Immigration to Russia
{{Short description|none}}
{{Expand Russian|Иммиграция в Россию|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
Immigration to Russia involves foreign citizens (or people without any citizenship) seeking permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. Historically, Russian empire was one of the World's leading destination for immigrants starting with the reign of Peter I in ca. 1700, and especially after the ascension of Catherine II to the Russian throne in 1762, until the October Revolution in 1917. Some regions, such as Novorossiya, Slavo-Serbia, Volga Germans' territory and Bessarabia were specifically designated for resettlement of immigrants.
Immigration to Russia was relatively low during the Soviet period (1922–1991) and during early post-Soviet years (1992–2005). Russia experienced a considerable population decline during the latter period due to a decreased birthrate, lowered life expectancy and growing emigration. To combat these demographic problems, the Russian government adopted in 2006 "Program for the return of compatriots to Russia", which was made into a permanent law in 2012.{{cite web | url=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Программа_возвращения_соотечественников_в_Россию | title=Программа возвращения соотечественников в Россию }}{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}} According to the law, "compatriots" are individuals, who are direct descendants (in either mother's or father's line) of people, who lived in the past within the current territory of Russia.{{Cite news|title=Федеральный закон от 24.05.1999 г. № 99-ФЗ|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/13875|work=Президент России|access-date=2018-10-15|language=ru|archive-date=2022-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503173705/http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/13875/page/1}} In February 2024, in order to expedite and to simplify the immigration process the requirement for conversational ability in Russian was waived.{{Cite news|title=В России упростили условия программы переселения для репатриантов|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/news/2024/02/17/1020841-programmi|website=Ведомости|access-date=2024-02-26|language=ru}}
Due to these policy changes Russia has experienced an overall population increase starting in 2012.{{cite web | url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/isswww.exe/stg/dk07/8-0.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820232627/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/isswww.exe/stg/dk07/8-0.htm | archive-date=20 August 2019 | title=Демография }}{{cite web | title = Demographics | url = http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk07/8-0.htm | access-date = 15 February 2016 | archive-date = 20 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820232627/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/isswww.exe/stg/dk07/8-0.htm | url-status = dead }} According to Rosstat{{cite web | url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2023/01005/barom02.php | title=По данным МВД России, число поставленных на миграционный учет по месту пребывания иностранцев, прибывших в Россию с целью работы, превысило за 2022 год 11,8 миллиона человек, а за январь-июнь 2023 года - 3,5 миллиона человек }} and United Nations,{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |title=United Nations Maintenance Page |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308231109/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |url-status=live }} the number of legal immigrants in Russia during the 2000-2015 period fluctuated between 11 and 12 million, or about 8% of Russia's population. In 2020 Russia held the 4th place among countries with the largest absolute numbers of immigrants in their population after the USA, Germany and Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |url=https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/WMR-2022.pdf |title=Источник |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601011711/https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/WMR-2022.pdf |url-status=live }} At the same time, Russia also scored high (3rd place worldwide) among countries with a high number of emigrants, after India and Mexico.https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/WMR-2022.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}
The majority of recent immigrants to Russia come from the former Soviet republics of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1203451/immigration-by-country-in-russia/ | title=Immigration by country of origin in Russia 2023 }} Although the Russian government actively encourages immigration of ethnic Russians, most immigrants from the former Soviet republics in recent years were not ethnic Russians.{{cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/russia-migration-system-soviet-roots#:~:text=Although%20ethnic%20Russians%20represented%20about,for%20economic%20and%20family%20reasons. | title=Russia: A Migration System with Soviet Roots | date=16 May 2017 }}
Other statistics are an increased number of immigrants from Ukraine since 2014;{{cn|date=October 2024}} by 2018 this number exceeded 2 million people.{{cite web| date=2024 | website=rosstat.gov.ru }} In 2024, according to Rosstat - Russia's federal agency that compiles statistics on immigration, Russia hosted 8.5 million refugees from Ukraine.{{cite web| date=2024 | website=rosstat.gov.ru }}
Both legal (according to the laws of the country) and illegal (in violation of Russian laws) immigration are widespread currently. Legal immigrants in Russia receive both grant money and repayable low-interest loans, that are issued by Rossotrudnichestvo.
