Hyperfocus

{{For|an autistic trait that usually last years|Special interest (autism)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Short description|Intense form of mental concentration}}File:Monotropic and polytropic learning - fixed.png

Hyperfocus is an intense form of mental concentration or visualization that focuses consciousness on a subject, topic, or task. In some individuals, various subjects or topics may also include daydreams, concepts, fiction, the imagination, and other objects of the mind. Hyperfocus on a certain subject can cause side-tracking away from assigned or important tasks.

Psychiatrically, it is considered to be a trait of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) together with inattention, and it has been proposed as a trait of other conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).{{Cite journal|last1=Kooij|first1=J. J. S.|last2=Bijlenga|first2=D.|last3=Salerno|first3=L.|last4=Jaeschke|first4=R.|last5=Bitter|first5=I.|last6=Balázs|first6=J.|last7=Thome|first7=J.|last8=Dom|first8=G.|last9=Kasper|first9=S.|date=1 February 2019|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|issn=0924-9338|pmid=30453134|doi-access=free|hdl=10651/51910|hdl-access=free}}

One proposed factor in hyperfocus as a symptom involves the psychological theory of brain lateralization, wherein one hemisphere of the brain specializes in some neural functions and cognitive processes over others. Those who have a tendency to hyperfocus, such as those with ADHD, may experience a form of "pseudoneglect", where attention is dominant on one side of the brain, leading to preferential attention in some neural connections and processes over others overall.{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Hongliang |last2=Yang |first2=Jian |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Exploring the Brain Lateralization in ADHD Based on Variability of Resting-State fMRI Signal |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718816170 |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=258–264 |doi=10.1177/1087054718816170 |pmid=30520697 |via=Sage Publications}}{{Cite journal |last1=Helfer |first1=Bartosz |last2=Maltezos |first2=Stefanos |last3=Liddle |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Kuntsi |first4=Jonna |last5=Asherson |first5=Philip |date=2020-06-29 |title=Lateralization of attention in adults with ADHD: Evidence of pseudoneglect |journal=European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=e68 |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.68 |issn=1778-3585 |pmc=7443776 |pmid=32594941}} While this idea is under study, it is not yet empirically proven.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2VvjIBjdE0C&q=right+brain+dominance+hyperfocus&pg=PA11|title=Right-Brained Children in a Left-Brained World: Unlocking the Potential of Your ADD Child|last1=Freed|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Parsons|first2=Laurie|date=21 October 1998|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684847931|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317101107|title=Behavioral and Physiological Bases of Attentional Biases: Paradigms, Participants, and Stimuli|last1=Pfabigan|first1=Daniela M.|last2=Tran|first2=Ulrich S.|date=21 August 2015|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|isbn=9782889196401|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Holly A.|last2=Shah|first2=Priti|date=1 April 2006|title=Uninhibited imaginations: Creativity in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=40|issue=6|pages=1121–1131|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.007|issn=0191-8869}}

Hyperfocus may bear a relationship to the concept of flow.{{citation |first1=James T. |last1=Webb |first2=Edward R. |last2=Amend |first3=Nadia E. |last3=Webb |first4=Jean |last4=Goerss |first5=Paul |last5=Beljan |first6=F. Richard |last6=Olenchak |title=Misdiagnosis and Dual Diagnoses of Gifted Children and Adults: ADHD, Bipolar, OCD, Asperger's, Depression, and Other Disorders |isbn=9780910707640 |publisher=Great Potential Press, Inc. |year=2005 |place=Scottsdale, AZ |pages=50–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQrtt-peg5AC&pg=PA50 |quote=…there are no empirical data that support hyperfocus as an aspect of ADD/ADHD. In gifted children without ADD/ADHD, this rapt and productive attention state is described by Csikszentmihalyi (1990) as ‘flow.’ … What has been coined ‘hyperfocus’ in persons with ADD/ADHD seems to be a less medical-sounding description of perseveration. Thus the apparent ability to concentrate in certain limited situations does not exclude the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD. }} In some circumstances, both flow and hyperfocus can be an aid to achievement, but in other circumstances, the same focus and behavior could be a liability, distracting from the task at hand. However, unlike hyperfocus, "flow" is often described in more positive terms, suggesting they are not two sides of the same condition under contrasting circumstance or intellect.

Psychiatric symptom

Hyperfocus may in some cases also be symptomatic of a psychiatric condition. In some cases, it is referred to as perseveration—an inability or impairment in switching tasks or activities ("set-shifting"),[http://priory.com/gloss.htm#perseveration Priory, "Psychiatric glossary"]. or desisting from mental or physical response repetition (gestures, words, thoughts) despite absence or cessation of a stimulus.{{Citation | contribution=Perseveration | year=2001 | title=Dictionary of Biological Psychology | editor-last=Winn | editor-first=Philip | page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse/page/595 595] | isbn=9780415136068 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbL2MZ9xI7oC&pg=PA595 | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse/page/595 }}{{cite journal |author=Helm-Estabrooks N |title=The problem of perseveration |journal=Semin Speech Lang |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=289–90 |year=2004 |pmid=15599818 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-837241 |doi-access=free }}{{cite web |url=http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/perseveration/ |website=Psych Central |title=Perseveration |last=Grinnell |first=Renée |year=2008 |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016104639/http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/perseveration/ |url-status=dead }}[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/perseveration Dictionary.com definition] It is distinguished from stereotypy (a highly repetitive idiosyncratic behaviour).

Conditions associated with hyperfocus or perseveration include neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD, it may be a coping mechanism or a symptom of emotional self-regulation. So called "twice exceptional" people, with high intellect and learning disabilities, may have either or both of hyperfocus and perseverative behaviours. They are often mimicked by similar conditions involving executive dysfunction or emotional dysregulation, and lack of diagnosis and treatment may lead to further co-morbidity.

=ADHD =

In ADHD, formulation and thinking can be slower than in normal people (though this is not universal), and may be "long-winded or tangential".{{cite web|last1=Goodin|first1=Kate|title=Famous People with ADHD|url=http://www.parenting.com/gallery/famous-people-with-add-or-adhd?page=16|website=Parenting|publisher=Meredith Corporation|access-date=22 August 2013|quote=David Neeleman, Founder of JetBlue Airways … reported in an interview with ADDitude magazine his ADHD prevents him from being detail-oriented and completing doing day-to-day tasks, saying, ‘I have an easier time planning a 20-aircraft fleet than I do paying the light bill.’|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701212621/http://www.parenting.com/gallery/famous-people-with-add-or-adhd?page=16|url-status=dead}} These inattentive symptoms occur dually with what has been termed "hyperfocus" by the 2019 Updated European Consensus Statement on Adult ADHD.{{Cite journal |last1=Kooij |first1=J. J. S. |last2=Bijlenga |first2=D. |last3=Salerno |first3=L. |last4=Jaeschke |first4=R. |last5=Bitter |first5=I. |last6=Balázs |first6=J. |last7=Thome |first7=J. |last8=Dom |first8=G. |last9=Kasper |first9=S. |last10=Filipe |first10=C. Nunes |last11=Stes |first11=S. |last12=Mohr |first12=P. |last13=Leppämäki |first13=S. |last14=Casas |first14=M. |last15=Bobes |first15=J. |date=2019 |title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-psychiatry/article/updated-european-consensus-statement-on-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-adult-adhd/707E2A36539213CF85EACCA576F47427 |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=14–34 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 |pmid=30453134 |issn=0924-9338 |quote=Patients may also over-concentrate or ‘hyperfocus’. This phenomenon most commonly occurs when engaged in activities that the patient finds very interesting and/or provide instant gratification, such as computer games or online chatting. For such activities, concentration may last for hours on end, in a very focused manner.|hdl=10651/51910 |hdl-access=free }} The over-concentration or hyperfocus often occurs if the person finds something "very interesting and/or provide(s) instant gratification, such as computer games or online chatting. For such activities, concentration may last for hours on end, in a very focused manner."

