Hypericum olympicum

H. olympicum was first described in Carolus Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753.

H. olympicum contains both hypericin and pseudohypericin, a trait shared in the Olympia group and sections Adenosepalum and Hypericum, which would suggest that the species is more closely related to species in those sections than in other more primitive sections.{{Cite journal|last=Kitanov|first=Gerassim M|date=2001|title=Hypericin and pseudohypericin in some Hypericum species|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=171–178|doi=10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00032-6|issn=0305-1978|pmid=11106845|bibcode=2001BioSE..29..171K }}

There are eight accepted infraspecifics of H. olympicum, three of which are varieties and five of which are forms. These generally have very little variance from the type of the species, but can have some minor unique features.

The species is a shrub or subshrub that grows to be {{Convert|0.1-0.55|m|ft|abbr=}} tall. It can grow in an erect to decumbent manner, or rarely prostrate. It can have few to numerous stems, and it is caespitose, occasionally rooting, and unbranched below its flowers. The stems' internodes are {{Convert|5-15|mm|in|abbr=}} long, and can be either short or longer than the leaves.

The leaves are spreading to erect, and are more or less glaucous, and are {{Convert|5-30 x 2-12|mm|in|abbr=}} in size. They are elliptic or rarely lanceolate-elliptic, are concolorous and thinly coriaceous. Their apex is acute to subacute or rounded-obtuse, with a rounded or cuneate base. They have 0-3 pairs of lateral veins and are unbranched (at least visibly). The laminar glands are pale and not prominent, and the intramarginal glands are black, small, and few in number.

The plant is usually 1–5 flowered, but can have up to nine flowers that grow from three nodes, and rarely from one lower node. Their pedicels are {{Convert|2–4|mm|in|abbr=}} long and rather stout. The bracts are reduced-foliar, are broadly imbricate, and lack black glands, and the bracteoles are similar but smaller in size. The flowers are {{Convert|30–65|mm|in|abbr=}} in diameter, and their buds are ovoid-pyramidal and rounded. The sepals are either unequal or subequal, are broadly imbricate, and are paler than the leaves. They are {{Convert|6–16 × 3–12|mm|in|abbr=}}, and are broadly ovate to lanceolate, and have a rounded base. They are entire, large, pointed, and persistent in fruit.{{Cite web|url=http://www.beanstreesandshrubs.org/browse/hypericum/hypericum-olympicum-l/|title=Bean's Trees and Shrubs|website=www.beanstreesandshrubs.org|access-date=2019-05-31}} They have 9–15 veins that are branching. Their laminar glands are pale and linear, and there are sometimes a few that are black and punctiform. Their marginal glands are normally absent, but there can rarely be one or two black apical ones. Their petals are golden or pale yellow, and can have a tinge or lines of red. They are {{Convert|15–30 × 8–12|mm|in|abbr=}}, and there are around 2 times as many of them as sepals. They are rounded and their apiculus is short, and they are acute to obtuse. Their laminar glands are pale and linear, and their marginal glands are absent or black, and there are one to around seven of them. There are around 65–125 (0.9 times as many sepals) stamens that are {{Convert|14–25|mm|in|abbr=}} long. The ovaries are {{Convert|3 × 2.5|mm|in|abbr=}} and are broadly ovoid, the styles are {{Convert|18–23|mm|in|abbr=}} and there are six to eight times as many as the ovaries.{{Cite journal|last1=ŁOTOCKA|first1=BARBARA|last2=OSIŃSKA|first2=EWA|date=2010|title=Shoot anatomy and secretory structures in Hypericum species (Hypericaceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=163|issue=1|pages=70–86|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01046.x|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free}}

The seed capsule is {{Convert|5–10 × 4–8|mm|in|abbr=}} and is shorter than the sepals, and is shaped broadly oval-like to spherical. The seeds are a dark brown color, and are around {{Convert|1.8|mm|in|abbr=}} with shallow testa.{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=NORMAN K. B.|date=2013-05-14|title=Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) 5(1). Sections 10. Olympia to 15/16. Crossophyllum|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=4|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.4.1.2|issn=1179-3163}}

Hypericum olympicum is very similar in appearance to Hypericum polyphyllum, but there are many key differences to tell them apart. Most reliably, the leaves of H. olympicum are far less glandular, with at most one irregular line of glands, whereas the leaves of H. polyphyllum always have a full regular row and many scattered glands. In addition, whereas the sepals of H. olympicum are almost always undotted, the sepals of H. polyphyllum are usually dotted all over with black glands. Lastly, since H. polyphyllum is not cultivated, if the plant is in cultivation or shows cultivated characteristics, it is most likely H. olympicum.