Procedure
The standard legal immigration status obtaining procedure consists of the following time-divided steps: obtaining a temporary residence permit; obtaining a permanent residence permit and obtaining Russian citizenship.Immigrate to Russia https://www.immigratetorussia.com/russian-residence-permit-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211828/https://www.immigratetorussia.com/russian-residence-permit-2/ |date=1 August 2020 }} Under current law, one can receive citizenship of Russia after five years of residence and after passing an exam in Russian language, civics and history. Immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russian Federation.{{cite web|url= http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2012/0497/rossia01.php#18|title= На просторах России|access-date= 15 February 2016|archive-date= 7 February 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200207083922/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2012/0497/rossia01.php#18|url-status= live}}
Anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided they have not committed a crime. Almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely{{cite journal |last1= Malakhov |first1= Vladimir S. |title= Russia as a New Immigration Country: Policy Response and Public Debate |journal= Europe-Asia Studies |date= 9 August 2014 |volume= 66 |issue= 7 |pages= 1062–1079 |doi= 10.1080/09668136.2014.934140 |s2cid= 153983927 |url= https://www.academia.edu/download/45350002/Russia_as_a_New_Immigration_Country_Policy_Response_and_Public_Debate.pdf |access-date= 3 October 2018 |language= en |issn= 0966-8136}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} This reflects a policy change, in response to declining birth rates, on the part of the government of Vladimir Putin from the more restrictive policy enacted after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome|title= Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't|last= Ragozin|first= Leonid|date= March 13, 2017|work= www.bloomberg.com|access-date= 15 July 2018|archive-date= 29 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200729193704/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome|url-status= live}} The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes encountered xenophobia. To counter this, pursuant to Russian hate-speech laws, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant groups, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.
The immigration process usually includes several steps. Firstly, it is required to establish connections with Russia in order to be eligible for temporary or permanent residency. It may be granted on the grounds of having employment, studying, having Russian relatives or ancestry, investing or purchasing a property. The next step is to apply for temporary residency (some applicants may skip this step). After one year of living as a temporary resident it is possible to apply for permanent residency. Finally, after 5 years of living as a permanent resident it is possible to apply for Russian citizenship.[https://russianconsultants.com/immigrate Immigrate to Russia] // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 22.07.2024.
Native speakers of Russian-language, spouses of Russian citizens, highly qualified specialists (e.g. with PhD or MD degrees), investors and refugees are eligible for a simplified immigration procedure. Some categories of applicants may skip temporary residency and apply for citizenship after 1–3 years of living in Russia.[https://russianconsultants.com/immigrate Immigrate to Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511111801/https://russianconsultants.com/immigrate |date=11 May 2023 }} // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 22.07.2024.
Statistics
=Recent trends=
{{mw-datatable}}
| class="nowrap sortable mw-datatable wikitable sortable"
|+ Countries with at least 5,000 persons immigrating each year."[https://gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/migr1_bd.htm Migration of the people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801225011/https://gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/migr1_bd.htm |date=1 August 2020 }}" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.Demography. "[https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781 International migration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124093104/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781 |date=24 November 2020 }}" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.{{Cite web |date=January 2025 |title=Социально-экономическое положение России |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-01-2025.pdf |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Rosstat |language=ru}} ! rowspan=2| Country !! colspan="13" | Gross immigration | |||||||||
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021
!2022 !2023 !2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{Flag icon|Tajikistan}} Tajikistan
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 11043 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 4717 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 18188 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 47638 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 52676 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 63467 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 67929 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 89553 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 93333 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 126840 }} | style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 186560 }} |171,234 |219,739 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Kyrgyzstan}} Kyrgyzstan
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 15536 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 15592 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 20901 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 26045 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 28202 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 41165 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 44408 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 53810 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 45676 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 61101 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 62360 }} |54,162 |146,915 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Uzbekistan}} Uzbekistan
