hongmen area in the south), Anhui province, as well as Chun'an (Tangcun in the west, etc.), Zhejiang province.

:carries notable Wu influence. Jixihua is the main Ji-She variety.

;Xiu–Yi (休黟)

:spoken in Tunxi, Taiping (Guocun in the southwest), Xiuning, Yi County, and Qimen (around Fufeng in the southeast), as well as Wuyuan, Jiangxi province.

:Tunxihua is the main Xiu-Yi variety.

;Qi–De (祁德)

:spoken in Qimen and Dongzhi (partially), Anhui province, as well as Fuliang, Dexing, and Wuyuan, Jiangxi province.

:greatly influenced by the surrounding Gan languages.

;Yanzhou (嚴州)

:spoken in Chun'an and Jiande (formerly Yanzhou Prefecture), Zhejiang province.

:heavily influenced by Wu.

;Jing–Zhan (旌占)

:spoken in Jingde, Qimen (in and around Anling, Chengan, and Chiling), Shitai (Zhanda area), Yi County (Meixi, Kecun, and other northern towns), and Ningguo, Anhui province.

:forms a thin corridor along the northern edge of the Hui group, carrying influence from Xuanzhou Wu.

Huizhou varieties differ from township to township.{{Cite book|author=孟庆惠|author2={{lang|zh-Hans|安徽省地方志编纂委员会}} [Anhui Place Almanac Compilation Committee] |script-title=zh:安徽省志 方言志 - 第五篇 皖南徽语|publisher=方志出版社|pages=412|url=http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530181856/http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-30}} People in different townships, towns, etc. (even in one county) often cannot speak with one another.

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}

Phonologically speaking, Hui is noted for its massive loss of syllable codas, including -i, -u, and nasals:

Many Hui dialects have diphthongs with a higher lengthened first part. For example, {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|話}} ("speech") is {{IPA|/uːɜ/}} in Xiuning County (Standard Chinese {{IPA|/xuɑ/}}), {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|園}} ("yard") is {{IPA|/yːɛ/}} in Xiuning County (Standard Chinese {{IPA|/yɛn/}}); {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|結}} ("knot") is {{IPA|/tɕiːaʔ/}} in Yi County (Standard Chinese {{IPA|/tɕiɛ/}}), {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|約}} ("agreement") is {{IPA|/iːuʔ/}} in Yi County (Standard Chinese {{IPA|/yɛ/}}). A few areas take this to extremes. For example, Likou in Qimen County has {{IPA|/fũːmɛ̃/}} for {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|飯}} ("rice") (Standard Chinese {{IPA|/fan/}}), with the {{IPA|/m/}} appearing directly as a result of the lengthened, nasalized {{IPA|/ũː/}}.

Because nasal codas have mostly been lost, Hui reuses the {{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|儿}} {{IPA|/-r/}} ending as a diminutive. For example, in the Tunxi dialect, {{linktext|lang=zh|索}} "rope" appears as {{IPA|/soːn/}} from {{IPA|/soʔ/}} + {{IPA|/-r/}}.

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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• [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/huainan/index.php Classification of Hui Dialects]

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Category:Varieties of Chinese

Category:Languages of China