The species is native to Southeastern Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (excluding Crete and western Aegean islands), and northwestern Turkey.{{Cite web|url=http://hypericum.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/743|title=Nomenclature {{!}} Hypericum online|website=hypericum.myspecies.info|access-date=2019-05-30}}{{GRIN|access-date=21 January 2018}} The species was first introduced to England in 1676 by Sir George Wheeler from seeds found in Turkey, and it was cultivated at the Oxford Botanical Garden. The species has also been recorded as establishing itself in Belgium and France, where it is considered an invasive species.{{Cite web|url=http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/hypericum-olympicum#|title=Hypericum olympicum {{!}} Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium|website=alienplantsbelgium.be|access-date=2019-05-31}}

It can be found in sandy, stony, and sometimes grassy places or among rocks in open ground, or in pine woodland at elevations of 0–2000 m.

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Because of its large, showy flowers, relative hardiness, and dense shape, the species is valued among gardeners, specifically in the United Kingdom. It has been noted for these properties and won several awards, including in 1930, under the incorrect name of H. fragile, winning the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1003|title=RHS Plant Selector Hypericum olympicum|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=19 May 2013}} While the species is not at all harmful to humans, it can be toxic to dogs, cats, and horses, and should be planted away from such animals.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/hypericum-olympicum/|title=Hypericum olympicum|website=Gardeners' World Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}

It can be grown in chalk, clay, sand, or loam, and requires moist ground, but with sharp drainage. As it requires sharp drainage to prevent winter rot, it is a suitable subject for the rockery or alpine garden.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/405.shtml Hypericum olympicum.] Plant Finder. BBC. The species requires pH to be between 6.1 and 7.8, which means it can tolerate both mildly acidic and mildly alkaline conditions.{{Cite web|url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/134437/|title=PlantFiles: Hypericum Species, St. John's Wort, St. Johnswort|website=Dave's Garden|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}} The plant usually takes 5–10 years to reach its full height, but much less than that to reach maturity.

The species should be planted in May or June, will flower from June to August, and cuttings should be taken from May to July.

There are several cultivated forms of H. olympicum, with H. olympicum 'Citrinum' being by far the best known. So-called because of its lemon-colored petals, it is often the plant that is found in home or botanical gardens.{{Cite web|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/hypericum-olympicum-f-uniflorum-citrinum|title=Hypericum olympicum f. uniflorum 'Citrinum' St John's wort Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice|last=Shoot|website=www.shootgardening.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}

H. olympicum f. olympicum is used alongside other Hypericum species in parts of rural Turkey as traditional folk medicine. Typically, its flowers are harvested and used to treat stomach aches, cuts, and burns.{{Cite journal|last1=Akbulut|first1=Sefa|last2=Özkan|first2=Zafer Cemal|last3=Kalankan|first3=Gökçe|date=2017-12-20|title=Some Plants and Their Effects Used in Traditional Treatment of Diseases at Çorum Province in Turkey|journal=International Journal of Secondary Metabolite|pages=330–339|doi=10.21448/ijsm.373823|issn=2148-6905|doi-access=free}}

H. olympicum contains numerous essential oil compounds, with the main components being (E)‐anethole (used as an aromatic substance), β‐farnesene (used as a constituent to essential oils), and spathulenol.{{Cite journal|last1=Gud?i?|first1=Branislav|last2=Dordevi?|first2=Sini?a|last3=Pali?|first3=Radosav|last4=Stojanovi?|first4=Gordana|date=2001|title=Essential oils ofHypericum olympicum L. andHypericum perforatum L.|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=201–203|doi=10.1002/ffj.978|issn=0882-5734}}{{Cite journal|last1=Pavlović|first1=M.|last2=Tzakou|first2=O.|last3=Petrakis|first3=P. V.|last4=Couladis|first4=M.|date=2006|title=The essential oil ofHypericum perforatum L., Hypericum tetrapterum Fries andHypericum olympicum L. growing in Greece|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ffj.1521|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=84–87|doi=10.1002/ffj.1521|issn=0882-5734}} Other components included germacrene D and (E)‐caryophyllene,{{Cite journal|last1=Pavlović|first1=M.|last2=Tzakou|first2=O.|last3=Petrakis|first3=P. V.|last4=Couladis|first4=M.|date=2006|title=The essential oil ofHypericum perforatum L., Hypericum tetrapterum Fries andHypericum olympicum L. growing in Greece|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=84–87|doi=10.1002/ffj.1521|issn=0882-5734}} as well as an unusually high amount of terpenes.{{Cite journal|last1=Smelcerovic|first1=Andrija|last2=Spiteller|first2=Michael|last3=Ligon|first3=Axel Patrick|last4=Smelcerovic|first4=Zaklina|last5=Raabe|first5=Nils|date=2007|title=Essential oil composition of Hypericum L. species from Southeastern Serbia and their chemotaxonomy|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=99–113|doi=10.1016/j.bse.2006.09.012|bibcode=2007BioSE..35...99S |issn=0305-1978}}