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 40810 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 30436 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 24100 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 74242 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 60977 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 64073 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 55378 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 60796 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 50188 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 56808 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 54035 }} |44,536 |146,090 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Armenia}} Armenia
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 15951 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7581 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 19890 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 45670 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 43929 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 46898 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 46442 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 71984 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 56511 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 70078 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 59533 }} |48,855 |78,573 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Kazakhstan}} Kazakhstan
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 124903 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 51945 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 27862 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 65750 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 69356 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 71680 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 72141 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 86311 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 64494 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 72668 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 64382 }} |48,465 |71,694 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|China}} China
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 1121 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 432 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 1380 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 9043 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 8027 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 8237 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7067 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 15306 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7270 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6465 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7964 }} |11,483 |35,587 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Turkmenistan}} Turkmenistan
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6738 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4104 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 2283 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6539 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7242 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 8734 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 10509 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 14632 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 12930 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 10449 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 12133 }} |13,345 |34,302 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijan
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 14906 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4600 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 14500 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 24326 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 24109 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 25602 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 26690 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 34619 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 32135 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 35209 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 31773 }} |24,340 |28,108 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|India}} India
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 203 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 54 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 110 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 2894 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4768 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5622 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5032 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 9588 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4506 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7132 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 8275 }} |10,868 |27,010 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 74748 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 30760 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 27508 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 194810 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 178274 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 150182 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 137776 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 161351 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 143988 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 122669 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 148846 }} |50,929 |26,791 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Belarus}} Belarus
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 10274 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6797 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4894 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 17741 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 14590 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 21282 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 19045 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 18428 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 14536 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 23120 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 18824 }} |12,496 |22,924 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Moldova}} Moldova
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 11652 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6569 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 11814 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 34026 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 32418 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 31369 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 30676 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 26513 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 22129 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 27248 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 23540 }} |22,502 |20,766 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Vietnam}} Vietnam
