Combined Charging System

The revival of interest in electric cars in the 1990s spurred deployment of charging stations. Initially, these accessed the abundant AC mains electricity using a variety of plugs around the world. From 2003, the standardization in IEC 62196 of higher-current charging connectors brought about various systems: Type 1 was used primarily in North America and Japan, and Type 2 variants elsewhere. For DC charging, the SAE and European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) made a plan in 2011 to add common DC wires to the existing AC connector types such that there would be only one "global envelope" that fitted all DC charging stations.{{cite web|url=https://www.acea.auto/files/charging_20110511.pdf |title=ACEA position and recommendations for the standardization of the charging of electrically chargeable vehicles|date=2011-03-02|publisher=ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202043526/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/charging_20110511.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-02}}

File:CCSCombo2.svg

File:720 kW ccs charger.jpg

The proposal for a "Combined Charging System" (CCS) was published at the 15th International VDI-Congress (Association of German Engineers) on 12 October 2011 in Baden-Baden. CCS defines a single connector pattern on the vehicle side that offers enough space for a Type 1 or Type 2 connector, along with space for a two-pin DC connector allowing charging at up to 200{{nbsp}}amps. Seven car makers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Porsche and Volkswagen) agreed in late 2011 to introduce CCS in mid-2012.{{cite web|url= http://www.auto123.com/en/news/universal-charging-for-electric-cars?artid=136620 |title=Universal charging for electric cars|publisher=Auto123.com |date=2011-11-15}}{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=35430|title=Seven Auto Manufacturers Collaborate on Harmonized Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Solution|publisher=Ford|access-date=2012-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308181718/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=35430|archive-date=2012-03-08|url-status=dead}}| In May 2012, ACEA endorsed the standardization of the Combo 2 connector across the European Union.{{cite press release |url=https://www.acea.auto/files/Updated_ACEA_position_on_charging_ECVs.pdf |title=[Updated] ACEA position and recommendations for the standardization of the charging of electrically chargeable vehicles |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=European Automobile Manufacturers' Association |access-date=16 August 2021}} ACEA were joined later that month by the European Association of Automotive Suppliers (CLEPA) and The Union of the Electricity Industry (EURELECTRIC).{{cite press release |url=https://www.acea.auto/files/ACEA-CLEPA-EURELECTRIC_press_release_FINAL.pdf |title=ACEA, CLEPA and EURELECTRIC promote single standard for charging electrically-chargeable vehicles |date=25 May 2012 |publisher=European Automobile Manufacturers' Association |access-date=16 August 2021}} Also that month, prototype implementations for up to 100 kW were shown at EVS26 in Los Angeles.{{cite web|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/de/pressemitteilungen/2012/05/03/weltweit_taetige_automobilhersteller.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217191318/https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/de/pressemitteilungen/2012/05/03/weltweit_taetige_automobilhersteller.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-17|title=Weltweit tätige Automobilhersteller zeigen Schnellladen an Elektrofahrzeugen auf der EVS26|publisher=Volkswagen AG|date=2012-05-03|access-date=2012-05-08}} DC charging specifications in IEC 62196-3 (2014) give a range up to 125 A at up to 850 V.{{cite web|url=https://www.phoenixcontact.com/assets/downloads_ed/global/web_dwl_promotion/Bro_E-Mobility_Eng_low.pdf|publisher=Phoenix Contact|title=Solutions for E-Mobility|year=2013|access-date=2015-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085429/https://www.phoenixcontact.com/assets/downloads_ed/global/web_dwl_promotion/Bro_E-Mobility_Eng_low.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}

