Human penis size#Race and penis size

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While results vary slightly across reputable studies, the consensus is that the mean human penis, when erect, is in the range {{cvt|5|–|6|in|cm|abbr=on}} in length.{{Cite journal |last1=Wessells |first1=Hunter |author-link=Hunter Wessells |last2=Lue |first2=Tom F |last3=McAninch |first3=Jack W |year=1996 |title=Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=995–7 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9 |pmid=8709382}}{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Gefen |first2=A |last3=Greenstein |first3=A |last4=Matzkin |first4=H |last5=Elad |first5=D |year=2001 |title=Predicting penile size during erection |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=328–33 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627 |pmid=11416836 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |date=March 2001 |title=ANSELL RESEARCH – The Penis Size Survey |url=http://esvc000171.wic049u.server-web.com/education/research.htm |access-date=2006-07-13 |publisher=Ansell}}

The 2015 review (measured by staff) found average flaccid, stretched, and erect lengths of {{cvt|9.16|cm}}, {{cvt|13.24|cm}}, and {{cvt|13.12|cm}}, respectively, and average flaccid and erect circumferences of {{cvt|9.31|cm}} and {{cvt|11.66|cm}}, respectively. Erect length in the studies was measured by pushing the pre-pubic fat pad to the bone, and flaccid or erect girth (circumference) was measured at the base or mid-shaft of the penis.

A review of studies found average flaccid length to be {{cvt|9|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}.{{Cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=Kevan R |last2=Eardley |first2=Ian |year=2007 |title=Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome' |journal=BJU International |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1449–55 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06806.x |pmid=17355371}} Length of the flaccid penis does not necessarily correspond to length of the erect penis; some smaller flaccid penises grow much longer, while some larger flaccid penises grow comparatively less.

The penis and scrotum can contract involuntarily in reaction to cold temperatures, anxious or nervous level and participation in sports.{{Cite web |last=Dr. Andrew Siege |date=12 November 2018 |title=Is this normal? 10 common penile 'flaws' you may have |url=https://njurology.com/is-this-normal-10-common-penile-flaws-you-may-have/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |publisher=New Jersey Urology, 12 Nov 2018}} This decrease of flaccid penis size is referred to by the slang term "shrinkage", due to action by the cremaster muscle. The same phenomenon affects cyclists and exercise bike users, with prolonged pressure on the perineum from the bicycle saddle and the straining of the exercise causing the penis and scrotum to contract involuntarily. An incorrect saddle may ultimately cause erectile dysfunction (see crotch pressure for more information). Individuals with hard flaccid syndrome or other pelvic floor disorders may temporarily have an abnormally small penis.

Neither age or size of the flaccid penis accurately predicted erectile length. Stretched length has correlated with erect length in some cases. However, studies have also shown drastic differences between stretched and erect length.{{Cite journal |last1=Promodu |first1=K |last2=Shanmughadas |first2=K V |last3=Bhat |first3=S |last4=Nair |first4=K R |year=2007 |title=Penile length and circumference: An Indian study |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=558–563 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901569 |pmid=17568760}} One study found that a minimal tension force of approximately 450 g during stretching of the penis was required to reach a full potential erection length. This study also found that tension forces exerted in this study by the urologist were shown to be significantly (P<0.01) lower than 450g.{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Gefen |first2=A |last3=Greenstein |first3=A |last4=Matzkin |first4=H |last5=Elad |first5=D |date=December 2000 |title=Predicting penile size during erection |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=328–333 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627 |issn=0955-9930 |pmid=11416836 |s2cid=17447888 |doi-access=free}} This may account for differences between stretched and erect length.

• The 2015 study of 15,521 men found an average stretched flaccid length of 13.24 cm (5.21 inches), nearly identical to the average erect length of 13.12 cm (5.17 inches).{{Cite web |title=Is Your Penis Normal? There's a Chart for That - RealClearScience |url=https://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/03/03/is_your_penis_normal_theres_a_chart_for_that_109106.html |website=realclearscience.com}}
• A 2001 study of about 3,300 men found an average flaccid stretched length of {{cvt|12.5|cm|in}}. Checking for correlations in a random subset of the sample consisting of 325 men, they found a few statistically significant Spearman's correlations: between flaccid length and height of 0.208, −0.140 with weight, and −0.238 with BMI, flaccid circumference and height 0.156, stretched length and height 0.221, weight −0.136, BMI −0.169.{{Cite journal |last1=Ponchietti |first1=Roberto |last2=Mondaini |first2=Nicola |last3=BonafÈ |first3=Massimiliano |last4=Di Loro |first4=Filippo |last5=Biscioni |first5=Stefano |last6=Masieri |first6=Lorenzo |year=2001 |title=Penile Length and Circumference: A Study on 3,300 Young Italian Males |journal=European Urology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=183–6 |doi=10.1159/000052434 |pmid=11223678 |s2cid=46856727}}

