ISO 15118#Plug & Charge

ISO 15118 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, and is the responsibility of Joint Working Group 1 (JWG1 V2G) of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69)[http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:20:5560942192253::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1255,25 IEC Technical Committee 69] together with subcommittee 31 (SC31)[https://www.iso.org/committee/5383568.html ISO technical committee 22 subcommittee 31] of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Technical Committee 22 (TC22)[https://www.iso.org/committee/46706.html ISO technical committee 22] on road vehicles.

ISO and IEC began working together on the standard in 2010,{{cite web |last1=Mültin |first1=Marc |title=What is ISO 15118? {{!}} Switch |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/what-is-iso-15118 |website=www.switch-ev.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211023123114/https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/what-is-iso-15118 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |date=6 July 2021 |url-status=live}} and a Plug & Charge section was released in 2014. No automakers had a productive implementation of the standard by 2018.{{cite web |last1=Berman |first1=Bradley |date=2020-08-11 |title=ISO EV Plug and Charge standard faces security concerns |url=https://www.sae.org/news/2020/08/iso-ev-plug-and-charge-standard-faces-security-concerns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233411/https://www.sae.org/news/2020/08/iso-ev-plug-and-charge-standard-faces-security-concerns |archive-date=13 August 2020 |website=www.sae.org |publisher=SAE International |language=en}}{{update after|2022|10|3}}

ISO 15118 communication can be secured by a TLS connection between EV and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE){{clarify|EVSE|date=October 2022}}. For the use case Plug&Charge this is even mandatory. The norm{{clarify|date=October 2022}} describes how a needed "V2G-PKI" (vehicle to grid - Public Key Infrastructure) needs to be set up. [https://www.hubject.com Hubject] provided already in 2018 the first productive V2G-PKI{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Hubject & Daimler ermöglichen Laden ohne Karte oder App |url=https://www.electrive.net/2018/04/17/hubject-daimler-ermoeglichen-laden-ohne-karte-oder-app/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=electrive.net |language=de-DE}} and the related ecosystem for EU and US.{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=Plug&Charge: Electrify America kooperiert mit Hubject |url=https://www.electrive.net/2019/01/09/plugcharge-electrify-america-kooperiert-mit-hubject/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=electrive.net |language=de-DE}} The only productive certificate authority for a V2G-PKI is currently operated by Hubject. Several other companies declared work on a V2G-PKI solutions among which CharIn and Gireve. Nevertheless, charge station operators and automakers can also handle the certificates if they are based on the ISO15118 standard.{{cite web |last1=Schaal |first1=Sebastian |author2=Carrie Hampel |date=15 December 2020 |title=Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough |url=https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012123725/https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |archive-date=12 October 2021 |website=electrive.com}}

{{as of|2019}} and 2020, several Public Key Infrastructure issues remained unsolved for using the standard as proposed.{{cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Practical Considerations for Implementation and Scaling ISO 15118 into a Secure EV Charging Ecosystem |url=https://www.chargepoint.com/files/15118whitepaper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084411/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e4f9d80c0af800afd6a8048/t/6009b312cc29ce2d51b1a1d5/1611248404435/Brochure_ISO15118_A4_v12+(1).pdf |archive-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=ChargePoint et al}}{{cite web |title=ChargeUpEurope perspective |url=https://www.chargeupeurope.eu/s/Brochure_ISO15118_A4_v12-1.pdf |publisher=ChargeUpEurope}}{{clarify|what are the unsolved issues?|date=October 2022}}

The user-convenient and secure Plug & Charge feature envisioned with ISO 15118 enables an electric vehicle to automatically identify and authorize itself to a compatible charging station on behalf of the driver, to receive energy for recharging its battery. The only action required by the driver is to plug the charging cable into the EV and/or charging station, because the car and the charger identify themselves to each other by exchanging certificates which were provided beforehand via a certificate pool to facilitate payment.{{cite web |title=Plug&Charge: The missing link to a breakthrough |url=https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |website=electrive.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211026174044/https://www.electrive.com/2020/12/15/plugcharge-the-missing-link-to-a-breakthrough/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |date=15 December 2020 |url-status=live}} An open test system was started{{where|date=October 2022}} in November 2021.{{cite web |title=Hubject launces Plug&Charge testing system |url=https://www.electrive.com/2021/11/17/hubject-launces-plugcharge-testing-system/ |website=electrive.com |date=17 November 2021}} The proposed standard can be used for both wired (AC and DC charging) and wireless charging for electric vehicles.{{cite web |last1=Mültin |first1=Marc |title=The basics of Plug & Charge {{!}} Switch |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/basics-of-plug-and-charge |website=www.switch-ev.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210903151905/https://www.switch-ev.com/knowledgebase/basics-of-plug-and-charge |date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |url-status=live}}

Some EV cars support the Plug & Charge standard, including the model year 2021 Porsche Taycan, Mercedes-Benz EQS,{{Cite web |title=Mercedes EQS: So funktioniert Plug and Charge |url=https://insideevs.de/news/523584/mercedes-eqs-plug-and-charge/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=InsideEVs Deutschland |language=de}} Lucid Air, and Ford Mustang Mach-E.{{cite news |title=How the plug-and-charge feature in the Ford Mustang Mach-E works |work=TechRepublic |date=13 May 2021 |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-the-plug-and-charge-feature-in-the-ford-mustang-mach-e-works/ |access-date=22 October 2021 }} Model year 2024 support includes BMW i4, i5, i7, iX,{{Cite web |title= Plug and Charge Eligibility |url=https://www.bmwusa.com/modals/plug-and-charge.html/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=BMW USA|language=en}} Ioniq 5(2025) and Hyundai Ioniq 6.{{Cite web |title=Plug & Charge with Charge myHyundai makes EV charging more convenient and secure |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/plug-and-charge-with-charge-myhyundai.html/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Hyundai News |language=en}}

Other electric vehicles could possibly be updated to support the standard, including the Volkswagen ID.4.{{Cite web |title=Convenient, networked and sustainable: new solutions for charging electric Volkswagen models |url=https://www.volkswagen-newsroom.com:443/en/press-releases/convenient-networked-and-sustainable-new-solutions-for-charging-electric-volkswagen-models-7695 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Volkswagen Newsroom |language=en}} Some cars need hardware updates.

