Iguape

The extinct unclassified Jaguanan language was formerly spoken by indigenous peoples in Iguape.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

Because of its location, close to the limits established by the Tordesillas Treaty, the Iguape region was the stage for constant disputes among Portuguese, Spanish, and French pirates who landed there in order to refill their vessels or to trade in their goods. The foundation of Iguape is sometimes attributed to Rui Garcia de Mosquera, a Spanish navigator and colonizer who established a good relationship with the Tupiniquin Indians.

In another unproved account, in 1498 a Spanish group landed in the region giving the name Iguape to a tiny village, in reference to a local Indian name for a common regional plant. Some years later, a French pirate vessel attacked Iguape and set fire to the village, destroying all official documentation. The veracity of those events is unknown, but there is no doubt that the first years of Iguape's history were strongly influenced by the presence of the Spanish.

With the discovery of gold at the end of the 16th century, Iguape was increasingly visited by adventurers searching for gold along the rivers. In 1635, there already existed the so-called "Casa da Oficina Real", the first money producing institution in Brazil (today Iguape's local museum). The discovery of gold at Serra da Paranapiacaba, in the interior of Vale do Ribeira, intensified the navigation of the Ribeira de Iguape River resulting in the formation of new villages such as Registro, Eldorado Paulista, Iporanga, Jacupiranga and Sete Barras.

Around 1780, the gold cycle had come to an end and many families left the region.

Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 18th century the fertile grounds of the Ribeira valley were converted into large rice plantations. The rice, of an excellent quality, was intensively commercialized in Iguape and from there exported to Europe.

From 1820 to 1900, Iguape experienced a period of great prosperity reaching its economic peak. Five rice factories were working day and night, filling on average 10 large vessels per week. Banks were financing the business, six newspapers were circulated in the city, and France maintained a permanent consulate in the city. The population was accustomed to attending shows from Europe.

At that time, Iguape was as important as Rio de Janeiro or Salvador.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Consequently, the city had no difficulties in obtaining the necessary resources for the construction of one of the biggest and most controversial hydraulic installations on the Brazilian coast: the "Valo Grande" channel.

Aside from rice, other products from the Ribeira valley were transported by boat to a river port on the shore of the Ribeira river, close to Iguape, and from there by donkeys or carts to the ocean harbor, where they were loaded into big ships. To facilitate and cheapen transport, Iguape obtained permission from emperor D. Pedro II to build a 4 km long and 2 m wide channel, connecting the river port with the ocean port. The request was approved by D. Pedro and after hard work (by enslaved workers) the canal was concluded in 1855.

While meant to improve Iguape's economic conditions, the result was disastrous. The voluminous waters of the river, now with a shorter connection to the sea, washed away the sandy banks of the river, destroying both ports. Trade collapsed, resulting in rapid economic deterioration of the region. Most people had to leave Iguape, and those who decided to stay experienced serious difficulties, surviving by fishing and shrimping, much reduced in the coastal waters due to the large influx of fresh water.

Iguape is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast, at the delta of the Ribeira de Iguape River.

The municipality contains 86% of the {{convert|84,425|ha}} Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, a strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Forest created in 1986.{{citation|ref={{harvid|ESEC Juréia-Itatins – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=ESEC Juréia-Itatins|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/589577|access-date=2016-07-19}}

It contains the {{convert|2700|ha}} Chauás Ecological Station, created in 1987.{{citation|ref={{harvid|ESEC dos Chauás – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=ESEC dos Chauás|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/585432|access-date=2016-11-17}}

It also contains the {{convert|1828|ha}} Prelado State Park, created in 2006.{{citation|ref={{harvid|PES do Prelado – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=PES do Prelado|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/593087|access-date=2016-07-20}}

The state park is just west of the Juréia Massif, an isolated group of mountains on the coast separated from the Serra dos Itatins by a sandy plain and the Una do Prelado River.{{citation |language=pt |title=Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station |year=2014 |last1=Mamede |first1=Maria Candida H. |first2=Inês |last2=Cordeiro |first3=Lucia |last3=Rossi |publisher=Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica |url=http://www.jureia.com.br/mostramateria.asp?idmateria=230 |access-date=2016-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602025928/http://www.jureia.com.br/mostramateria.asp?idmateria=230 |archive-date=2016-06-02 |url-status=dead }}

Further east it contains 9% of the {{convert|1487|ha}} Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve, created in 2006.