| style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 182 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 114 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 921 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 4012 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 3735 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 3912 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 3981 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6742 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6206 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5426 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5655 }} |8,785 |12,812 | |||||||||
| {{Flag icon|Georgia}} Georgia *Abkhazia (disp. status) *South Ossetia (disp. status) | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 20213 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5497 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5245 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 7038 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6511 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6809 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6345 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6925 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 5764 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6506 }} | style="text-align:right;" | {{nts| 6002 }} |{{nts|4,602}} |4,781 | |||||||||
| Total || 359,330 || 177,230 || 191,656 || 598,617 || 575,158 || 589,033 || 565,685 || 701,234 || 594,146 || 667,922
!730,347 !560,434 !958,867 |
| class="nowrap sortable mw-datatable wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Country ! colspan="13" |Net immigration |
| 2000
!2005 !2010 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !2023 !2024 |
|---|
| {{Flag icon|Tajikistan}} Tajikistan
|{{nts| 9885 }} |{{nts| 4283 }} |{{nts| 17494 }} |{{nts| 11362 }} |{{nts| 27288 }} |{{nts| 34639 }} |{{nts| 31028 }} |{{nts| 48374 }} |{{nts| 39424 }} |{{nts| 96609 }} |{{nts| 87264 }} |81,684 |128,017 |
| {{Flag icon|Uzbekistan}} Uzbekistan
|{{nts| 37724 }} |{{nts| 29841 }} |{{nts| 23266 }} |{{nts| -20668 }} |{{nts| 19672 }} |{{nts| 22167 }} |{{nts| 6807 }} |{{nts| 19129 }} |{{nts| 4927 }} |{{nts| 36009 }} |{{nts| -8455 }} |3,639 |106,901 |
| {{Flag icon|Kyrgyzstan}} Kyrgyzstan
|{{nts| 13679 }} |{{nts| 15119 }} |{{nts| 20260 }} |{{nts| 9935 }} |{{nts| 11043 }} |{{nts| 19355 }} |{{nts| 8978 }} |{{nts| 15106 }} |{{nts| 1402 }} |{{nts| 42549 }} |{{nts| -6824 }} |4,956 |104,645 |
| {{Flag icon|Armenia}} Armenia
|{{nts| 14432 }} |{{nts| 6961 }} |{{nts| 19192 }} |{{nts| 20533 }} |{{nts| 11993 }} |{{nts| 13999 }} |{{nts| 14358 }} |{{nts| 35109 }} |{{nts| -1836 }} |{{nts| 45235 }} |{{nts| -10706 }} |11,188 |42,068 |
| {{Flag icon|Kazakhstan}} Kazakhstan
|{{nts| 106990 }} |{{nts| 39508 }} |{{nts| 20533 }} |{{nts| 34767 }} |{{nts| 37130 }} |{{nts| 32736 }} |{{nts| 26516 }} |{{nts| 39166 }} |{{nts| 8440 }} |{{nts| 48317 }} |{{nts| -4947 }} |11,435 |36,354 |
| {{Flag icon|China}} China
|{{nts| 463 }} |{{nts| -24 }} |{{nts| 1132 }} |{{nts| -778 }} |{{nts| -810 }} |{{nts| 637 }} |{{nts| -477 }} |{{nts| 6679 }} |{{nts| -3764 }} |{{nts| 4248 }} |{{nts| -3018 }} |3,971 |24,252 |
| {{Flag icon|Turkmenistan}} Turkmenistan
|{{nts| 6062 }} |{{nts| 3979 }} |{{nts| 2178 }} |{{nts| 2320 }} |{{nts| 2418 }} |{{nts| 2873 }} |{{nts| 2951 }} |{{nts| 6198 }} |{{nts| 778 }} |{{nts| 7230 }} |{{nts| -3702 }} |4,750 |23,369 |
| {{Flag icon|India}} India
|{{nts| - }} |{{nts| 41 }} |{{nts| 93 }} |{{nts| 1282 }} |{{nts| 1421 }} |{{nts| 1437 }} |{{nts| -185 }} |{{nts| 4326 }} |{{nts| -4779 }} |{{nts| 5007 }} |{{nts| -851 }} |3,051 |15,631 |
| {{Flag icon|Belarus}} Belarus
|{{nts| -3002 }} |{{nts| 763 }} |{{nts| 1995 }} |{{nts| 4909 }} |{{nts| 2127 }} |{{nts| 11770 }} |{{nts| 7191 }} |{{nts| 6283 }} |{{nts| -1403 }} |{{nts| 15424 }} |{{nts| -161 }} | –261 |12,349 |
| {{Flag icon|Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijan
|{{nts| 11719 }} |{{nts| 3326 }} |{{nts| 13389 }} |{{nts| 10660 }} |{{nts| 10439 }} |{{nts| 8599 }} |{{nts| 8737 }} |{{nts| 17005 }} |{{nts| 10894 }} |{{nts| 23659 }} |{{nts| -3712 }} |3,516 |7,137 |
| {{Flag icon|Vietnam}} Vietnam
|{{nts| 149 }} |{{nts| 69 }} |{{nts| 889 }} |{{nts| 1004 }} |{{nts| 394 }} |{{nts| 1194 }} |{{nts| 684 }} |{{nts| 3461 }} |{{nts| 308 }} |{{nts| 3402 }} |{{nts| -2564 }} |3,452 |6,620 |
| {{Flag icon|Moldova}} Moldova
|{{nts| 9415 }} |{{nts| 5783 }} |{{nts| 11197 }} |{{nts| 17380 }} |{{nts| 14364 }} |{{nts| 9605 }} |{{nts| 7688 }} |{{nts| 5385 }} |{{nts| 3490 }} |{{nts| 16144 }} |{{nts| 2355 }} |8,750 |6,576 |
| {{Flag icon|Georgia}} Georgia *Abkhazia (disp. status) *South Ossetia (disp. status) |{{nts| 18411 }} |{{nts| 4806 }} |{{nts| 4786 }} |{{nts| 3309 }} |{{nts| 2294 }} |{{nts| 2586 }} |{{nts| 2031 }} |{{nts| 2840 }} |{{nts| 1274 }} |{{nts| 3838 }} |{{nts| -196 }} |{{nts|771}} |1,200 |
| {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
|{{nts| 39147 }} |{{nts| 18120 }} |{{nts| 21230 }} |{{nts| 146131 }} |{{nts| 118819 }} |{{nts| 47691 }} |{{nts| 14822 }} |{{nts| 64245 }} |{{nts| 52775 }} |{{nts| 64669 }} |{{nts| 27267 }} | –29,618 | –26,243 |
| Total
!213,610 !107,432 !158,078 !245,384 !261,948 !211,878 !124,854 !285,103 !106,510 !429,902 !61,917 !109,952 !535,715 |
=Foreign population=
As of May 2022, there are 5.99 million foreigners residing in the Russian Federation (up from 5.66 million in 2021 but down from 10.13 million in 2019), with the vast majority (91%) being citizens of CIS countries. Central Asians make up the most numerous group, followed by Ukrainian citizens. Temporary migration from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan increased after a marked decline in 2020–2021. Other CIS countries have steadily demonstrated a decrease in the number of migrants.{{cite web|url=https://www.iep.ru/ru/doc/37430/monitoring-ekonomicheskoy-situatsii-v-rossii-7-160-iyun-2022-g.pdf|title=Мониторинг экономической ситуации в России|access-date=August 24, 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016041954/https://www.iep.ru/ru/doc/37430/monitoring-ekonomicheskoy-situatsii-v-rossii-7-160-iyun-2022-g.pdf|url-status=live}}
According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as of November 2021, there were 5.5 million migrants in Russia. Of these, 819,600 were in the country illegally.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5079414 |title=The Ministry of Internal Affairs estimated the number of illegal migrants from the CIS at 800,000 people |date=17 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529064128/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5079414 |url-status=live }} In the first quarter of 2021, 1345 migrants were deported, more than in the same period last year. The number of deported migrants increased in Russia.
