IC 4040
{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices}}
{{Infobox galaxy|name=IC 4040|image=File:IC4040 - SDSS DR14.jpg|caption=Sloan Digital Sky Survey of IC 4040|constellation name=Coma Berenices|z=0.025530|ra=13h 00m 37.9s|dec=+28d 03m 26.50s|h_radial_v=7,556 km/s|dist_ly=353 Mly (108.2 Mpc)|group_cluster=Coma Cluster|appmag_v=14.76|type=Sdm, HII|size=105,000 ly|names=PGC 44789, CGCG 160-252, MCG +05-31-085, 2MASX J13003794+2803266, 74W 019, SDSS J130037.78+280326.8, IRAS F12582+2819, CG 0954, NSA 162814, 5C 04.108, NVSS J130037+280323, WBL 426-106, AGC 221406, FOCA 0388, LEDA 44789|epoch=J2000}}
IC 4040 is a type SABc spiral galaxy with a bar{{Cite web |title=HyperLeda -object description |url=http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/ledacat.cgi?o=IC%204040 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=atlas.obs-hp.fr}} in Coma Berenices.{{Cite web |title=IC 4040 - Intermediate Spiral Galaxy in Coma Berenices {{!}} TheSkyLive.com |url=https://theskylive.com/sky/deepsky/ic4040-object |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=theskylive.com}} It is located 353 million light-years away from the Solar System and has an estimated diameter of 105,000 light-years making it slightly larger than the Milky Way.{{Cite web |title=Your NED Search Results |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=58749&objname=1&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}} IC 4040 was discovered on April 12, 1891, by Guillaume Bigourdan{{Cite web |title=Index Catalog Objects: IC 4000 - 4049 |url=https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ic40.htm#ic4040 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=cseligman.com}} and is a member of the Coma Cluster.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=The Coma Berenices galaxy cluster, best in April and May |url=https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/the-coma-berenices-galaxy-cluster/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=earthsky.org }}
Characteristics
IC 4040 is considered a jellyfish galaxy{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=I. D. |last2=Weeren |first2=R. J. van |last3=McGee |first3=S. L. |last4=Botteon |first4=A. |last5=Drabent |first5=A. |last6=Ignesti |first6=A. |last7=Rottgering |first7=H. J. A. |last8=Shimwell |first8=T. W. |last9=Tasse |first9=C. |date=2021-06-01 |title=LoTSS jellyfish galaxies - I. Radio tails in low redshift clusters |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2021/06/aa40784-21/aa40784-21.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=650 |pages=A111 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202140784 |arxiv=2104.05383 |bibcode=2021A&A...650A.111R |issn=0004-6361}} due to its close proximity to the cluster where gas is stripped from the galaxy by the action of ram pressure.{{Cite web |title=The ram pressure stripped radio tails of galaxies in the Coma cluster |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/496/4/4654/5866506?login=false |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=academic.oup.com}} A radio continuum tail can seen extending outwards from the galaxy, showing widespread occurrence of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields which is being removed by pressure. The stripped electrons are re-accelerated by turbulence and ICM shocks or by new supernovae, since massive stars can be found in H II regions that are located in its ram pressure stripped tail.
According to studies, extended ionized gas can be found surrounding IC 4040. This shows increased radial velocities which reaches up between 400 and 800 kilometer per seconds within distance from the nucleus of the galaxy.{{Cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Michitoshi |last2=Yagi |first2=Masafumi |last3=Komiyama |first3=Yutaka |last4=Furusawa |first4=Hisanori |last5=Kashikawa |first5=Nobunari |last6=Hattori |first6=Takashi |last7=Okamura |first7=Sadanori |date=March 2012 |title=KINEMATICS AND EXCITATION OF THE RAM PRESSURE STRIPPED IONIZED GAS FILAMENTS IN THE COMA CLUSTER OF GALAXIES* |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/43 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=749 |issue=1 |pages=43 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/43 |arxiv=1202.1044 |bibcode=2012ApJ...749...43Y |issn=0004-637X}} Not to mention, a low velocity filament is found at the southeastern edge of IC 4040 which exhibits blue continuum and strong Hα emission. The widths exceeds 200 Å and much more compared to 1000 Å for some knots, indicating the intensive activity of star formation. Some of these filaments show signs of shock emission-line spectra suggesting shock heating plays an important function in excitation and ionization of extended ionized gas. IC 4040 also presents a strong radio source compared to galaxies of type E/SO.{{Cite journal |title=1970MNRAS.151....1W Page 1 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|bibcode=1970MNRAS.151....1W |last1=Willson |first1=M. A. G. |date=1970 |volume=151 |page=1 |doi=10.1093/mnras/151.1.1 |doi-access=free }}
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been discovered in IC 4040 so far: PTF11gdh in 2011 and SN 2022jo in 2022.
= <u>PTF11gdh</u> =
PTF11gdh was discovered on June 21, 2011, in IC 4040 by Palomar Transient Factory.{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2011. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2011/index.html#PTF11gdh |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}} The supernova was located 0" east and 0" south of the nucleus. The supernova was Type la.{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Yen-Chen |title=High-velocity Type Ia Supernova Has a Unique Host Environment |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=2020 |volume=895 |issue=1 |pages=L5 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab8e47|doi-access=free |arxiv=2004.14544 |bibcode=2020ApJ...895L...5P }}
= <u>SN 2022jo</u> =
SN 2022jo{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory |url=https://www.swift.psu.edu/toop/too_detail.php?id=16870 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.swift.psu.edu}} was discovered in IC 4040 on January 9, 2022, by a group of astronomers; Chunpeng Bi, Jianlin Xu, Mi Zhang, Jingyuan Zhao, Guoyou Sun, Jiangao Ruan and Wenjie Zhou from Xingming Observatory.{{Cite web |title=SN 2022jo {{!}} Transient Name Server |url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2022jo |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.wis-tns.org}} SN 2022jo was found at Right Ascension (13hr 00min 37s .666) and Declination (+28 degrees 0.3' 25".71). It was located 0".0 east and 0".0 north of the nucleus.{{Cite web |title=Bright Supernovae - 2022. |url=https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2022/index.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.rochesterastronomy.org}} The supernova was Type II.