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Hyphessobrycon

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Schmucksalmler Hyphessobrycon bentosi.jpg

| image_caption = Hyphessobrycon bentosi

| image2 = 05.Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi.JPG

| image2_caption = Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi

| taxon = Hyphessobrycon

| authority = Durbin, 1908

| type_species = Hyphessobrycon compressus

| type_species_authority = Meek, 1904

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = over 150, see text

| synonyms = Dermatocheir Durbin, 1909

Megalamphodus Eigenmann, 1915

Pseudopristella Géry, 1960

}}

Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae. These species are among the fishes known as tetras. The genus is distributed in the Neotropical realm from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina. Many of these species are native to South America; about six species are from Central America and a single species, H. compressus is from southern Mexico.{{FishBase_genus | genus = Hyphessobrycon | month = June | year = 2017 }}

All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about {{cvt|1.7|-|9.6|cm|in|1}}. Great anatomical diversity exists in this genus.{{cite journal|author=Lucena, C.A.S.d. |year=2003|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v1n2/v1n2a03.pdf |title=New characid fish, Hyphessobrycon scutulatus, from the rio Teles Pires drainage, upper rio Tapajós system (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|volume= 1 |issue=2|pages= 93–96|doi=10.1590/S1679-62252003000200003 }} They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms, and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

Taxonomy

This large genus of characins includes over 150 species. The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.{{cite journal|author=Lima, F.C.T. |author2= Moreira, C.R. |year=2003|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v1n1/v1n1a03.pdf |title=Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|volume= 1 |issue=1|pages= 21–33|doi= 10.1590/S1679-62252003000100003 }} Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.{{cite journal|author=Bertaco, V.A. |author2= Malabarba, L.R. |year=2005 |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v3n1/v3n1a04.pdf |title=A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the upper Rio Tocantins drainage, with bony hooks on fins|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |volume=3 |issue=1|pages= 83–88|doi= 10.1590/S1679-62252005000100004 }} With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917. By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the caudal fin. The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from Hemigrammus is not satisfactory, as it occurs in intermediate conditions.

This genus is not monophyletic. A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males. Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species. Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.

Etymology

The generic name, Hyphessobrycon, is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson, which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).

Relationship to humans

File:Roter von Rio - Hyphessobrycon flammeus.jpg (H. flammeus) is bred in large numbers in captivity and common in the aquarium trade, but rare in the wild.]]

Most of the species in the genus have not been rated by the IUCN Red List as Threatened, but many species have small distributions and at least three, H. flammeus, H. coelestinus and H. duragenys are classified as endangered.{{cite web|website=ICMBio (Ministry of the Environment, Brazil)|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/biodiversidade/fauna-brasileira/avaliacao-do-risco/PORTARIA_N%C2%BA_445_DE_17_DE_DEZEMBRO_DE_2014.pdf |series=Portaria MMA nº 445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503160333/https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/biodiversidade/fauna-brasileira/avaliacao-do-risco/PORTARIA_N%C2%BA_445_DE_17_DE_DEZEMBRO_DE_2014.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-03 |title=Lista de Especies Ameaçadas - Saiba Mais|access-date= 1 December 2018}} One, H. taurocephalus, is categorised as possibly extinct.{{cite iucn|author=Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)|author-link=Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation|year= 2022|title= Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus|page= e.T187279A1825804|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T187279A1825804.pt|lang=pt}} This species only occurs in a few rivers and streams in Santa Catarina and Paraná states of Brazil.

Many Hyphessobrycon species are popular aquarium fish, and some, including H. flammeus, are bred in large numbers in captivity.{{cite web |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/hyphessobrycon-flammeus/ |title=Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers, 1924 Flame Tetra|website= Seriously Fish|access-date= 21 March 2017}}{{cite web|author=Korotev, K. |year=2017|url=http://www.aquainfo.org/articles/item/breeding-hyphessobrycon-flammeus |title=Breeding Hyphessobrycon flammeus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021348/http://www.aquainfo.org/articles/item/breeding-hyphessobrycon-flammeus |archive-date=2017-09-18 |website=AquaInfo|access-date= 21 March 2017}}

Species

The 156 currently recognized species in this genus are:

{{Div col|content=* Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros, 2010 {{cite journal|author=García-Alzate, C.A.|author2= Román-Valencia, C. |author3= Prada-Pedreros, S. |year=2010|url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/cal/v32n2/v32n2a15.pdf |title=Three new species of Hyphessobrycon group heterorhabdus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) and key to species from the Orinoco river basin|journal=Caldasia|volume= 32 |issue=2|pages= 443–461}}

  • Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler, 1913 (red-tailed flag tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez, 1950
  • Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj, 1987 (ember tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry, 1998 (red-line tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010 {{cite journal|author=García-Alzate, C.A.|author2= Román-Valencia, C. |author3= Taphorn, D.C. |year=2010|url=http://www.aquatic-experts.com/AQUATIC-EXPERTS%20PDF/Donald%20Taphorn%20Reprints/2010%20new%20Hyphessobrycon.pdf |title=Two new species of Hyphessobrycon (Pisces: Characiformes: Characidae) from Putumayo River, with keys to the Colombian Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus–group species|journal=Brenesia|volume= 70|pages= 33–46}}
  • Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry, 1989
  • Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruíz Díaz, 2004
  • Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos, 1959) (calypso tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon balbus G. S. Myers, 1927
  • Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin, 1908 (ornate tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Durbin, 1911 (yellow tetra)
  • Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006
  • Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907)
  • Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier, 2010 {{cite journal|author=Zanata, A.M. |author2= Camelier, P. |year=2010|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v8n4/06.pdf |title=Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology|volume= 8 |issue=4|pages= 771–777|doi= 10.1590/S1679-62252010000400006 }}
  • Hyphessobrycon bussingi {{small|Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020}}{{cite journal|author=Ota, R. R.|author2= Carvalho, F. R.|author3= Pavanelli, C. S. |year=2020|title= Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae)|journal= Zootaxa|volume= 4751|issue=3|pages= zootaxa.4751.3.1|doi= 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1|pmid= 32230403}}
  • Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos, 1964
  • Hyphessobrycon caru GUIMARÃES, 2019{{cite journal|author=Erick Cristofore Guimarães|author2= Pâmella Silva de Brito|author3= Leonardo Manir Feitosa |author4= Luis Fernando Carvalho Costa|author5= Felipe Polivanov Ottoni|date=2019-06-12|doi=10.3897/zse.95.34069|title=A new cryptic species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Eastern Amazon, revealed by integrative taxonomy|journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=345–360 |s2cid=196659351 |doi-access=free }}
  • Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin, 1909)
  • Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete {{Small|García‐Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano‐Bonilla & Teixeira, 2020}} {{Cite journal|last1=García-Alzate|first1=Carlos Arturo|last2=Lima|first2=Flavio|last3=Taphorn|first3=Donald Charles|last4=Mojica|first4=Jose Ivan|last5=Urbano-Bonilla|first5=Alexander|last6=Teixeira|first6=Tulio Franco|date=2020|title=A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the western Amazon basin in Colombia and Peru|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.14319|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=96|issue=6|pages=1444–1453|doi=10.1111/jfb.14319|pmid=32166742 |bibcode=2020JFBio..96.1444G |s2cid=212692968 |issn=1095-8649}}
  • Hyphessobrycon chocoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2013 García-Alzate, C.A., Román-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D.C. (2013): [http://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/rbt/v61n1/a14v61n1.pdf A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Telembí River drainage, Southern Pacific slope of Colombia.] Revista de Biología Tropical, 61 (1): 181-192.
  • Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske, 2015 Zarske, A. (2015): [http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/vertebratezoology/vz65-3/01_vertebrate_zoology_65-3_zarske_287-296.pdf Hyphessobrycon clavatus spec. nov. – ein neuer Salmler aus Peru (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020512/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/vertebratezoology/vz65-3/01_vertebrate_zoology_65-3_zarske_287-296.pdf |date=2015-11-17 }} Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (3): 287-296.
  • Hyphessobrycon coelestinus G. S. Myers, 1929
  • Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry, 2002
  • Hyphessobrycon comodoro Dagosta, Seren, Ferreira & Marinho, 2022{{cite journal|author=Fernando Cesar Paiva Dagosta|author2= Thomaz Jefrey Seren|author3= Anderson Ferreira |author4= Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho|year= 2022|title= The Emerald Green Tetra: A New restricted-range Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Juruena, Chapada dos Parecis, Brazil|journal= Neotrop Ichthyol |volume=20|issue=1|page= e210119|doi= 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0119|doi-access= free}}

References

{{Reflist}}

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Category:Taxa named by Marion Durbin Ellis

Category:Fish of South America

Category:Freshwater fish genera

Category:Characiformes genera