Huqoq#Ancient synagogue

File:Ein Hoquq 1 (6).jpg

The name Huqoq is mentioned in the bible (Book of Joshua, Books of Chronicles) as a Jewish city that kept on existing during the Roman period, it was also known then as Hucuca.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/420/mode/1up 420]Khalidi, 1992, p.546 During the Ottoman period there was an Arab village named Yaquq.Uzi Leibner, Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee, Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen 2009, p. 151 built on the ancient ruins

Archaeological investigations at the site of the former village of Yaquq, located near the Sea of Galilee, 12.5 km north of Tiberias, uphill from Capernaum and Magdala,"[http://www.uwyo.edu/uw/news/2012/06/uw-religion-today-column-for-week-of-july-1-july-7-kitchens-on-the-cutting-edge.html Kitchens on the Cutting Edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129100012/http://www.uwyo.edu/uw/news/2012/06/uw-religion-today-column-for-week-of-july-1-july-7-kitchens-on-the-cutting-edge.html |date=29 November 2014 }}", Paul V. M. Flesher, 28 June 2012, UW Religion Today Column for Week of 1 July suggest that the site was inhabited in the Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Abbasid, Fatimid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.[https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA151 Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee], Uzi Leibner, 2009, p. 151. The Arab village of Yakuk was abandoned during the 1948 war and was bulldozed in 1968.{{cite journal |last= Magness |first= Jodi |authorlink= Jodi Magness |date= 29 March 2012 |url= http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1959&mag_id=119 |title= Huqoq - 2011 Preliminary Report |publisher= Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number= 124 |access-date=5 July 2019}}

Hukkok (Hebrew חקק) is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in {{bibleverse|Joshua|19:34|HE}}. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia considers the identification of Hukkok with Yakuk as plausible, although it might be too far from Aznoth-tabor (possibly Khirbet el-Jebeil, c. 3 miles north of Mount Tabor) to fit the description.International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia "Hukkok: huk’-ok (chuqqoq): A town on the border of Naphtali named with Aznoth-tabor (Jos 19:34). It is usually identified with the village of Yaquq, which stands on the West of Wady el-‘Amud, to the Northwest of Gennesaret, about 4 miles from the sea. This would fall on the boundary of Zebulun and Naphtali, between Tabor and Hannathon ({{bibleverse|Joshua|19:14}}). The identification may be correct; but it seems too far from Tabor."

The village site was inhabited in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.

File:Hiding complex.jpg

The Roman-period village was large and prosperous due to the presence of a constant spring. It is apparent from both the synagogue and the absence of pig bones that the Roman period village was Jewish.

"The most extensive hiding complex discovered to date in the Galilee" has been announced in March 2024.[https://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-jewish-revolt-era-safe-rooms-revealed-in-the-galilee/ "Ancient Jewish revolt-era 'safe rooms' revealed in the Galilee"]. Gavriel Fiske for Times of Israel. Posted and accessed 18 March 2024. There are some eight hiding cavities with more ramifications being discovered, connected by tunnels set at straight angles to slow down Roman soldiers hunting for Jewish rebels. The hiding complex dates back to the First Jewish-Roman War (66-70 CE) and the Bar Kochba Revolt (132-136 CE), and could only serve for short-term concealment from Roman patrols due to the small size of the chambers. Most of the numerous finds attest to the use of the underground system during the First Revolt, and while there is no proof yet for the Bar Kochba Revolt actually spreading out to Galilee, a small number of artifacts found in this complex show that it was "involved in the preparations" for the uprising. The refuge system was revealed through community excavations with the participation of local residents, students enrolled in archaeology and Land of Israel studies, volunteers from a cavers club, and soldiers from the IDF's Samur Unit for underground operations.

The village is attested in Late Roman and Byzantine period rabbinic sources. Archaeological findings as well as the mention of Huqoq in both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmud prove that the Jewish village survived the Bar Kochba Revolt.

{{main|Yaquq}}

The prosperity of the ancient village contrasts with the simplicity of the Ottoman-era settlement and can be seen by archaeologists in animal bones which were cut by professional butchers in the ancient Jewish village, and by farmers in the Muslim period.