All Tesla vehicles since 2012 (before the release of ISO 15118-2 in 2014) have a proprietary version of Plug & Charge. Other proprietary solutions exist, such as those developed by Paua.{{cite web |last1=Grundy |first1=Alice |date=2021-08-17 |title=Paua heralds plug & charge as the 'future of EV charging' as it delivers successful trial |url=https://www.current-news.co.uk/news/paua-heralds-plug-charge-as-the-future-of-ev-charging-as-it-delivers-successful-trial-1 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Current News }}{{Cite web |title=Paua {{!}} Making EV charging easier for business |url=https://www.paua.com/article/paua-plug-charge |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.paua.com |language=en}}

Besides Tesla, alternatives to Plug & Charge exist including "AutoCharge" based on DIN Spec 70121 (Combined Charging System - CCS){{cite web |title=DIN SPEC 70121. Electromobility - Digital communication between a d.c. EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of d.c. charging in the Combined Charging System (CCS)|url=https://www.en-standard.eu/din-spec-70121-electromobility-digital-communication-between-a-d-c-ev-charging-station-and-an-electric-vehicle-for-control-of-d-c-charging-in-the-combined-charging-system-text-in-english/ |publisher=European Standards |access-date=1 February 2022}}{{Cite web |title=The battle between ISO 15118 and DIN SPEC 70121 {{!}} Switch |url=https://www.switch-ev.com/news-and-events/the-battle-between-iso-15118-and-din-spec-70121 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.switch-ev.com}} using the car's fixed MAC address. For the end-user, the functionality is similar but tied to the specific operator and their charging rates. Autocharge has been used for many years i.e. at the charging stations of Fastned. In the market, Autocharge is considered a less secure mechanism than Plug & Charge because the missing certificate chain. Cars from the Volkswagen Group even have had a software update to 'break' this functionality. While Autocharge worked flawlessly at the launch of the ID.3 model, Volkswagen decided they to switch to variable MAC addresses and therefor these cars cannot be used anymore to enable AutoCharge. Some say this is for commercial reasons because the Volkswagen Group heavily invested in Plug & Charge. If Autocharge would become a big success then the need for the development of Plug&Charge would be minimized. {{cite web |last1=Klingenberg |first1=Mathias |title=Teknologien kan gi en Tesla-opplevelse ved ladestasjonen. Men en av verdens største bilprodusenter vil ikke være med |url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/denne-teknologien-kan-gi-tesla-opplevelsen-ved-ladestasjonen-men-en-stor-bilprodusent-glimrer-med-sitt-fravaer/520185 |website=Tu.no |publisher=Teknisk Ukeblad |language=no |date=20 June 2022 }}

ISO 15118 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate standard documents:

• ISO 15118-1: General information and use-case definition{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html |title=ISO 15118-1:2019 Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface -- Part 1: General information and use-case definition |website=ISO |date=April 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190826041637/https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html |archivedate=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}
• ISO 15118-2: Network and application protocol requirements{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/53/55366.html |title=ISO 15118-2:2014|website=ISO}}
• ISO 15118-3: Physical and data link layer requirements{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/96/59675.html |title=ISO 15118-3:2015|website=ISO}}
• ISO 15118-4: Network and application protocol conformance test
• ISO 15118-5: Physical and data link layer conformance test{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/17/61725.html |title=ISO 15118-5:2018|website=ISO}}
• ISO/DIS 15118-6: General information and use-case definition for wireless communication (out of commission, merged with 2nd edition of ISO 15118-1){{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/search.html |title=Search|website=ISO}}
• ISO/CD 15118-7: Network and application protocol requirements for wireless communication (out of commission, moved to ISO/DIS 15118–20)
• ISO 15118-8: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for wireless communication{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/29/62984.html |title=ISO 15118-8:2018|website=ISO}}
• ISO 15118-10: Physical layer and data link layer requirements for single-pair Ethernet{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/85604.html |title=ISO/DIS 15118-10|website=ISO|language=en|access-date=2024-09-18}}
• ISO 15118-20: 2nd generation network and application protocol requirements{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/78/77845.html |title=ISO/DIS 15118-20|website=ISO|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15}}

The ISO 15118 is also used as communication protocol for charging of heavy duty vehicles as:

• Harbor Automated Guided Vehicles https://www.globalpsa.com/assets/uploads/nr160620.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}
• Public transportation {{Cite web |title=Electric transport in the Netherlands - 2016 highlights |url=https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/04/Highlights-2016-Electric-transport-in-the-Netherlands-RVO.nl_.pdf |publisher=Netherlands Enterprise Agency}}

When using the ISO 15118 in a commercial operation the use of WLAN (ISO 15118-8) must be considered carefully since there is no way to guarantee operation uptime when using wireless communication based on WLAN.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} For these situations the same protocol as for passenger car charging can be used (ISO 15118-2).

{{Reflist}}

• Combined Charging System (CCS)
• IEC 61850 - Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations
• IEC 61851 - Standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems
• IEC 63110 - Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructure
• OCPP - An application protocol for communication between Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and a central management system, also known as a charging station network

{{List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards}}

{{Electric vehicles}}

#15118