The seven auto makers also agreed in 2011 to use HomePlug GreenPHY as the communication protocol.{{cite web|url=http://www.renewgridmag.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.7457|title=Seven Automakers Agree On Combined EV Charging System|date=2011-10-12|access-date=2012-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201145648/http://www.renewgridmag.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.7457|archive-date=2014-02-01|url-status=dead}} The prototype for the matching plug was developed by Phoenix Contact with the goal to withstand 10,000 connect cycles.{{cite web|url=http://www.energy20.net/pi/index.php?StoryID=253&articleID=208606|title=E-Mobility "Two In One"|publisher=EuE24|at=Interview with Phoenix Contact|date=April 2012|access-date=2012-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033406/http://www.energy20.net/pi/index.php?StoryID=253&articleID=208606|archive-date=2014-02-03|url-status=dead}} The standardization proposal was sent to the IEC in January 2011.{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/deutschland/article/detail/T0122497DE/combined-charging:-das-universelle-ladesystem-fuer-elektrofahrzeuge-wird-erstmals-an-fahrzeugen-deutscher-hersteller-gezeigt?language=de|title=Combined Charging: das universelle Ladesystem für Elektrofahrzeuge wird erstmals an Fahrzeugen deutscher Hersteller gezeigt.|date=2011-10-11|access-date=2012-04-09|publisher=BMW Group}} The request to use a PLC{{Clarify|date=February 2025}} protocol for Vehicle2Grid communication was made in September 2009 in a joint presentation of BMW, Daimler and VW at a California Air Resources Board ZEV Technology Symposium.{{cite web|url= http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/emobility-harmonize-20090926.html |title=BMW, Daimler and VW Propose Global e-mobility Standardization on Vehicle2Grid Communication, Harmonization of Chargers|date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2012-04-09}} This competed with the CAN bus proposal from Japan (including CHAdeMO) and China (GB/T 20234.3, a separate DC connector standard), and none of their car manufacturers had signed up to CCS. However, China had been involved in early stages of the development of the extra DC pins.

Volkswagen built the first public CCS quick-charge station, providing 50 kW DC, in Wolfsburg in June 2013 to test drive the VW E-Up that was to be delivered with a DC rapid charger connector for CCS.{{cite web|url=http://www.landesinitiative-mobilitaet.de/neuigkeiten/laden.html|title=Erste öffentliche 50 KW DC Schnellladesäule auf der e-Mobility-Station in Wolfsburg eingeweiht|date=2013-06-20|publisher=Landesinitiative Elektromobilität Niedersachsen|access-date=2013-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627232855/http://www.landesinitiative-mobilitaet.de/neuigkeiten/laden.html|archive-date=2013-06-27|url-status=dead}} Two weeks later, BMW opened its first CCS rapid charge station to support the BMW i3.{{cite web|url= https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/de/pressDetail.html?title=schnellladestation-an-der-bmw-welt-er%C3%B6ffnet-dank-der-neuen-schnelllade-technologie-werden-die&outputChannelId=7&id=T0143439DE&left_menu_item=node__2379 |title=Schnellladestation an der BMW Welt eröffnet.|date=2013-07-04 |access-date=2013-07-09 |publisher=BMW Group|at=press release}} Since at least the second EV World Summit in June 2013, the CHAdeMO association, Volkswagen and Nissan all advocate multi-standard DC chargers, as the additional cost of a dual-protocol station is only 5%.{{cite web|url=http://www.chademo.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2013-06-11EVSummit.pdf|title=2013 World EV Summint in Norway – Chademo, Nissan and Volkswagen align on promoting multi-standard fast chargs to accelerate infrastructure deployment and EV adoption|date=2013-06-11|access-date=2013-07-09|publisher=Chademo Association Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925103222/http://www.chademo.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2013-06-11EVSummit.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-25|url-status=dead}}

Since 2014, the European Union has required the provision of {{nowrap|Type 2}} or {{nowrap|Combo 2}} within the European electric vehicle charging network.

In Germany, the Charging Interface Initiative e. V. (CharIN) was founded by car makers and suppliers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Mennekes, Opel, Phoenix Contact, Porsche, TÜV SÜD and Volkswagen) to promote the adoption of CCS. They noted in a press release that most cars could not charge faster than 50 kW, so that was the first common power output of CCS stations to be built during 2015. The next step was the standardization of stations with 150 kW output that they showed in October 2015, looking to a future system with 350 kW output.{{cite web|url=http://www.charinev.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/20151014_PR_CharIN_ELIV_EN.pdf|title=CharIN e. V. demonstrates the next level of electric vehicle fast charging|date=2015-10-14|access-date=2015-12-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Volvo joined CharIN in 2016;{{cite web |url= http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/bilar/elbil/article3966190.ece |title= Volvo Cars ger en känga åt Tesla |access-date= 2016-03-15 |archive-date= 2016-03-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160318095927/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/bilar/elbil/article3966190.ece |url-status= dead }} Tesla in March 2016;{{cite web|url= http://www.charinev.org/news-detail/news/charin-e-v-welcomes-member-tesla-motors/ |title=CharIN e. V. welcomes member Tesla Motors|date= 2016-11-09 }} Lucid Motors (previously Atieva) June 2016;{{cite web|url= http://charinev.org/news-detail/news/charin-e-v-welcomes-atieva-inc/ |title=CharIN e. V. welcomes Atieva Inc. |date=2016-11-09}} Faraday Future June 2016; and Toyota in March 2017.{{cite web|url=http://charinev.org/news-detail/news/toyota-motor-europe-joins-charin-ev/ |title=Toyota Motor Europe joins CharIN e.V. |publisher=CharIN |access-date=31 March 2017}}

In the United States, BMW and VW stated in April 2016 that the East Coast and West Coast corridors had "complete" CCS networks.{{cite news |date=14 September 2016 |title=DC fast-charging in east, west coast corridors done, say VW, BMW |work=Green Car Reports |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1106098_dc-fast-charging-in-east-west-coast-corridors-done-say-vw-bmw |access-date=20 April 2019}} As part of the 2016 settlement of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, VW committed to spend US$2 billion in the United States over the following 10 years on CCS and other charging infrastructure through subsidiary company Electrify America.{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/volkswagen-group-dieselgate-settlement-includes-2-billion-investment-towards-electric-cars/|title=Volkswagen Dieselgate Settlement Includes $2 Billion Investment Towards Electric Cars}} In this effort, charging stations would be built with up to 150 kW at community-based locations and with up to 350 kW at highway locations. Besides CCS, CHAdeMO charging stations were to be constructed.{{cite web |url=https://www.electrifyamerica.com/our-plan |title=Our Plan|website=electrify america |access-date=16 July 2018}}

In November 2016, Ford, Mercedes, Audi, Porsche and BMW announced they would build a 350 kW (up to 500 A and 920 V) charge network (IONITY) with 400 stations in Europe,{{cite web|url= https://electrek.co/2016/11/29/ultra-fast-charging-electric-car-network-bmw-mercedes-ford-vw/ |title=5 major automakers join forces to deploy 400 ultra-fast (350 kW) charging stations for electric vehicles in Europe|date= 2016-11-29 |work=Electrek |access-date= 2016-11-29 |last1=Lambert |first1=Fred }} at a cost of €200,000 ($220,000) each.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-electricity-autos-charging/carmakers-plan-400-europe-car-charging-stations-by-2020-idUSKBN1D30GW|title=Carmakers plan 400 Europe car charging stations by 2020|date=2017-03-11|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-05-04}} Most electric cars have a battery pack voltage below 400 volts. With a maximum charge current of 500 A, up to 220 kW charging is possible.

{{anchor|History 400 kW charging}}

EVSE manufacturers offer CCS chargers capable of outputs beyond 350 kW. The Terra 360{{cite web|url=https://new.abb.com/ev-charging/terra-360|title=Terra 360|access-date=2023-06-24 }} from ABB supports up to 360 kW charging.

CCS chargers capable of 400 kW charging include:

• The Axon Easy 400{{cite web | url=https://ekoenergetyka.com.pl/products/axon-easy-400/ | title=Axon Easy 400 - DC Charging Station All-in-One }} from Ekoenergetyka
• The HYC400{{cite web|url=https://www.hypercharger.it/hyc400/|title=HYC400 - hypercharger|access-date=2023-06-24 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbgChK9VDjI|title=HYC400|website=YouTube |date=26 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-24 }} from Alpitronic
• The Troniq High Power{{cite web|url=https://evbox.com/en/ev-chargers/troniq-high-power|title=EVBox Troniq High Power|access-date=2023-06-24 }} from EVBox
• The Raption 400 HPC{{cite web|url=https://circontrol.com/ev-charging/dc-fast-chargers/raption-400-hpc/|title=Raption 400 HPC|access-date=2023-06-24 }} from Circontrol
• The 400 kW DP + 600 kW PC{{cite web|url=https://sksignet.us/distributed/400kw-dp--600kw-pc|title=SK Signet 400kW DP + 600kW PC|access-date=2023-06-24 }} from SK Signet
• The Liquid Cooled Satellite{{cite web |title=Kempower Liquid Cooled Satellite |url=https://kempower.com/solution/liquid-cooled-satellite/ |website=Kempower |access-date=27 June 2023}}{{cite web |title=Kempower boosts the electrification of heavy-duty vehicles by launching liquid-cooled satellite charger |url=https://kempower.com/news/kempower-boosts-the-electrification-of-heavy-duty-vehicles-by-launching-liquid-cooled-satellite-charger/ |website=Kempower |access-date=27 June 2023}} from Kempower

In October 2019, Repsol deployed 400 kW CCS chargers near the A-8 motorway at Abanto-Zierbena, Biscay, Spain.{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/news/375020/repsol-most-powerful-charging-station-europe/|title=Repsol Launches The Most Powerful Charging Station In Europe: 400 kW|date=2019-10-08|work=InsideEVs|access-date=2023-06-24 }}

In May 2022, EUROLOOP announced 720 kW charger WILLBERT Amber II S-HUB to be deployed in 2023 across Belgium.{{Cite web |title=EUROLOOP on LinkedIn: #ev #evcharging #dccharging #fastcharger #sustainablitity |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/eurolooptech_ev-evcharging-dccharging-activity-6933040051274563584-aKcF |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}

In December 2022, Fastned deployed EVBox Troniq High Power 400 kW chargers in De Watering, The Netherlands, along the A8 near Oostzaan as part of its charging network.{{cite web|url=https://fastnedcharging.com/hq/fastned-and-evbox-join-forces-to-install-one-of-the-first-400-kw-ev-fast-chargers-in-europe/|title=Fastned and EVBox join forces to install one of the first 400 kW EV fast chargers in Europe|date=2022-12-21|work=FastNed|access-date=2023-06-24 }}

{{anchor|History 700 kW charging}}

In April 2023, Nxu demonstrated a battery-backed, 700 kW CCS charger{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mm5shAEITA0|title=Nxu Mobile 700kW DC Fast Charger! Initial Stress Test Day Of This Insanely High Power Unit|work=Out of Spec Reviews|date=2023-04-26|access-date=2023-06-24 }} in Mesa, Arizona.

In May 2023, Shell opened a new station{{cite web |last1=Nyland |first1=Bjørn |title=Brand new Shell Lohnelier with 2400 kW Kempower charging, PV and more |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qR2M5W6saAk |website=YouTube |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-27}} with 400 kW Kempower chargers in Lonelier outside Kristiansand, Norway.

{{anchor|History 990 kW charging}}

In June 2023, XC Power opened a station with QiOn Technology at Supercool Mobility Centers, a group of chargers with main power up to 990 kW with non-cooled CCS1 (up to 240 kW), and a charging station with liquid cooling system, up to 990 kW in Puebla City, Mexico. {{Cite web |title=Inauguran en México la estación de carga más veloz del mundo para autos eléctricos |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/inauguran-en-mexico-la-estacion-de-carga-mas-veloz-del-mundo-para-autos-electricos/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Forbes |language=es}}

In first half of 2023, both Ford and General Motors announced that they would transition their North American EV lines from CCS1 to the NACS charge connector beginning with the 2025 model year.{{cite news |title=Tesla's NACS enjoys domino effect as EV charging companies adopt the standard |url=https://electrek.co/2023/06/09/tesla-nacs-domino-ev-charging-companies-adopting-standard/ |last=Lambert|first=Fred |work=Electrek |date=9 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023}} These company moves to a competing charging standard prompted a response from the Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN) association, which promotes the CCS standard. They pointed out in June 2023 that "NACS is not a published or recognized standard by any standards body. For any technology to become a standard it has to go through due process in a standards development organization, such as ISO, IEC, and/or SAE."{{Cite web |title=Ford Switch To Tesla Charging Standard Annoys CCS Alliance |url=https://insideevs.com/news/670644/charin-ford-switch-tesla-nacs-charging-standard/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=InsideEVs |language=en}} A week later, SAE announced that it had standardized the NACS connector.[https://www.sae.org/news/press-room/2023/06/sae-international-announces-standard-for-nacs-connector SAE International Announces Standard for NACS Connector, Charging PKI and Infrastructure Reliability] - SAE, 27 June 2023

File:Electric car charging (ACEA terminology).svg

The Combined Charging System is meant to develop with the needs of the customer. Version 1.0 covered the currently common features of AC and DC charging, and version 2.0 addressed the near to midterm future. The specifications and underlying standards for CCS 1.0 and CCS 2.0 are described for DC charging in Table 1{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} and for AC charging in Table 2.{{Cite web|url=http://www.charinev.org/ccs-at-a-glance/ccs-specification/ | date = 2017-09-26 | language=en| access-date=2017-11-17| title = Combined Charging System Specification | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212092513/http://www.charinev.org/ccs-at-a-glance/ccs-specification/ | archive-date = 2018-02-12}}

The automotive manufacturers supporting CCS committed themselves to migrate to CCS 2.0 in 2018.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Thus it is recommended for charging station manufacturers to also support CCS 2.0 from 2018 onwards.

The specifications of CCS 3.0 were not yet precisely defined{{as of?|date=April 2019}}. All features of previous versions shall be preserved to ensure backward compatibility. Potential additional features include:{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

• Reverse power transfer
• Inductive charging
• Wireless charging communication
• Bus charging with "pantograph" current collector

Unlike the connector and inlet, which depend on the geographical location, the charging communication is the same around the globe. Generally two types of communication can be differentiated.

• Basic signaling (BS) is done using a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal which is transferred over the control pilot (CP) contact according to IEC 61851-1. This communication is used for safety-related functions, indicating for example if the connector is plugged in, before contacts are made live (or energized) and if both charging station and electric vehicle are ready for charging. AC charging is possible using the PWM signal only. In this case the charging station uses the duty cycle of the PWM to inform the onboard charger of the maximum available current at the charging station (A pulse width of 5% indicates that HLC shall be used).
• High-level communication (HLC) is done by modulating a high-frequency signal over the CP contact (also known as Power Line Communication or PLC) to transfer more complex information, which may be used e.g. for DC charging or for other services such as "plug and charge" or load balancing. High-level communication is based on the standard DIN SPEC 70121 and the ISO/IEC 15118-series.

CCS differentiates between two methods of load balancing.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

• Reactive load balancing allows changing the energy flow from Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) to EV instantaneously to a specific limit.
• Scheduled load balancing supports reactive load balancing and additionally a planning of the energy flow from EVSE to EV with e.g. different power limits and cost indicators over time. It may for example be used to optimize energy distribution in a smart grid.

For charge authorization, generally two approaches are foreseen.{{by whom|date=April 2019}}

• With "plug and charge", the user plugs in their vehicle and an automated authentication and authorization process is started without any further user interaction. Payment is performed automatically.
• With "external payment", the user has to identify with an RFID card at the terminal, or conduct a payment with a payment card, before they can proceed with charging.

{{See also|SAE J1772|Type 2 connector}}

{{multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal |caption_align=center |title=CCS Combo connectors

|image1=J1772 (CCS1).svg

|width1=104

|caption1=Combo 1

|image2=IEC 62196 Type 2 (M, DC, CCS Combo 2).svg

|width2=118

|caption2=Combo 2

|footer=Displayed approximately to scale.}}

The vehicle coupler is composed of the vehicle connector, which is mounted at the end of a flexible cable, and the vehicle inlet, the counterpart of the connector, which is located within the vehicle. The CCS couplers were based on the Type 1 coupler, the North American standard, and Type 2 coupler, the European standard, as described in IEC 62196-2. One of the challenges of the Combined Charging System was to develop a vehicle inlet which is compatible with both the existing AC vehicle connectors and additional DC contacts. For both Type 1 and Type 2 this has been accomplished by extending the inlet with two additional DC contacts below the existing AC and communication contacts. The resulting new configurations are commonly known as Combo 1 and Combo 2.

For the DC vehicle connector, the implementation varies slightly between Combo 1 and Combo 2. In the case of Combo 1 the connector is extended by two DC contacts, while the Type 1 portion of the connector remains the same with the AC contacts (L1 & N) being unused. For Combo 2 the AC contacts (L1, L2, L3 & N) are completely removed from the connector and therefore the Type 2 portion of the connector has only three contacts remaining – two communication contacts and a protective earth. The vehicle inlet may retain AC contacts to allow non-CCS AC charging.