Scientific studies have been performed on the erect length of the adult penis. Studies that have relied on self-measurement, including from Internet surveys, consistently reported a higher average length than those that used medical or scientific methods to obtain measurements.{{Cite web |last=Aitken |first=Paul |title=What's Average? |url=http://www.altpenis.com/news/average_size.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426205910/http://www.altpenis.com/news/average_size.shtml |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=2007-11-09 |website=altpenis.com}}

A 2020 review found most men believed the average erect penis length is more than 15.24 cm (6 inches). This inaccurate belief has likely been fed by inaccurate and exaggerated data presented in studies where the size of a participant's erect penis is self-reported. Participants may report overestimates of the size of their penis in the belief that a larger penis is more socially desirable. The same review analyzed the results from ten prior studies where measurements of erect penis size were made by researchers. They reported an erect penis to be between 12.95 and 13.92 cm (5.1 and 5.5 inches, respectively) in length, a result significantly below the average obtained in self-reported studies. The authors commented that results of such measurement studies may still be inflated due to volunteer bias — the possibility that men with larger penises may be more likely to choose to participate in such studies.{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Bruce M. |date=2 January 2021 |title=Average-Size Erect Penis: Fiction, Fact, and the Need for Counseling |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1080/0092623X.2020.1787279 |pmid=32666897 |doi-access=free}}

Similar results exist regarding studies of the circumference of the adult fully erect penis, with the measurement usually taken mid-shaft.

As with length, studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a significantly higher average than those with staff measuring. In a study of penis size where measurements were taken in a laboratory setting, the average penis circumference when erect was 11.66 cm (4.59 inches).

The average stretched penile length at birth is about {{cvt|4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and the length for 90% of newborn boys is between {{cvt|2.4|and|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Limited growth of the penis occurs between birth and 5 years of age, but very little occurs between 5 years and the onset of puberty.

The average size at the beginning of puberty is {{cvt|6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with adult size reached about 5 years later.

W.A. Schonfeld published a penis growth curve in 1943.{{Cite journal |last=Schonfeld |first=William A |year=1943 |title=Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=535 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010160019003}}{{update inline|date=September 2024}}

Age is not believed to negatively correlate with penis size.

Height is correlated with flaccid stretched length and erect length.

A study investigating the relationship with digit ratio and found men with longer ring fingers than index fingers had slightly longer penises.{{Cite web |title=The secrets of the male hand |url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/05/the-secrets-of-the-male-hand/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322161411/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/05/the-secrets-of-the-male-hand/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=CNN}}{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=In Ho |last2=Kim |first2=Khae Hawn |last3=Jung |first3=Han |last4=Yoon |first4=Sang Jin |last5=Kim |first5=Soo Woong |last6=Kim |first6=Tae Beom |date=September 2011 |title=Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length |journal=Asian J Androl |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=710–714 |doi=10.1038/aja.2011.75 |pmc=3739592 |pmid=21725330 |doi-access=free}} However, the common misconception that hand size predicts penis size has been widely discredited.{{Cite web |last=Christensen |first=Jen |date=8 March 2016 |title=Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/08/health/trump-small-hands-penis/index.html |website=CNN}}{{Cite news |last=II |first=Thomas H. Maugh |date=4 July 2011 |title=Judging penis size by comparing index, ring fingers |url=https://www.latimes.com/style/la-xpm-2011-jul-04-la-heb-finger-ratio-penis-length-20110704-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times}}

There is no correlation between shoe size and stretched penis size.{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=J |last2=Christopher |first2=N |year=2002 |title=Can shoe size predict penile length? |journal=BJU International |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=586–587 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x |pmid=12230622 |s2cid=20887458}}{{Cite web |last=Cecil |first=Adams |date=26 August 2003 |title=The size of things to come |url=http://www.snopes.com/risque/penile/size.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216223820/http://www.snopes.com/risque/penile/size.asp |archive-date=2008-12-16 |access-date=2006-08-05 |website=The Straight Dope}}

Nose size was highly related to stretched penile length in Japanese male cadavers.{{Cite journal |last1=Ikegaya |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Suzuki |first2=Motofumi |last3=Kondou |first3=Hiroki |last4=Kawai |first4=Taketo |last5=Sato |first5=Yusuke |last6=Kitamura |first6=Tadaichi |last7=Kume |first7=Haruki |date=4 February 2021 |title=Nose size indicates maximum penile length |url=https://rdcu.be/cQy8p |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1186/s12610-021-00121-z |pmc=7860195 |pmid=33535970 |access-date=28 June 2022 |doi-access=free}}

