Ilha Grande

For almost a century, the Brazilian government declared the island off-limits, banning unauthorized entry, as it had contained an immigration quarantine station and, later, a maximum-security prison (Colônia Penal de Dois Rios, later known as Instituto Penal Cândido Mendes).{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sarah |date=31 July 2017 |title=An Abandoned High-Security Prison Is Hiding in This Popular South American Island |url=https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/brazil/articles/an-abandoned-high-security-prison-is-hiding-in-this-popular-south-american-island |website=The Culture Trip}} The Cândido Mendes Penal Colony, which housed some of the most dangerous offenders in Brazil, was closed in 1994.

On 1 January 2010, devastating mudslides killed at least 19 people on the island.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/8437207.stm|title=Mudslide in Brazil resort kills at least 19 people |publisher=BBC News|date=2 January 2010}}

On 5 July 2019, Ilha Grande and Paraty were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/five-sites-inscribed-unescos-world-heritage-list |title=Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |date=2019-07-05 |access-date=2019-07-05 }}

Ilha Grande and Paraty are contained within the {{convert|12400|ha}} of Tamoios Environmental Protection Area (APA), created in 1982.{{citation |ref={{harvid|APA de Tamoios – INEA}} |language=pt |title=APA de Tamoios |publisher=INEA: Instituto Estadual do Ambiente |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008608 |access-date=2016-09-26 |archive-date=2016-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004225108/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008608 |url-status=dead }}

The main island (and APA) contains the Aventureiro Sustainable Development Reserve, created in 2014 from the former Aventureiro Marine State Park, which was integrated with the Praia do Sul Biological Reserve.{{citation|ref={{harvid|PES Marinho do Aventureiro – ISA}}|language=pt

|title=PES Marinho do Aventureiro|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental

|url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/590758|access-date=2016-09-23}}

62.5% of the island is covered by the Ilha Grande State Park, giving a total of 87% of the island protected status.{{citation|ref={{harvid|Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande ... Ilhagrande.org}}|language=pt |title=Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ|work=Ilhagrande.org |url=http://www.ilhagrande.org/pagina/parque-estadual-da-ilha-grande|access-date=2016-09-23}}

Ilha Grande is one of the most pristine examples of Brazil's endangered Atlantic rainforest habitat, containing a multitude of species of plants and animals. A hotspot for biodiversity and conservation, Ilha Grande is home to at least 110 resident and migratory avian species,{{Cite web |title=Observations iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=152574&view=species |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=iNaturalist}} including Magellanic penguins and red-ruffed fruitcrows. The island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of solitary tinamous, white-necked hawks, red-browed amazons, unicolored antwrens, cinnamon-vented pihas, bare-throated bellbirds, and azure-shouldered and black-backed tanagers.{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/20220|title=Ilha Grande|author= |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-04}}

There are at least 20 species of mammals, from capybara and coatimundi to primates, such as common and black-tufted marmosets and brown howler monkeys. Smaller animals, such as rodents and carnivores, include gray slender and big-eared opossums, Brazilian squirrel, crab-eating fox and raccoon, red-rumped agouti and the hairy dwarf porcupine. Several species of bat also inhabit caves on the island, mainly from the Artibeus, Molossus and Saccopteryx genera, emerging at sunset to feed on swarms of flying insects.

At least 40-50 species of reptiles and amphibians can be found on the island, including the Argentine black-and-white tegu, Brazilian torrent frog, Bocaina tree frog, broad-snouted caiman, chicken snakes, Chironius, Dipsas and Echinanthera snakes, garden tree boa, geckos, Imantodes snakes, Jackson's and Brazilian fathead anoles, lava lizards, mabuya, painted coralsnake, smallhead worm lizards and the venomous Yarará lancehead. Invertebrates and arthropods number in the hundreds, with at least 400-500 species identified on Ilha Grande.

The seas around the island, which are also a protected marine reserve, feature a unique convergence of tropical equatorial, subtropical and temperate currents, enabling one to see corals, tropical fish, sharks, hawksbill sea turtles and cetaceans, such as the southern right whale,Ilha Grande. Org. 2016. [http://www.ilhagrande.org/pagina/baleias-jubartes-na-ilha-grande Baleias Jubartes na Ilha Grande - RJ]. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 humpback whale, Bryde's whale,Lodi L.. 2016. [https://econserv.wordpress.com/2016/02/04/baleia-de-bryde-navegando-com-as-gigantes/ Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes]. Blog ECONSERV – Ecologia, Conservação e Serviços. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 orcaCruzeiro do Su (pt). 2015. [http://www.jornalcruzeiro.com.br/materia/665272/grupo-de-sete-orcas-e-avistado-em-praia-de-ubatuba Grupo de sete orcas é avistado em praia de Ubatuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707175046/https://www.jornalcruzeiro.com.br/materia/665272/grupo-de-sete-orcas-e-avistado-em-praia-de-ubatuba |date=2018-07-07 }}. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 and rough-toothed dolphins.Ilha Grande. Com. [http://br.ilhagrande.com/sys/content/view/448/1032/ Ilustres visitantes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317203105/http://br.ilhagrande.com/sys/content/view/448/1032/ |date=2019-03-17 }}. Retrieved on September 18, 2017

Most of the visitor facilities, lodging and the park headquarters are located at Vila do Abraão. The village may be reached from the mainland by local ferries. The island is an ecotourism destination. Although it has no roads and motorised vehicles are banned, the island has more than {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}} of hiking trails connecting the coastal villages and hamlets. A common activity for visitors is to trek to Lopes Mendes beach, about a two-hour hike from Vila do Abraão. Travel companies offer trips to see the island's various beaches, mountains trails and waterfalls.

A popular outdoor destination, the island remains largely undeveloped as much of the area falls within Ilha Grande State Park (Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande). Thus, the remainder of the island is subject to stringent development restrictions in order to preserve the natural environment; vehicles are not permitted and roads are virtually non-existent. For visitors there are several options for reaching and staying on the island. Several small villas and hamlets cater to researchers, tourists and nature-lovers, and around 2,000 people inhabit the largest town on the island, Vila do Abraão.

File:Coruja em Ilha Grande-RJ (1376056863).jpg|Chouette (burrowing owl) on the island

File:Golfinho que acompanhou nosso barco (1376042755).jpg|Atlantic bottlenose dolphin nearby the island

File:Tartaruga Verde ou Aruanã - Praia de Lopes Mendes - Ilha Grande - RJ.jpg|Sea turtle swims in the ocean

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikivoyage|Ilha Grande}}

• [http://www.angra.rj.gov.br Prefeitura de Angra dos Reis] {{in lang|pt}}
• [http://www.ilhagrande.org Portal Turístico da Ilha Grande] {{in lang|pt}}
• [http://www.andrecypriano.com/#a=0&at=0&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=1&p=1 O Caldeirão do Diabo]
• [https://travessiailhagrande.com/?lang=en Ilha Grande Travel Guide in English]

{{World Heritage Sites in Brazil}}

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Category:Landforms of Rio de Janeiro (state)

Category:Atlantic islands of Brazil

Category:Important Bird Areas of Atlantic islands

Category:Important Bird Areas of Brazil

Category:Protected areas of Rio de Janeiro (state)

Category:Parks in Brazil

Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil

Category:Angra dos Reis

Category:Car-free islands of South America