In both cases, communication and protective earth functions are covered by the original Type 1 or 2 portion of the connector. The Type 1 and Type 2 connectors are described in IEC 62196-2, while the Combo 1 and Combo 2 connectors are described in IEC 62196-3 as Configurations EE and FF.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

{{clear}}

{{main|Megawatt Charging System}}

As vehicle couplers for DC charging according to IEC 62196-3:2014 Ed.1 allow DC charging only with currents up to 200 A, they do not sufficiently cover the needs of the future charging infrastructure. Consequently, a later edition of the standard supports currents of up to 500 A. Such high currents, however, either require large cable cross-sections, leading to heavy and stiff cables, or require cooling if thinner cables are desired. In addition, contact resistance leads to more heat dissipation. To cope with these technical issues, the standard IEC TS 62196-3-1 describes the requirements for high-power DC couplers including thermal sensing, cooling and silver-plating of contacts.{{Cite web |title=IEC - SC 23H Dashboard > Projects / Publications: Work programme, Publications, Stability Dates, Project files |url=https://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:23:9087749439920::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1426,25 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=www.iec.ch}} CharIN are investigating versions over 2 MW for electric trucks, and equipment is being tested.{{cite web |title=CharIN Develops Super Powerful Charger With Over 2 MW Of Power |url=https://insideevs.com/news/372749/charin-hpccv-over-2-mw-power/ |website=InsideEVs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811031453/https://insideevs.com/news/372749/charin-hpccv-over-2-mw-power/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |language=en |date=26 September 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=NREL & CharIN Test Out Megawatt Charging System In USA |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/10/13/nrel-charin-test-out-megawatt-charging-system-in-usa/ |website=CleanTechnica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016194313/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/10/13/nrel-charin-test-out-megawatt-charging-system-in-usa/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |date=13 October 2020 |url-status=live}}

The Combined Charging System is primarily driven by European and North American car manufacturers. Type 1 and Combo 1 chargers are primarily found in North and Central America, Korea and Taiwan, while Type 2 and Combo 2 can be found in Europe, South America, South Africa, Arabia, India, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Oceania and Australia. For DC charging the competing standard GB/T 20234-2015 is used in China, while Japan uses CHAdeMO.

In the European Union, according to Directive 2014/94/EU{{cite report |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014L0094&from=en |title=Directive 2014/94/EU |date=22 October 2014 |publisher=European Parliament |quote=Appendix II … Technical specifications for recharging points … Direct current (DC) high power recharging points for electric vehicles shall be equipped, for interoperability purposes, at least with connectors of the combined charging system 'Combo 2' as described in standard EN 62196-3. |format=on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure}} all high-power DC charging points installed after November 18, 2017, were to be equipped for interoperability purposes at least with Combo 2 connectors.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} However, this does not prohibit the provision of other charging points using e.g. CHAdeMO or AC Rapid.

Until 2024,{{cite web |title=U.S. share of electric and hybrid vehicle sales increased in the second quarter of 2024 - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=64127 |website=www.eia.gov |access-date=18 March 2025 |date=27 December 2024}} the majority{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Kelley Blue Book Electric Vehicle Sales Report for Q4, 2022 |url=https://www.coxautoinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kelley-Blue-Book-EV-Sales-and-Data-Report-for-Q4-2022.pdf}} of EVs sold in the United States were made by Tesla and did not natively support CCS charging. Tesla used a proprietary connector from the early-2010s through 2022, though newer Tesla cars also support CCS with a separately sold adapter.{{cite report|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014L0094&from=en|title=Directive 2014/94/EU|publisher=European Parliament|date=22 October 2014|format=on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure|quote=Appendix II … Technical specifications for recharging points … Direct current (DC) high power recharging points for electric vehicles shall be equipped, for interoperability purposes, at least with connectors of the combined charging system 'Combo 2' as described in standard EN 62196-3.|access-date=2022-07-07}} In November 2022, Tesla renamed its previously proprietary charging connector to the North American Charging Standard (NACS), making the specifications available to other EV manufacturers and allowing it to support the same signalling standard as CCS.{{cite news |last=Shakir|first=Umar |date=11 November 2022 |title=Tesla opens up its charging connector in a bid to become the North American standard |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/11/23453587/tesla-connector-north-american-standard-ccs-combo |access-date=5 December 2022 |work=The Verge }}{{cite news |title=Tesla Aims To Fix American EV Charging Infrastructure With The North American Charging Standard |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/tesla-aims-to-fix-american-ev-charging-infrastructure-with-the-north-american-charging-standard/ar-AA1416HJ |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022 |work=MSN }}{{Cite press release |title=Opening the North American Charging Standard |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/opening-north-american-charging-standard |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=Tesla |location=US}}