There may be a link between the malformation of the genitalia and the human limbs. The development of the penis in an embryo is controlled by some of the same Hox genes (in particular HOXA13 and HOXD13){{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Frances R |year=2002 |title=Limb malformations and the humanHOX genes |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=256–65 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.10776 |pmid=12357469}} as those that control the development of the limbs. Mutations of some Hox genes that control the growth of limbs cause malformed genitalia (hand-foot-genital syndrome).{{Cite journal |last1=Mortlock |first1=Douglas P |last2=Innis |first2=Jeffrey W |year=1997 |title=Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=179–80 |doi=10.1038/ng0297-179 |pmid=9020844 |s2cid=24522600}}

Alleged differences in races have led to the creation of sexual myths. There is no scientific background to support the alleged 'oversized' penis in black people.{{Cite journal |last1=Mondaini |first1=Nicola |last2=Gontero |first2=Paolo |year=2005 |title=Idiopathic short penis: Myth or reality? |journal=BJU International |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05238.x |pmid=15638885}} There is no indication that penis size differs between enthnicities.

According to urologist Aaron Spitz, many websites and studies promoting variation of penis size between races use unscientific methods of collecting information and often ignore contradictory evidence. He concludes that "when you really take a good look at the naked data, there's not a whole lot there [showing racial variation in penis size]."{{Cite book |last=Spitz |first=Aaron |title=The Penis Book: A Doctor's Complete Guide to the Penis—From Size to Function and Everything in Between |publisher=Rodale Books |year=2018 |pages=43}}

In a 1994 cover story by Psychology Today,{{Cite web |last1=Michael Pertschuk |last2=Alice Trisdorfer |title=Men's bodies—the survey |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199411/mens-bodies-the-survey |access-date=2007-07-17 |website=Psychology Today}}{{Cite web |last=Jill Neimark |title=The beefcaking of America |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200910/the-beefcaking-america |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Psychology Today Nov–Dec 1994}} 1,500 readers (about two-thirds women) were surveyed about male body image. Many of the women were not particularly concerned with penis size, and over 71% thought men overemphasized the importance of penis size and shape. Generally, the women polled cared more about width than men thought, and less about length than men thought, although the strength of caring for either among women showed a similar pattern.

A small study of 50 undergraduate women, surveyed by two popular male athletes on campus about their perceptions of sexual satisfaction; found the width of a penis feels better than the length of a penis, when subjects are asked to choose between the two (size was left unspecified). It was also concluded that this may show that penis size overall affects sexual satisfaction, since women chose between the two options they were given.{{Cite journal |last=Eisenman |first=Russell |year=2001 |title=Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-1-1 |pmc=33342 |pmid=11415468 |doi-access=free}}

A 2002 study at Groningen University Hospital, asked 375 sexually active women (who had recently given birth) the importance of penis size. The results showed that 21% of women felt length was important and 32% felt that girth was important.{{Cite journal |last1=Francken |first1=A.B |last2=Van De Wiel |first2=H.B.M |last3=Van Driel |first3=M.F |last4=Weijmar Schultz |first4=W.C.M |year=2002 |title=What Importance Do Women Attribute to the Size of the Penis? |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6668165/Francken_2002_European_Urology.pdf |journal=European Urology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=426–31 |doi=10.1016/S0302-2838(02)00396-2 |pmid=12429149 |s2cid=206054651 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11370/c999b218-0b41-4410-a30a-d8b20f5d4e54}}

A 2013 study conducted at the Australian National University, showed that penis size influences a man's sex appeal, and the taller the man, the bigger the effect.{{Cite journal |last1=Mautz |first1=B. S |last2=Wong |first2=B. B. M |last3=Peters |first3=R. A |last4=Jennions |first4=M. D |year=2013 |title=Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=6925–30 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.6925M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1219361110 |pmc=3637716 |pmid=23569234 |doi-access=free}} The study showed life-sized 3D computer-generated images, altering the height and other physical attributes, with women typically registering preferences in under 3 seconds. A preference for taller men's larger penis size was indicated.

A 2015 US study of the stated preferences of 75 women using 3D-printed models as references showed a preferred penis length of {{cvt|16|cm}} and a preferred circumference of {{cvt|12.2|cm}} for long-term sexual partners, with slightly larger preferred sizes of a length of {{cvt|16.3|cm}} and circumference of {{cvt|12.7|cm}} for one-time sexual encounters.{{Cite journal |last1=Prause |first1=Nicole |last2=Park |first2=Jaymie |last3=Leung |first3=Shannon |last4=Miller |first4=Geoffrey |year=2015 |title=Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0133079 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1033079P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133079 |pmc=4558040 |pmid=26332467 |doi-access=free}}

File:Human female inner genitalia 2.png shown with diagrams of the female anatomy|365x365px]]

According to the study, however, when estimating the length of their partner's penis, most women would say a size significantly smaller than what their partner was recorded to be. This suggests that perception of size is not entirely accurate. The visual impression of the size is not necessarily in correlation with the feeling in the vulva and vagina. A very long penis can cause dyspareunia, if the man doesn't understand how to use it carefully.

One Australian study of 184 men looked at penis length and circumference in relation to condom breakage or slippage. 3,658 condoms were used. The study found that when used correctly, condoms had a breakage rate of 1.34% and a slippage rate of 2.05%, for a total failure rate of 3.39%. Penile dimensions did not influence slippage, although penis circumference and broken condoms were strongly correlated, with larger sizes increasing the rate of breakage.{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Anthony M A |last2=Jolley |first2=Damien |last3=Hocking |first3=Jane |last4=Benton |first4=Kim |last5=Gerofi |first5=John |year=2016 |title=Does penis size influence condom slippage and breakage? |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=444–7 |doi=10.1258/0956462981922593 |pmid=9702591 |s2cid=29431895}}

Androgens like testosterone are responsible for penis enlargement and elongation during puberty.{{Cite book |last1=Laura Rosenthal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfYoDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA551 |title=Lehne's Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Providers - E-Book |last2=Jacqueline Burchum |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-44779-9 |pages=551–}} Penis size is positively correlated with increasing testosterone levels during puberty.{{Cite book |last1=Eberhard Nieschlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05fsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |title=Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction |last2=Hermann Behre |date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-04491-9 |pages=54–}} But after puberty, administration of testosterone does not affect penis size, and androgen deficiency in adult men only results in a small decrease in size. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are also involved in penis size, with deficiency (such as that observed in growth hormone deficiency or Laron syndrome) at critical developmental stages having the potential to result in micropenis.{{Cite book |last1=Hartmut Porst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4GJio79XOUC&pg=PA263 |title=Standard Practice in Sexual Medicine |last2=Jacques Buvat |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-7872-3 |pages=263–}}

{{commons category|Flaccid and erect human penises in comparison}}

There are certain genes, like homeobox (Hox A and D) genes, which may have a role in regulating penis size. In humans, the AR gene, located on the X chromosome at Xq11-12, may affect penis size. The SRY gene located on the Y chromosome may have a role to play. Variance in size can often be attributed to de novo mutations. Deficiency of pituitary growth hormone or gonadotropins or mild degrees of androgen insensitivity can cause small penis size in males and can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

{{Main|Micropenis}}File:Micropenis erect with ruler.jpgAn adult penis with an erect length of 2.5 SD below the average but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the micropenis condition.{{Cite web |date=7 December 2004 |title=Surgeons Pinch More Than An Inch From The Arm To Rebuild A Micropenis |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041206205001.htm |access-date=2007-07-25}} "Whereas the average size of the human penis is around {{cvt|12.5|cm}}, a micropenis spans less than 7 cm or just over two inches." The condition affects 0.6% of men.{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Penis Size FAQ & Bibliography |url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/bib-penis.html |access-date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Kinsey Institute}} Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary growth hormone or gonadotropins, mild degrees of androgen insensitivity, a variety of genetic syndromes and variations in certain homeobox genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood. Operations are also available to increase penis size in cases of micropenis in adults.{{Cite magazine |date=6 December 2004 |title=Length-boosting surgery for 'micro-penises' |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6761-lengthboosting-surgery-for-micropenises.html |access-date=2006-08-06 |magazine=New Scientist}}

It has been suggested that differences in penis size between individuals are caused not only by genetics, but also by environmental factors such as culture, diet and chemical or pollution exposure.{{Cite journal |last1=Swan |first1=Shanna H |author-link=Shanna Swan |last2=Main |first2=Katharina M |last3=Liu |first3=Fan |last4=Stewart |first4=Sara L |last5=Kruse |first5=Robin L |last6=Calafat |first6=Antonia M |last7=Mao |first7=Catherine S |last8=Redmon |first8=J. Bruce |last9=Ternand |first9=Christine L |last10=Sullivan |first10=Shannon |last11=Teague |first11=J. Lynn |year=2005 |title=Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=8 |pages=1056–1061 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8100 |pmc=1280349 |pmid=16079079|bibcode=2005EnvHP.113.1056S }}{{Cite web |title=PCBs Diminish Penis Size |url=http://copa.org/library/articles/rhwn/penis.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303194352/http://copa.org/library/articles/rhwn/penis.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012 |access-date=2007-04-09 |website=copa.org}}{{Cite web |last=Miner, John |date=29 April 2006 |title=Pesticides may affect penis size |url=http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5914 |website=London Free Press}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Cite web |title=Hormone Hell |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1996/sep/hormonehell865/ |access-date=2008-04-05 |website=DISCOVER}} Endocrine disruption resulting from chemical exposure has been linked to genital deformation in both sexes (among many other problems). Chemicals from both synthetic (e.g., pesticides, anti-bacterial triclosan, plasticizers for plastics) and natural (e.g., chemicals found in tea tree oil and lavender oil){{Cite web |title=Lavender and Tea Tree Oils May Cause Breast Growth in Boys |url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2007/niehs-31.htm |access-date=2008-04-07 |website=NIH}}{{Cite journal |last1=Henley |first1=Derek V |last2=Lipson |first2=Natasha |last3=Korach |first3=Kenneth S |last4=Bloch |first4=Clifford A |year=2007 |title=Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=5 |pages=479–85 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa064725 |pmid=17267908 |doi-access=free}} sources have been linked to various degrees of endocrine disruption.