While as of 2019 extracts from the species are not currently used as antibacterials, they do contain antibacterial properties. Specifically, the plant contains new types of acylphloroglucinol that have been given the name olympicin after the species' name.{{Cite journal|last1=Shiu|first1=Winnie K. P.|last2=Rahman|first2=M. Mukhlesur|last3=Curry|first3=Jonathan|last4=Stapleton|first4=Paul|last5=Zloh|first5=Mire|last6=Malkinson|first6=John P.|last7=Gibbons|first7=Simon|date=2011-09-07|title=Antibacterial Acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum olympicum|journal=Journal of Natural Products|volume=75|issue=3|pages=336–343|doi=10.1021/np2003319|pmid=21899267|issn=0163-3864}}{{Cite journal|last1=Radulović|first1=Niko|last2=Stankov-Jovanović|first2=Vesna|last3=Stojanović|first3=Gordana|last4=Šmelcerović|first4=Andrija|last5=Spiteller|first5=Michael|last6=Asakawa|first6=Yoshinori|date=2007|title=Screening of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of nine Hypericum species from the Balkans|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.062|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=103|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.062|issn=0308-8146}}

Similarly, as of 2019, H. olympicum is not widely used as an antidepressant in the way that Hypericum perforatum is, but it has been shown to have many similar or better antidepressant properties. Specifically, the amentoflavone in H. olympicum was shown to have previously unstudied antidepressant capabilities.{{Cite journal|last1=H. Baureithel|first1=Karl|last2=Büter|first2=Karin Berger|last3=Engesser|first3=Anja|last4=Burkard|first4=Willy|last5=Schaffner|first5=Willi|date=1997|title=Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum|journal=Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae|volume=72|issue=3|pages=153–157|doi=10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00002-2|pmid=9204773|issn=0031-6865}}

H. olympicum has been studied alongside other Hypericum species for their ability to suppress the growth of cancer in several ways. The species has been shown to have minor antigrowth effects on certain types of lung cancer, slowing the replication of cancerous cells in a laboratory setting. It has also been shown to help induce apoptosis in damaged cells because of the genotoxic properties of some of its chemical constituents. The species has not had any of its extracts approved for anticancer regimens.{{Cite journal|last1=Aztopal|first1=Nazlihan|last2=Erkisa|first2=Merve|last3=Celikler|first3=Serap|last4=Ulukaya|first4=Engin|last5=Ari|first5=Ferda|date=2016-02-08|title=Antigrowth and Apoptosis Inducing Effects ofHypericum Olympicum L. andHypericum AdenotrichumSpach. on Lung Cancer CellsIn Vitro: Involvement of DNA Damage|journal=Journal of Food Biochemistry|volume=40|issue=4|pages=559–566|doi=10.1111/jfbc.12248|issn=0145-8884|doi-access=free}}

H. olympicum contains a smaller amount of flavonoids and tannins than other Hypericum species, but still displays significant antioxidizing capabilities, which suggests there are significant amounts of other undetected compounds in the plant.{{Cite journal|last1=Zheleva-Dimitrova|first1=Dimitrina|last2=Nedialkov|first2=Paraskev|last3=Kitanov|first3=Gerassim|date=2010|title=Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts fromHypericumspecies growing in Bulgaria|journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine|volume=6|issue=22|pages=74–8|doi=10.4103/0973-1296.62889|pmc=2900065|issn=0973-1296|pmid=20668569 |doi-access=free }}

File:Hypericum olympicum 2016-09-10 4339.jpg|Young plant

File:Hypericum olympicum L. (AM AK298043-4).jpg|Beginning to flower

File:National Botanic Garden,Dublin,Ireland - panoramio (27).jpg|In full bloom

File:Hypericum adenophyllum-IMG 4797.jpg|Full bloom detail

File:Hypericum olympicum 2015-07-01 4026.jpg|Flower detail

File:Hypericum olympicum 2016-09-10 4338b.jpg|In fruit

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olympicum

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Flora of Bulgaria

Category:Flora of Greece

Category:Flora of Turkey

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Category:Flora of Albania

Category:Flora of North Macedonia

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