In 2023, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Rivian announced that they would use NACS instead of CCS connectors on all future North American BEV models. Vehicles will initially come with an adapter in 2024, but new models starting from 2025 would be built with native NACS ports.{{cite news |last1=Halvorson |first1=Bengt |title=Ford adopts Tesla charge port for future EVs|url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1139760_ford-tesla-supercharger-nacs-future-evs |access-date=27 May 2023 |publisher=Green Car Reports |date=25 May 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Wayland |first=Michael |date=2023-06-08 |title=GM to use Tesla charging network, joining Ford in leveraging the EV leader's tech |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/08/gm-tesla-partner-on-ev-charging-network.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Rivian Accelerates Electrification through Adoption of North American Charging Standard and Access to Tesla's Supercharger Network for Rivian Drivers |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230620267452/en/Rivian-Accelerates-Electrification-through-Adoption-of-North-American-Charging-Standard-and-Access-to-Tesla%E2%80%99s-Supercharger-Network-for-Rivian-Drivers |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}} Subsequently, other EV companies signed agreements for native NACS adoption, including Aptera, BMW Group, Fisker, Honda, Hyundai Motor Group, Jaguar, Lucid, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Polestar, Subaru, Toyota, and Volvo. Many major charging networks and charging equipment suppliers also announced support for NACS, including EVgo, FLO, ABB E-Mobility, and EverCharge. NACS was subsequently ratified internationally as standard SAE J3400.

This has led to predictions that CCS1 will soon be obsolete, as it is bigger, heavier and more expensive than NACS.{{Cite web |last=Agatie |first=Cristian |date=2023-06-11 |title=The CCS Charging Standard Is on Life Support, Only Federal Subsidies Are Keeping It Alive |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-ccs-charging-standard-is-on-life-support-only-federal-subsidies-are-keeping-it-alive-216348.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=In Two Weeks, Tesla, Ford, And GM May Have Killed The CCS1 Charging Standard |url=https://insideevs.com/news/671343/tesla-ford-gm-killed-ccs1-charging-standard/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=InsideEVs |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Templeton |first=Brad |title=GM joins Ford To Switch To Tesla Charging, Killing CCS. Should Tesla Just Run All Charging? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradtempleton/2023/06/09/gm-joins-ford-to-switch-to-tesla-charging-killing-ccs--should-tesla-just-run-all-charging/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=William |date=2022-11-19 |title=Sandy Munro analyzes Tesla charging connector: 'lighter, more cost efficient' |url=https://www.teslarati.com/sandy-munro-analyzes-tesla-charging-connector/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=George |first=Patrick|date=2023-10-06 |title=Hyundai Just Handed Tesla The Win In The Charging Wars|url=https://insideevs.com/news/690142/hyundai-tesla-nacs-win/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Inside EVs|language=en-US}}

Hilton Worldwide announced an agreement with Tesla to install 20,000 EVSEs across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.{{cite web| url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tesla-to-supply-hilton-hotels-with-20-000-ev-chargers-by-2025-1.1968375| title=Tesla to Supply Hilton Hotels with 20,000 EV Chargers by 2025| website=BNN Bloomberg| date=7 September 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005181456/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tesla-to-supply-hilton-hotels-with-20-000-ev-chargers-by-2025-1.1968375| archive-date=5 October 2023| access-date=9 September 2023| url-status=live}}

In many other countries no standard is preferred yet, although CharIN recommended advanced Type 2 and Combo 2 in 2018.{{Cite web |title=CharIN Worldmap |url=https://www.charinev.org/fileadmin/Downloads/Papers_and_Regulations/CharIN_One_Pager_Connectors_used_worldwide.pdf}}

{{reflist|2}}

• [https://www.charinev.org/ Charging Interface Initiative] (CharIN)

{{Electric vehicles}}

Category:DC power connectors

Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry

Category:Automotive standards

Category:Charging stations

Category:2011 introductions