Both PCBs and the plasticizer DEHP have been associated with smaller penis size.{{Cite web |title=Chemicals and Male Reproductive Health |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/envis/maldoc104.html |access-date=2010-08-14 |publisher=Ces.iisc.ernet.in}} DEHP metabolites measured from the urine of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance and the incomplete descent of testicles of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals.{{Cite journal |last=Swan |first=Shanna H |year=2008 |title=Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans |journal=Environmental Research |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=177–184 |bibcode=2008ER....108..177S |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007 |pmc=2775531 |pmid=18949837}} According to a 2008 study published by the US National Library of Medicine, approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levels similar to those observed in animals.

Penile size may decrease as a result of some hormonal therapy combined with external beam radiation therapy.{{Cite journal |last1=Haliloglu |first1=Ahmet |last2=Baltaci |first2=Sumer |last3=Yaman |first3=Onder |year=2007 |title=Penile Length Changes in Men Treated with Androgen Suppression Plus Radiation Therapy for Local or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=177 |issue=1 |pages=128–30 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.113 |pmid=17162022}} In addition, some estrogen-based fertility drugs like diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been linked to genital abnormalities or a smaller than normal penis (microphallus).{{Cite news |last=Center of Disease Control |title=DES Update: Consumers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/about/effects_sons.html |access-date=2013-11-07}}

{{See also|Nude (art)}}

Perceptions of penis size are culture-specific.{{Cite book |last=Dover |first=Kenneth James |url=https://archive.org/details/greekhomosexuali00dove_0 |title=Greek Homosexuality |date=1989 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36270-3 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greekhomosexuali00dove_0/page/126 126]–128 |quote=size. |url-access=registration |orig-year=1978}} Some prehistoric sculptures and petroglyphs depict male figures with exaggerated erect penises.{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Won Whe |title=Penile Augmentation |date=2016 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-662-46753-4 |editor-last=Park |editor-first=Nam Cheol |location=Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany |pages=11–26 |chapter=2: History and Cultural Perspective |editor-last2=Moon |editor-first2=Du Geon |editor-last3=Kim |editor-first3=Sae Woong |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2LNCwAAQBAJ&q=penis+panic&pg=PA11}} Ancient Egyptian cultural and artistic conventions generally prevented large penises from being shown in art, as they were considered obscene,{{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninancienteg00robi |title=Women in Ancient Egypt |date=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-95469-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninancienteg00robi/page/189 189]–190 |quote=Turin erotic papyrus. |url-access=registration}} but the scruffy, balding male figures in the Turin Erotic Papyrus are shown with exaggeratedly large genitals.{{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSBVQpifqhkC&q=%22Turin+Papyrus%22&pg=PA254 |title=Archaeologies of Sexuality |last2=Voss |first2=Barbara L. |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-22366-9 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |page=254}} The Egyptian god Geb is sometimes shown with a massive erect penis and the god Min is almost always shown with an erection.{{multiple image

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| caption1 = Ancient Greek kouros sculpture from Anavyssos dating to {{circa}} 530 BC, showing an idealized young man with a flaccid penis

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| caption2 = Ancient Roman fresco from the House of the Vettii in Pompeii, dating to the first century AD, showing the god Priapus weighing his massive, permanently erect penis against a bag of gold{{Cite news |title=Phallus in Wonderland |url=http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/features/phallus-wonderland/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016111949/http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/features/phallus-wonderland/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=2007-11-13 |work=CBC Radio}}

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File:'David' by Michelangelo FI Acca JBS 034.jpg

The males of ancient Greece believed that small penises were ideal.

Scholars believe that most ancient Greeks probably had roughly the same size penises as most other Europeans, but Greek artistic portrayals of handsome youths show them with inordinately small, uncircumcised penises with disproportionately large foreskins, indicating that these were seen as ideal. Large penises in Greek art are reserved exclusively for comically grotesque figures, such as satyrs, a class of hideous, horse-like woodland spirits, who are shown in Greek art with absurdly massive penises.

Actors portraying male characters in ancient Greek comedy wore enormous, fake, red penises, which dangled underneath their costumes;{{Cite book |last1=Storie |first1=Ian C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2t1cIVk-A8C&q=phalli+in+ancient+Greek+comedy&pg=PA181 |title=A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama |last2=Allen |first2=Arlene |date=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-0215-5 |location=Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Victoria, Australia |page=181}} these were intended as ridiculous and were meant to be laughed at.

In Aristophanes's comedy The Clouds, "Mr. Good Reason" gives the character Pheidippides a description of the ideal youth: "A glistening chest and glowing skin / Broad shoulders, a small tongue /A mighty bottom and a tiny prong."{{Cite book |last=Roche |first=Paul |title=Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche |date=2005 |publisher=New American Library |isbn=978-0-451-21409-6 |location=New York City, New York |page=178}}

In Greek mythology, Priapus, the god of fertility, had an impossibly large penis that was always permanently erect.{{Cite book |last=Kerényi |first=Karl |author-link=Károly Kerényi |url=https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich/page/175 |title=The Gods of the Greeks |date=1951 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-27048-6 |location=London, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich/page/175 175–176]}} Priapus was widely seen as hideous and unattractive. A scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica states that, when Priapus's mother Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, gave birth to him, she was so horrified by the size of his penis, his massive potbelly, and his huge tongue that she abandoned him to die in the wilderness. A herdsman found him and raised him as his son, later discovering that Priapus could use his massive penis to aid in the growth of plants.

Nonetheless, there are indications that the Greeks had an open mind about large penises. A statue of the god Hermes with an exaggerated penis stood outside the main gate of Athens and in Alexandria in 275 BC, a procession in honor of Dionysus hauled a 180-foot phallus through the city and people venerated it by singing hymns and reciting poems. The Romans, in contrast to the Greeks, seem to have admired large penises and large numbers of large phalli have been recovered from the ruins of Pompeii. Depictions of Priapus were very popular in Roman erotic art and literature. Over eighty obscene poems dedicated to him have survived.

Penis size is alluded to in the Bible:

¹⁸ And she revealed her whorings, and she revealed her nakedness, and so I turned from her just as I turned from her sister. ¹⁹ Yet she increased her whorings, recalling the days of her childhood when she was prostituted in the land of Egypt. ²⁰ And she lusted after her male lovers whose genitalia were the genitalia of male donkeys and their seminal emission was the seminal emission of horses. [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2023:18-20&version=LEB Ezekiel 23:18–20 Lexham English Bible]

Ancient Chinese legend holds that a man named Lao Ai had the largest penis in history and that he had an affair with Queen Dowager Zhao ({{circa}} 280–228 BC), the mother of Qin Shi Huang, by pretending to be a eunuch. Ancient Koreans admired large penises and King Jijeung (437–514 AD) of the Silla Dynasty is said to have had a forty-five-centimeter penis that was so large his subordinates had to search for a woman that fit him. Traditional Japanese erotic paintings usually show genitals as exaggeratedly large. The oldest known painting of this type, found in the Hōryū-ji Temple in Ikaruga, dates to the eighth century AD and depicts a fairly large penis.

The ancient Indian sexual treatise Kama Sutra, originally written in Sanskrit, probably between the second and fourth centuries AD, divides men into three classes based on penis size: "hare" size (about 5–7 cm, or 2–3 inches, when erect), "bull" size (10–15 cm, or 4–6 inches), and "horse" size (18–20 cm, or 7–8 inches). The treatise also divides women's vaginas into three sizes ("deer", "mare", and "elephant") and advises that a man match the size of the vagina of the woman he is having sex with to the size of his own penis. It also gives medically dubious advice on how to enlarge one's penis using wasp stings.

File:Angelo Bronzino 055.jpg shows a codpiece peeking from underneath the young man's jacket. Larger codpieces were regarded as more fashionable.]]

In medieval Arabic literature, a longer penis was preferred, as described in an Arabian Nights tale called "Ali with the Large Member". As a witty satire of this fantasy, the 9th-century Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz wrote: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the mule would belong to the Quraysh" (the tribe to which Muhammad belonged and from which he descended).{{Cite book |last=Ulrich Marzolph |title=The Arabian Nights: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-204-2 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |pages=97–8}}

The medieval Norsemen considered the size of a man's penis as the measure of his manliness,{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Steven A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shCXJLB6mDAC&q=penis+size+in+the+middle+ages&pg=PA56 |title=Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4290-4 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |pages=55–57}} and a thirteenth-century Norse magic talisman from Bergen, a wooden stave inscribed with writing in runic script, promises its wearer: "You will fuck Rannveig the Red. It will be bigger than a man's prick and smaller than a horse's prick." A late fourteenth century account of the life of Saint Óláfr from the Flateyjarbók describes a pagan ritual which centered around a preserved horse's penis used as a cult artifact which members of the cult would pass around in a circle, making up verses in praise of it, encouraging it and the other members of the group to behave in sexually suggestive ways.

During the Renaissance, some men in Europe began to wear codpieces, which accentuated their genitals. There is no direct evidence that it was necessarily worn to enhance the apparent size of the wearer's penis, but larger codpieces were seen as more fashionable.

File:Penis Enlargement Sign in Johannesburg.jpg advertising penis enlargement]]

Males may quite easily underestimate the size of their own penis relative to those of others. A survey by sexologists showed that many men who believed that their penis was of inadequate size had average-sized penises."[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070531114303.htm Men Worry More About Penile Size Than Women, Says 60-Year-Old Research Review]". ScienceDaily. 31 May 2007. Another study found sex education of standard penile measurements to be helpful and relieving for patients concerned about small penis size, most of whom had incorrect beliefs of what is considered medically normal.{{Cite journal |last=Shamloul |first=R. |year=2005 |title=Treatment of men complaining of short penis |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15922413/ |journal=Urology |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1183–1185 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.066 |pmid=15922413}} The study found that almost all of their patients that were concerned about their penis size overestimated the average penis size. The perception of having a large penis is often linked to higher self-esteem.{{Cite journal |last1=Lever |first1=Janet |author-link=Janet Lever |last2=Frederick |first2=David A |last3=Peplau |first3=Letitia Anne |year=2006 |title=Does Size Matter? Men's and Women's Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan |journal=Psychology of Men & Masculinity |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=129–143 |doi=10.1037/1524-9220.7.3.129}} Fears of shrinking of the penis in folklore have led to a type of mass hysteria called penis panic, though the penis legitimately can shrink in size due to scar tissue formation in the penis from a medical condition called Peyronie's disease.{{Cite journal |last1=Rigaud |first1=Gilbert |last2=Berger |first2=Richard E |year=1995 |title=Corrective Procedures for Penile Shortening Due to Peyronie's Disease |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=368–70 |doi=10.1097/00005392-199502000-00021 |pmid=7815586}}[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/peyronies-disease/DS00427/DSECTION=symptoms Peyronie's disease]. Mayo Clinic Marketers of penis enlargement products exploit fears of inadequacy, but there is no consensus in the scientific community of any non-surgical technique that permanently increases either the thickness or length of the erect penis that already falls into the normal range.

Small penis syndrome (SPS), a term sometimes used in medical literature, is characterized by an obsessive concern that the penis is smaller than average, often despite normal measurements. It has been associated with wider psychological disorders, including anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder. Assessment focuses on confirming normality and addressing underlying psychological factors.{{Cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=Kevan R. |last2=Eardley |first2=Ian |date=2007-06-01 |title=Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome' |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17355371/ |journal=BJU International |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1449–1455 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06806.x |issn=1464-4096 |pmid=17355371}}{{Cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=Kevan R. |last2=Eardley |first2=Ian |date=2007-06-01 |title=Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome' |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06806.x |journal=BJU International |language=en |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1449–1455 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06806.x |pmid=17355371 |issn=1464-4096}}

Widespread private concerns related to penis size have led to a number of folklore sayings and popular culture reflections related to penis size. Penis panic is a form of mass hysteria involving the believed removal or shrinking of the penis, known as genital retraction syndrome. The penis can significantly shrink due to scar tissue formation from a condition called Peyronie's disease which affects up to 10% of men.{{Cite journal |last=Levine |first=Laurencea |year=2006 |title=Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction: Current understanding and future direction |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=246 |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.27633 |doi-access=free}} Products such as penis pumps, pills, and other dubious means of penis enlargement are some of the most marketed products in email spam. At present there is no consensus in the scientific community of any non-surgical technique that permanently increases either the thickness or length of the erect penis that already falls into the normal range (4.5" to 6").

A study undertaken at Utrecht University found that the majority of gay men in the study regarded a large penis as ideal, and having one was linked to self-esteem.{{Cite journal |last1=Woertman |first1=Liesbeth |last2=De Wit |first2=John |last3=Hoogesteeger |first3=Marcel |date=2005 |title=Tevredenheid met het eigen lichaam en zelfwaardering van homoseksuele mannen: Maakt een grote(re) penis een man gelukkig? |trans-title=Body satisfaction and self-esteem of gay men: Does a large penis make a man happy? |url=https://www.tijdschriftvoorseksuologie.nl/artikelen/item/303-tevredenheid-met-het-eigen-lichaam-en-zelfwaardering-van-homoseksuele-mannen-maakt-een-grote-re-penis-een-man-gelukkig |url-status=dead |journal=Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=181–188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309212034/https://www.tijdschriftvoorseksuologie.nl/artikelen/item/303-tevredenheid-met-het-eigen-lichaam-en-zelfwaardering-van-homoseksuele-mannen-maakt-een-grote-re-penis-een-man-gelukkig |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=2022-04-23}} One study analysing the self-reported Kinsey data set found that the average penis of a homosexual man was larger than the average penis of their heterosexual counterparts (6.32 inches [16.05 cm] in length amongst gay men versus 5.99 in [15.21 cm] in heterosexuals, and 4.95 inches [12.57 cm] circumference amongst gay men versus 4.80 in [12.19 cm] in heterosexual men).{{Cite journal |last1=Bogaert |first1=Anthony F |last2=Hershberger |first2=Scott |year=1999 |title=The relation between sexual orientation and penile size |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=213–21 |doi=10.1023/A:1018780108597 |pmid=10410197 |s2cid=42801275}}

While more than 46% of people have watched pornography, with 30%–90% of women and 60%–98% of men having watched it at some point in their lifespan, between 1973 and 2016, among and in comparison to other racial groups, Black women and Black men were reported to have watched the most porn.{{Cite journal |last=Thorpe |first=Shemeka |display-authors=etal |date=March 2024 |title=The influence of pornography on heterosexual black men and women's genital self-image & grooming |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1740144523002127 |journal=Body Image |volume=48 |pages=101669 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101669 |issn=1740-1445 |oclc=10107760964 |pmid=38128239 |s2cid=266449448}} Pornography tends to depict Black people through racist and sexist stereotypes, such as Black people being hypersexual and animalistic, and sexually objectifies Black people through its emphasis and focus on sexual vigor and genitalia; this is socially generated and reinforced through production and supply of porn, such as Black porn and interracial porn that initially debuted in 1982 and big Black cock (BBC) porn, which then meets the demand from porn consumers, such as White men with fantasies about the sexuality of Black people in 1982 and porn consumers on Pornhub whose top search terms in 2022 were: "Black", the 13th most searched term, "BBC", the 9th most searched term, and "Ebony", the 3rd most searched term and the most searched category of 2022. Cosmetic changes and digital changes to genitalia can occur in porn, with the Labia minora of women being portrayed as smaller than the average size and the penis of men being portrayed as larger than the average size. Genital self-image is affected by the consumption of pornography as the primary focus of pornography is on genitalia and sexual acts. The genital self-image and focus for Black women were genital odor and appearance, and the genital self-image and focus for Black men were penis size; racially diverse study sample sizes indicate that, in contrast to women who tend to have a less positive genital self-image, men tend to have a more positive genital self-image.

{{see also|Sexual selection in humans#Sexual anatomy}}

The human penis is thicker than that of any other primate, both in absolute terms and relative to the rest of the body.{{Cite book |last=Small |first=Meredith F. |title=What's Love Got to Do With It? The Evolution of Human Mating |publisher=Anchor Books |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-385-47702-4}} Early research, based on inaccurate measurements, concluded that the human penis was also longer. In fact, the penis of the common chimpanzee is no shorter than in humans, averaging 14.4 cm (5.7 inches), and some other primates have comparable penis sizes relative to their body weight.{{Cite book |last=Dixson, A. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC |title=Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780191569739 |pages=61–65}}

The evolutionary reasons for the increased thickness have not been established.{{Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=Edwin A |year=2007 |title=Why the Human Penis is Larger than in the Great Apes |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=361 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9297-6 |pmid=18158617 |s2cid=28199803}}{{update inline|date=September 2024}} One explanation is that thicker penises are an adaptation to a corresponding increase in vaginal size. The vaginal canal is believed to have expanded in humans to accommodate the larger size of a newborn's skull. Women may then have sexually selected men with penises large enough to fit their vagina, to provide sexual stimulation and ensure ejaculation.

Other evolutionary hypotheses to explain humans' relatively large penis length and girth include a sperm competition hypothesis and a mate competition hypothesis. The sperm competition hypothesis does not have much support as in other mammals where sperm competition is present, larger testes evolve, not larger penises. The mate competition hypothesis involves the prediction that a human with a larger penis would be able to displace the sperm of another. Studies have found that larger penises do not displace other sperm more effectively than smaller penises, but rather longer penises may ejaculate sperm inside the vagina in places that would be harder for a following penis to displace. The depth of pelvic thrusting was correlated to the displacement of competing sperm.{{Cite book |last1=Cotner |first1=Sehoya |url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/evolutionbiology/ |title=The Evolution and Biology of Sex |last2=Wassenberg |first2=Deena |year=2020 |language=en}}

{{Portal|Human sexuality}}

• Big dick energy
• Human vaginal size
• Penis enlargement
• Penis envy
• Phalloplasty
• Sexual selection in humans
• The Third Chimpanzee
• Why Is Sex Fun?

{{Reflist}}

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{{Commons category|Human penis size}}

{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:macropenis}}

{{Human systems and organs}}

{{Sex}}

{{Male reproductive system}}

{{Human regional anatomy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human Penis Size}}

Category:Andrology

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