ADHD is a difficulty in directing one's attention (an executive function of the frontal lobe), not a lack of attention.2012 Burnett Lecture [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUQu-OPrzUc Video, Part 1 of 3, Keynote Speaker: Russell A. Barkley], Ph.D. by UNCCHLearningCenter, retrieved Aug 20132012 Burnett Lecture, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZpF2_IelWo Video, Part 2 of 3, ADHD, Self-Regulation and Executive Functioning Theory], by UNCCHLearningCenter2012 Burnett Lecture [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_hHNTDdgIU Video, Part 3 of 3, Q & A Dr. Russell Barkley] by UNCCHLearningCenter - Streamed live on 1 November 2012 Sponsored by the Academic Success Program for Students with LD and ADHD — a UNC-Chapel Hill Learning Center Program in the College of Arts and Sciences — and the UNC General Alumni

Conditions likely to be confused with hyperfocus often involve repetition of thoughts or behaviors such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), trauma,{{cite web |first=James Robert |last=Brasic |title=Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Differential Diagnoses |date=9 July 2012 |website=Medscape Reference |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1826591-differential}} and some cases of traumatic brain injury.

= Autism =

Two major symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include repetitive sounds or movements and fixation on various things including topics and activities.{{Cite journal |last1=Ashinoff |first1=Brandon K. |last2=Abu-Akel |first2=Ahmad |date=2021 |title=Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention |journal=Psychological Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 |issn=0340-0727 |pmc=7851038 |pmid=31541305}} Hyperfocus in the context of ASD has also been referred to as the inability to redirect thoughts or tasks as the situation changes (cognitive flexibility).{{Cite journal |last1=Geurts |first1=Hilde M. |last2=Corbett |first2=Blythe |last3=Solomon |first3=Marjorie |date=1 February 2009 |title=The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=74–82 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006 |pmid=19138551 |pmc=5538880 |issn=1364-6613}}

One suggested explanation for hyperfocus in those with ASD is that the activity they are hyperfocused on is predictable. Aversion to unpredictable situations is a characteristic of ASD,{{Cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}} while focusing on something predictable, they will have trouble changing to a task that is unpredictable.

= Schizophrenia =

Schizophrenia is a mental condition characterized by a disconnect from reality, including grandiose delusions, disorganized thinking, and abnormal social behavior.{{Cite web |title=Schizophrenia - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}} Recently, hyperfocus has come into attention as a part of the cognitive symptoms associated with the disorder. In this use, hyperfocus is an intense focus on processing the information in front of them. This hypothesis suggests that hyperfocus is the reason those afflicted with schizophrenia experience difficulty spreading their attention across multiple things.{{Cite journal |last1=Luck |first1=Steven J |last2=Hahn |first2=Britta |last3=Leonard |first3=Carly J |last4=Gold |first4=James M |date=11 September 2019 |title=The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis: A New Account of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz063 |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=991–1000 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbz063 |pmid=31317191 |pmc=6737469 |issn=0586-7614}}

= Psychopathy =

Some research, such as that of Naomi Sadeh and Edelyn Verona, published in Neuropsychology in 2008,{{Cite journal |last1=Sadeh |first1=Naomi |last2=Verona |first2=Edelyn |date=2008 |title=Psychopathic personality traits associated with abnormal selective attention and impaired cognitive control. |journal=Neuropsychology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=669–680 |doi=10.1037/a0012692 |issn=1931-1559 |pmc=2538613 |pmid=18763886}} has suggested that psychopaths are hyperfocused on obtaining a reward and, as a result, their ability to use contextual cues, punishment, or contextual information for adjusting their behaviour may be impaired. Moreover, they may develop tunnel vision blocking out any peripheral stimulation (such as fear of achieving the goal).{{Cite journal |last1=Dotterer |first1=Hailey L. |last2=Hyde |first2=Luke W. |last3=Shaw |first3=Daniel S. |last4=Rodgers |first4=Emma L. |last5=Forbes |first5=Erika E. |last6=Beltz |first6=Adriene M. |date=2020 |title=Connections that characterize callousness: Affective features of psychopathy are associated with personalized patterns of resting-state network connectivity |journal=NeuroImage. Clinical |volume=28 |pages=102402 |doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102402 |issn=2213-1582 |pmc=7479442 |pmid=32891038}}{{Cite journal |last1=Worthington |first1=Rachel |last2=Wheeler |first2=Suzanne |date=2023-01-01 |title=Hyperfocus and offending behaviour: a systematic review |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-01-2022-0005 |journal=The Journal of Forensic Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=185–200 |doi=10.1108/JFP-01-2022-0005 |issn=2050-8794}}

Hyperfocus

Psychiatric symptom

=ADHD =

= Autism =

= Schizophrenia =

= Psychopathy =

See also

References

Further reading