File:Mikveh, Huqoq.jpg

A 2011 dig led by archaeologist Jodi Magness excavated several sections at the site of the former village.Magness, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1959&mag_id=119 "Huqoq - Preliminary Report"] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120708031509/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1959&mag_id=119 |date= 8 July 2012 }}

"The ancient village is surrounded by associated features, including cist graves, rock-cut tombs, a mausoleum, quarries, agricultural terraces and installations, a winepress and an olive press. Two large miqwa'ot (ritual baths) are hewn into bedrock on the eastern and southern periphery of the ancient village (see below)."

Among the structures uncovered during the 2012 dig were the remains of an elaborate synagogue,[http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=275996 Ancient shul, Samson mosaic found in Galilee], By Yonah Jeremy Bob, 7 February 2012, Jerusalem Post dated to the 5th century. Findings include limestone carvings and an elaborate floor mosaic. The synagogue's walls and columns were painted in bright colors: plaster fragments show traces of pink, red, orange and white pigments. The artistry of the mosaic, which is composed of tiny tiles, together with the large stones used for the walls, attests to the prosperity of the village.[http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/article00436.html Remains of Roman Period Synagogue Discovered in Galilee, July 2, 2012, Science News]

The mosaic includes of the Biblical hero Samson. The figure of Samson appears twice: carrying the gates of Gaza, and tying burning torches to the tails of foxes.[ Archaeologists Reveal Incredible Ancient Biblical Mosaics for the First Time], The Western Journal, accessed 6 Jul Samson and the foxes is an episode from the Book of Judges ({{bibleverse|Judges|15:1-8}}). During a battle with the Philistines, Samson catches 300 wild foxes, ties burning torches to their tails and sets them loose to set fire to Philistine grain fields."[https://web.archive.org/web/20120706183330/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-07-02/biblical-samson-torches-fox-tails-in-ancient-synagogue-mosaic Biblical Samson Torches Fox Tails in Ancient Synagogue Mosaic]", Gwen Ackerman, 2 July 2012, Businessweek"[http://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-synagogue-and-mosaic-unearthed-in-galilee Ancient synagogue and mosaic unearthed in Galilee]", Matti Friedman, Times of Israel, 2 July 2012[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-holidays/sukkot/samson-follows-the-sun-to-galilee.premium-1.468506 Samson follows the sun to Galilee], Elchanan Reiner and David Amit, 6 October 2012, Haaretz {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902224628/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-holidays/sukkot/samson-follows-the-sun-to-galilee.premium-1.468506|date=2 September 2013}}

According to archaeologist Jodi Magness, the discovery is significant because "only a small number of ancient (Late Roman) synagogue buildings are decorated with mosaics showing biblical scenes, and only two others have scenes with Samson (one is at another site just a couple of miles from Huqoq)."[http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1946 Monumental synagogue building discovered in excavations in Galilee (July 2012), Israel Antiquities Authority]

The mosaic also shows two human faces, apparently female, flanking a Hebrew inscription promising a reward to those who perform good deeds.[http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/monumental_synagogue_uncovered_galilee_2-jul-2012.aspx Monumental synagogue uncovered in Galilee], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs2 August 2012, accessed 18 July 2019 In 2018, photographs of newly discovered mosaics were published in conjunction with a 70-page interim report of the excavations from 2014–2017.{{Cite web |url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/11/jonah-tower-babel-huqoq-ancient-synagogue-mosaic |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181116142139/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/11/jonah-tower-babel-huqoq-ancient-synagogue-mosaic/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 November 2018 |title= Man-eating fish, Tower of Babel revealed on ancient mosaic |date= 15 November 2018 |website= Culture & History |access-date=1 January 2019}} The new publication shows that the floor mosaic also depicts Noah's Ark, the twelve Israelite spies ({{bibleverse|Numbers|13:1-33}}), and Moses' parting of the Red Sea, themes that are rarely, if ever, found in synagogues of the time. Other images show Jonah being swallowed by the fish and the building of the Tower of Babel.{{Cite web |url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/newly-revealed-5th-century-mosaics-a-kaleidoscope-of-jewish-and-secular-imagery |title= Newly revealed 5th century mosaics a kaleidoscope of Jewish and secular imagery |last= Amanda Borschel-Dan |website= www.timesofisrael.com |language= en-US |date= 19 November 2018 |access-date= 1 January 2019}} The mosaic also incorporates pagan Hellenistic images such as cupids and theatre masks, and an obscure cluster of important looking men, one of whom may be Alexander the Great, next to soldiers and war elephants. If Magness' theory is correct, this would be the only case of a synagogue being decorated with non-Biblical imagery. Another theory is that the two groups, one dressed in armour and the other in white robes, represent the alliance between the Seleucids and the high priest John Hyrcanus.