These conservation units are all part of the Juréia-Itatins Mosaic.{{citation|ref={{harvid|RDS Barra do Una – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=RDS Barra do Una|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/583012|access-date=2016-07-23}}

The municipality contains 45% of the {{convert|455|ha}} Guará Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, created in 2008.{{citation|ref={{harvid|ARIE Guará (ARIE) – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=ARIE Guará (ARIE)|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/587135|access-date=2016-11-26}}

According to the Köppen climate classification, Iguape has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that closely borders the tropical rainforest climate (Af). Summers are warm, humid and rainy, whilst winters are noticeably cooler and somewhat drier, although there is no true dry season. The mean temperature is {{convert|21.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the mean annual rainfall is {{convert|1976|mm|in|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Iguape (1981–2010 normals)

|Jan record high C = 42.1

|Feb record high C = 43.0

|Mar record high C = 40.0

|Apr record high C = 36.8

|May record high C = 34.5

|Jun record high C = 34.2

|Jul record high C = 35.6

|Aug record high C = 37.2

|Sep record high C = 38.6

|Oct record high C = 41.2

|Nov record high C = 39.6

|Dec record high C = 40.4

|Jan record low C = 11.0

|Feb record low C = 12.4

|Mar record low C = 10.0

|Apr record low C = 7.4

|May record low C = 2.8

|Jun record low C = 1.0

|Jul record low C = 0.2

|Aug record low C = 3.2

|Sep record low C = 2.9

|Oct record low C = 8.0

|Nov record low C = 8.4

|Dec record low C = 9.8

|Jan high C = 29.3

|Feb high C = 30.2

|Mar high C = 29.0

|Apr high C = 27.4

|May high C = 24.7

|Jun high C = 23.4

|Jul high C = 22.6

|Aug high C = 23.0

|Sep high C = 23.0

|Oct high C = 24.8

|Nov high C = 26.9

|Dec high C = 28.3

| year high C = 26.1

|Jan mean C = 25.1

|Feb mean C = 25.5

|Mar mean C = 24.6

|Apr mean C = 22.9

|May mean C = 19.9

|Jun mean C = 18.4

|Jul mean C = 17.6

|Aug mean C = 18.1

|Sep mean C = 19.0

|Oct mean C = 21.1

|Nov mean C = 22.9

|Dec mean C = 23.9

| year mean C = 21.6

|Jan low C = 21.6

|Feb low C = 21.8

|Mar low C = 21.1

|Apr low C = 19.5

|May low C = 16.3

|Jun low C = 14.7

|Jul low C = 13.8

|Aug low C = 14.4

|Sep low C = 15.8

|Oct low C = 17.8

|Nov low C = 19.4

|Dec low C = 20.3

| year low C = 18.0

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 254.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 196.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 254.2

|Apr precipitation mm = 168.5

|May precipitation mm = 144.7

|Jun precipitation mm = 108.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 114.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 79.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 143.3

|Oct precipitation mm = 139.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 146.4

|Dec precipitation mm = 204.2

|year precipitation mm = 1953.5

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 15

| Feb precipitation days = 12

| Mar precipitation days = 13

| Apr precipitation days = 11

| May precipitation days = 11

| Jun precipitation days = 8

| Jul precipitation days = 9

| Aug precipitation days = 8

| Sep precipitation days = 12

| Oct precipitation days = 12

| Nov precipitation days = 13

| Dec precipitation days = 14

| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity = 83.4

| Feb humidity = 83.2

| Mar humidity = 84.2

| Apr humidity = 85.6

| May humidity = 86.5

| Jun humidity = 87.1

| Jul humidity = 86.4

| Aug humidity = 86.4

| Sep humidity = 85.9

| Oct humidity = 85.3

| Nov humidity = 83.2

| Dec humidity = 82.8

| year humidity = 85.0

|Jan sun = 143.5

|Feb sun = 138.9

|Mar sun = 126.2

|Apr sun = 113.6

|May sun = 122.2

|Jun sun = 107.3

|Jul sun = 114.6

|Aug sun = 99.0

|Sep sun = 65.5

|Oct sun = 86.9

|Nov sun = 118.8

|Dec sun = 139.3

|year sun = 1375.8

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (extremes 1931–1988, 1996–1997, 2000–present){{cite web

| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas

| title = Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

| language = Portuguese

| accessdate = 21 May 2024}}{{cite web

| url= https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/

| title= Banco de dados meteorológicos

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET)

| language = Portuguese

|accessdate = 16 February 2025}}{{cite web

|url=https://tempo.inmet.gov.br/TabelaEstacoes/A712

|title=Estação: IGUAPE (A712)

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET)

| language = Portuguese

| accessdate = 16 February 2025}}

}}

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&pagina=54&data=24/04/1973&caderno=Ineditoriais&paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-14|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}} In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-14|website=Telefônica}}

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