Foreign residents from the CIS in Russia:
| class="nowrap sortable mw-datatable wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" | ||
| style="text-align:center"|Country of origin
! style="text-align:center"|Population (2022) ! style="text-align:center"|2021–2022 | ||
|---|---|---|
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Uzbekistan}} | 1,626,308 {{increase}} | +435,674 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Tajikistan}} | 1,262,695 {{increase}} | +453,529 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | 681,165 {{increase}} | +58,122 |
| style="text-align:left" |{{flag|Ukraine}} | 597,051 {{decrease}} | -57,869 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Belarus}} | 428,239 {{decrease}} | -134,722 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Armenia}} | 280,520 {{decrease}} | -67,160 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Kazakhstan}} | 228,142 {{decrease}} | -35,349 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Azerbaijan}} | 215,481 {{decrease}} | -83,600 |
| style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Moldova}} | 76,645 {{decrease}} | -56,230 |
2019
| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" |
| Country of citizenship |
|---|
| {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| 97 |
| {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| 132 |
| {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| 96,501 |
| {{flagcountry|Albania}}
| 35 |
| {{flagcountry|Algeria}}
| 334 |
| {{flagcountry|Angola}}
|13 |
| {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| 104 |
| {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
| 90,659 |
| {{flagcountry|Aruba}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| 4300 |
| {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| 154 |
| {{flagcountry|Bahrain}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
| 34,748 |
| {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| 142 |
| {{flagcountry|Benin}}
| 29 |
| {{flagcountry|Bermuda}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| 1439 |
| {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| 36 |
| {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 529 |
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| 174 |
| {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Burundi}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 490 |
| {{flagcountry|Hungary}}
| 151 |
| {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| 56 |
| {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
| 13,133 |
| {{flagcountry|Gabon}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Haiti}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Guyana}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Gambia}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Ghana}}
| 57 |
| {{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
| 7 |
| {{flagcountry|Guinea}}
| 46 |
| {{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 2632 |
| {{flagcountry|Honduras}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| 1336 |
| {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
| 21,142 |
| {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| 70 |
| {{flagcountry|Dominica}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| 35 |
| {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| 1262 |
| {{flagcountry|Zambia}}
| 14 |
| {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Israel}}
| 1807 |
| {{flagcountry|India}}
| 1074 |
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| 49 |
| {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
| 434 |
| {{flagcountry|Iraq}}
| 581 |
| {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| 359 |
| {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
| 53 |
| {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
| 11 |
| {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 346 |
| {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 1117 |
| {{flagcountry|Yemen}}
| 328 |
| {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| 521 |
| {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| 86,358 |
| {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
| 136 |
| {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| 155 |
| {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| 17 |
| {{flagcountry|Cyprus}}
| 51 |
| {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| 24,625 |
| {{flagcountry|China}}
| 8576 |
| {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| 80 |
| {{flagcountry|Comoros}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}}
| 69 |
| {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| 33 |
| {{flagcountry|North Korea}}
| 143 |
| {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
| 597 |
| {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}}
| 54 |
| {{flagcountry|Cuba}}
| 327 |
| {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Laos}}
| 18 |
| {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| 3347 |
| {{flagcountry|Lesotho}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Liberia}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| 227 |
| {{flagcountry|Libya}}
| 65 |
| {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| 4025 |
| {{flagcountry|Luxemburg}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Madagascar}}
| 17 |
| {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
| 170 |
| {{flagcountry|Malawi}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| 8 |
| {{flagcountry|Mali}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Malta}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| 281 |
| {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| 66 |
| {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Moldova}}
| 54,826 |
| {{flagcountry|Mongolia}}
| 478 |
| {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Namibia}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| 79 |
| {{flagcountry|Niger}}
| 11 |
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
| 287 |
| {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 209 |
| {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
| 13 |
| {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| 22 |
| {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 60 |
| {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| 7 |
| {{flagcountry|Oman}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| 324 |
| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}
| 261 |
| {{flagcountry|Panama}}
| 13 |
| {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Peru}}
| 80 |
| {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 950 |
| {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 45 |
| {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Romania}}
| 121 |
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Seychelles}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| 17 |
| {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Serbia}}
| 2326 |
| {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Syria}}
| 3629 |
| {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}
| 181 |
| {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
| 413 |
| {{flagcountry|United States}}
| 1153 |
| {{flagcountry|Somalia}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Sudan}}
| 104 |
| {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
| 144,222 |
| {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
| 133 |
| {{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
| 20 |
| {{flagcountry|Tanzania}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Togo}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| 364 |
| {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| 7150 |
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 4607 |
| {{flagcountry|Uganda}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| 135,447 |
| {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| 270,400 |
| {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
| 93 |
| {{flagcountry|Finland}}
| 205 |
| {{flagcountry|France}}
| 689 |
| {{flagcountry|Croatia}}
| 152 |
| {{flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Chad}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
| 240 |
| {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 176 |
| {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| 32 |
| {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| 101 |
| {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 152 |
| {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| 69 |
| {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
| 56 |
| {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
| 1410 |
| {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| 57 |
| {{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| 206 |
| Stateless persons
| 8157 |
| Total
| 1,046,056 |
=Naturalisations in Russia=
2021
| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |
| Country of origin |
|---|
| {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| 30,791 |
| {{flagcountry|Albania}}
| 13 |
| {{flagcountry|Algeria}}
| 90 |
| {{flagcountry|Angola}}
|9 |
| {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| 17 |
| {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
| 46,931 |
| {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| 1,411 |
| {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| 51 |
| {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
| 24,539 |
| {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| 17 |
| {{flagcountry|Benin}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| 309 |
| {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 144 |
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| 45 |
| {{flagcountry|Burundi}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| 99 |
| {{flagcountry|Hungary}}
| 27 |
| {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
| 1,947 |
| {{flagcountry|Gabon}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Haiti}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Guyana}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Gambia}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Ghana}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Guinea}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| 481 |
| {{flagcountry|Madagascar}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Malta}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| 183 |
| {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
| 5,076 |
| {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| 16 |
| {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| 414 |
| {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Zambia}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Israel}}
| 466 |
| {{flagcountry|India}}
| 159 |
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
| 127 |
| {{flagcountry|Iraq}}
| 159 |
| {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| 137 |
| {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| 48 |
| {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 226 |
| {{flagcountry|Yemen}}
| 111 |
| {{flagcountry|South Ossetia}}
| 184 |
| {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| 49,862 |
| {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
| 55 |
| {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| 69 |
| {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Cyprus}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| 19,241 |
| {{flagcountry|China}}
| 83 |
| {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| 31 |
| {{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}}
| 31 |
| {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| 15 |
| {{flagcountry|North Korea}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| 11 |
| {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
| 11 |
| {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}}
| 26 |
| {{flagcountry|Cuba}}
| 98 |
| {{flagcountry|Laos}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| 375 |
| {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| 107 |
| {{flagcountry|Libya}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| 380 |
| {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
| 34 |
| {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Mali}}
| 9 |
| {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| 90 |
| {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
| 8 |
| {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| 14 |
| {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Moldova}}
| 23,697 |
| {{flagcountry|Mongolia}}
| 30 |
| {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
| 128 |
| {{flagcountry|Niger}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| 24 |
| {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| 6 |
| {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| 7 |
| {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Abkhazia}}
| 324 |
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| 68 |
| {{flagcountry|Palestine}}
| 89 |
| {{flagcountry|Panama}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Peru}}
| 25 |
| {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| 163 |
| {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Bahrain}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Romania}}
| 35 |
| {{flagcountry|Oman}}
| 2 |
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| 4 |
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| 8 |
| {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Serbia}}
| 566 |
| {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Syria}}
| 1,270 |
| {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|United States}}
| 388 |
| {{flagcountry|Sudan}}
| 35 |
| {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
| 103,681 |
| {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
| 33 |
| {{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Togo}}
| 1 |
| {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| 122 |
| {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| 3,628 |
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| 1,388 |
| {{flagcountry|Uganda}}
| 3 |
| {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| 31,867 |
| {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| 375,989 |
| {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|Finland}}
| 24 |
| {{flagcountry|France}}
| 167 |
| {{flagcountry|Croatia}}
| 54 |
| {{flagcountry|Chad}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
| 56 |
| {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| 39 |
| {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| 10 |
| {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| 21 |
| {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| 32 |
| {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| 11 |
| {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
| 19 |
| {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
| 153 |
| {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
| 5 |
| {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| 12 |
| {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| 3 |
| Stateless persons
| 6,118 |
| Total
| 735,385 |
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Immigration to Russia}}
{{Asia topic|Immigration to}}
{{Europe topic|Immigration to}}
{{authority control}}