File:Huqoq Inscription and face.jpg|Huqoq mosaic inscription and face

File:פסיפס מהתקופה.jpg|Mosaic

File:CHUKUK01.JPG

Jewish, Christian, Druze and Muslim tradition located the tomb of the prophet Habakkuk in Huqoq and it has been a site of pilgrimage since the twelfth{{dubious|All the dates mentioned here are from the 13th. They do start with 12..., and couple of the "Nurit" entries/edits look a bit careless.|date=July 2019}} century.Lissovsky, Nurit (2008). "[http://columbia.library.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/peq/2008/00000140/00000002/art00005 Hukkok, Yaquq and Habakkuk's Tomb: Changes over Time and Space]".{{dead link|date=November 2014}}, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 140 (2): 103–118. The earliest mention of the tomb is a letter written by Rabbi Samuel ben Samson in 1210: "On our way back from Tiberias we went on to Kefar Hanan. In journeying there we came across the tomb of Habakkuk in Kefar Hukkok." In 1215 Menahem ben Perez of Hebron visited the site and wrote: "And I went from there, and saw the tomb of the prophet Habakkuk near a spring." The earliest detailed description appears in the book "These are the Travels" (1270–1291): "From there one goes to Ya‘aquq, where is the grave of the prophet Habakkuk, upon which there is a fine monument between four party walls."

An Englishmen named John Sanderson visited the tomb in 1601 and wrote "Then we passed by a little village where dwelt and is buried the prophet Abicoke; so said the Jews, and that the town was called Yeacoke."

A description from the 1930s states that "The tombstone. . . is built of basalt stones, about two metres wide and

1.5 metres long, covered in white plaster".

In 1981 the old tombstone was replaced by a new one, over which a small building was erected, along with a pool filled by spring water and meant to be used as a ritual bath. Jewish and Druze pilgrims continue to visit the tomb.

Seffi Ben Yosef, a local tour guide, questioned the tradition in an editorial in Ynet News, arguing that the tradition was only based on the similar-sounding name between the village and the prophet.[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3379385,00.html Ein Hokuk and the story of Habakkuk] Ynetnews, 21 March 2007

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{{commons category|Tomb of Habakkuk (Kadarim)}}

{{commons category|Huqoq}}

• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=1}}
• {{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
• {{cite journal|last=Magness|first=J.|authorlink= Jodi Magness|date=29 March 2012 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1959&mag_id=119 |title= Huqoq - 2011 Preliminary Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Magness|first=J.|authorlink= Jodi Magness |display-authors=etal |date=26 August 2013 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=3331&mag_id=120 |title= Huqoq - 2012 Preliminary Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125}}
• {{cite journal|last=Magness|first=J.|authorlink1= Jodi Magness |display-authors=etal |date=10 November 2014 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=12648&mag_id=121 |title= Huqoq - 2013 Preliminary Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=126}}
• Magness, Jodi: “Samson in the Synagogue,” Biblical Archaeology Review 39.1 (2013), pp. 32–39, 66-67.
• Magness, Jodi: October 2013, [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=39&Issue=5&ArticleID=9 Scholar’s Update: New Mosaics from the Huqoq Synagogue], BAS LIBRARY

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• [https://huqoq.web.unc.edu/ Huqoq Excavation Project] Official site

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Category:Archaeological sites in Israel

Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee

Category:Hebrew Bible places

Category:Israeli mosaics

Category:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes