Ilustrado
{{Short description|Member of the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period}}
{{for multi|the Philippine TV series|Ilustrado (TV series)|the followers of Ilustración|Enlightenment in Spain}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
File:Ilustrados 1890.jpg, Francisco Tongio Liongson, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Gregorio Aguilera, José Rizal, José Alejandrino, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and Teodoro Sandiko]]
The Ilustrados ({{IPA|es|ilusˈtɾaðos|lang}}, "erudite",The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.) "learned"{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?origen=RAE&LEMA=despotismo&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No#ilustrado.|title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario|author=RAE - ASALE|work=Diccionario de la lengua española}} or "enlightened ones") constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Megan Christine|title=Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5oXSfqr1AMC|year=2012|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7190-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N5oXSfqr1AMC&pg=PA213&dq=ilustrado+philippines+century 213]}}{{cite book|last=Cullinane|first=Michael|title=Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjMa5dt7gTQC|year=1989|publisher=Ateneo University Press|isbn=978-971-550-439-3}} Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
They were late Spanish-colonial-era middle to upper class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The ilustrado class was composed of Philippine-born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—mestizos (both de Sangleyes and de Español), insulares, and indios, among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.
Stanley Karnow, in his In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, referred to the ilustrados as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many were the children of wealthy landowners or inquilino (tenant) lessee families. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/philippines/ph_glos.html Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated)], retrieved on: July 30, 2007[http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/milhis/phil.htm Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009102022/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/milhis/phil.htm |date=October 9, 2012 }}, retrieved on: August 1, 2007Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. - {{ISBN|0-345-32816-7}}[http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/28063.html The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007], retrieved on: August 1, 2007[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-206427 Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com], retrieved on: August 1, 2007{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175511/http://www.philippineembassy-usa.org/about/history.htm#top History of the Philippines]}}, Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050407155320/http://www.philippineembassy-usa.org/about/history.htm the original]}} on July 13, 2007), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
History
The most prominent ilustrados were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere ("Touch Me Not") and El Filibusterismo ("The Subversive") "exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime".[http://www.sspxasia.com/Newsletters/2002/Jan-Mar/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines.htm Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they wanted legal equality for both peninsulares and natives—indios, insulares, and mestizos, among others—in the economic reforms demanded by the ilustrados were that "the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered a province of Spain" and "the secularization of the parishes."
However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the ilustrados. This also prompted unity among the ilustrados and Andrés Bonifacio's radical Katipunan. Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.
File:Antonio Luna, Eduardo de Lete and Marcelo H. del Pilar.jpg|Ilocano Antonio Luna, Insular Criollo Eduardo de Lete (center) and Tagalog Marcelo H. del Pilar (seated, right), in Spain, 1890
File:Filipino Ilustrados Jose Rizal Marcelo del Pilar Mariano Ponce.jpg|Three prominent ilustrados in Spain: Dr. José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce (from left to right). Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.
File:Filipino Ilustrados in front.jpg|The four Filipino Ilustrados in front of the three peninsula Spaniard artists are; (left to right) Juan Luna, Pedro Paterno, Félix Hidalgo and Miguel Zaragoza
File:Governor Julio Llorente y Aballe.jpg|Julio A. Llorente, a Spanish-Cebuano Mestizo - Ilustrado who would become the first Philippine governor of Cebu and Samar.
File:Pedro Alejandro Paterno.jpg|Sangley-Tagalog mestizo from Manila - Pedro Paterno, poet and a novelist who would become the Prime Minister of the First Philippine Republic.
File:Jacobo Zobel - Filipino nationalist.png|Jacobo Zóbel pharmacist and businessman.
See also
References
=Notes=
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=Sources=
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- [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053260 Owen, Norman G., Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines Under American Rule, A Review by Theodore Friend, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1972), pp. 224-226, JSTOR.org, 2007], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2754881 Majul, Cesar A. The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution, A Review by R. S. Milne, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1969), pp. 98-99, JSTOR.org, 2007], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/republic.html Proclamation of Philippine Independence and the Birth of the Philippine Republic, The Philippine History Site, OpManong.SSC.Hawaii.edu (undated)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804071246/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/republic.html |date=August 4, 2007 }}, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618190303/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/asiaweb/v11n1Rossabi.htm Rossabi, Amy. The Colonial Roots of Civil Procedure in the Philippines, Volume 11, Number 1, Fall 1997, The Journal of Asian Law, Columbia.edu], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [https://www.angelfire.com/ca/doodz/philippines3.html Filipino Nationalism, AngelFire.com (undated)], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220228/http://geocities.com/centerforbulacanstudies/barasoain.html Veneracion, Jaime B., Ph. D. (Professor of History, University of the Philippines and Visiting Professor, BSU), Rizal's Madrid: The Roots of the Ilustrado Concept of Autonomy, Diyaryo Bulakenya, Bahay Saliksikan ng Bulakan (Center for Bulacan Studies), Geocities.com, April 4, 2003], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813052804/http://www.philippinechildrensfoundation.org/history.shtml Philippine History, Philippine Children's Foundation, PhilippineChildrensFoundation.org, 2005], retrieved on: August 1, 2007
Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
Category:Philippine Revolution