Demographics of Russia

Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/313|title=Росстат — Новости Росстата|website=rosstat.gov.ru|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923035831/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/313|url-status=live}} and the World Population Review in 2019.{{citation |title=Russia Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/ |website=World Population Review |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190607/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/ |url-status=live }}

• One birth every 22 seconds
• One death every 13 seconds
• Net loss of one person every 30 seconds

{{See also|Aging of Russia}}

File:Deserted village at Sukhona River.jpg

File:Population of Russia-rus.PNG

After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.{{cite web|url=http://cbsd.gks.ru/|title=Интерактивная витрина|website=cbsd.gks.ru|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130012026/http://cbsd.gks.ru/|archive-date=30 January 2017|url-status=dead}} Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994,{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2022/0937/barom01.php |title=Миграция в России, предварительные итоги 2021 года (Migration in Russia, preliminary results of 2021) |publisher=Институт демографии НИУ ВШЭ имени А.Г. Вишневского (Institute of Demography, National Research University A.G. Vishnevsky) |date=2022 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527114106/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2022/0937/barom01.php |url-status=live }} despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade.{{cite web |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |title=Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 – Rosstat |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Interfax News Agency |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212161240/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |url-status=live }}

The natural population had declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |title=Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline |first=Pjotr |last=Sauer |date=13 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013112949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |url-status=live }} The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.{{cite web |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |title=Natural population decrease in Russia down by 21% in Jan 2022 vs Jan 2021, but twice higher than in Jan 2020 – Rosstat |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Interfax News Agency |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212161240/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/75708/ |url-status=live }}

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,{{cite news |title=Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |work=The Telegraph |date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230083717/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/26/russia-stares-population-abyss-putin-sends-young-men-die/ |url-status=live }} as the country has suffered high military fatalities while facing renewed human capital flight and brain drain caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis|date=4 April 2022|last1=Cocco|first1=Federica|last2=Ivanonva|first2=Polina|work=Financial Times|access-date=6 October 2022|location=London}} Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.{{cite journal|url=https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|title=Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating|last=Goble|first=Paul|volume=19|issue=127|date=18 August 2022|location=Washington, D.C.|journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|archive-date=21 October 2023|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021105942/https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/|url-status=live}} Although, a large part of the emigrants have returned home to Russia in a continuing process.{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |title=Should I Stay or Should I Go? Russian Emigration in Flux |work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |location=Washington, D.C. |date=11 July 2024 |last1=Kamalov |first1=Emil |last2=Sergeeva |first2=Ivetta |access-date=8 March 2025 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226202210/https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |url-status=live }}

In March 2023 The Economist reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], disease and exodus."{{cite news |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |newspaper=The Economist |date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153739/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |url-status=live }}

The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population will be 120 million in 50 years, a decline of about 17%.{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |url-status=dead }} In January 2024, the Russian statistics agency Rosstat predicted that Russia's population could drop to 130 million by 2046.{{cite news |title=Russia's Population Could Fall to 130Mln by 2046 – Rosstat |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |work=The Moscow Times |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114183040/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/01/10/russias-population-could-fall-to-130mln-by-2046-rosstat-a83687 |url-status=live }}

File:Russia animated population pyramid.gif

File:Natural Population Growth of Russia.PNG

File:Total fertility rate in Russia.png

Between 1993 and 2008 there was a great decrease in the country's population from 148 to 143 million.{{cite web|url=https://intellinews.com/russian-fertility-rates-fall-to-record-lows-on-the-back-of-a-deteriorating-economy-and-sanctions-pressure-243191/|title=Russian fertility rates fall to record lows on the back of a deteriorating economy and sanctions pressure|website=BNE Intellinews|date=4 May 2022|author=Ben Aris|location=Berlin}} There was a huge 50% decrease in the number of births per year from 2.5 million in 1987 to 1.2 million since 1997, but the current 1.42 fertility rate is still higher than that of the 1990s.

At the beginning of 2022, 320,400 babies were born between January and March, 16,600 fewer than January–March 2021. There were nearly twice as many deaths (584,700) as births. The crude birth rate – 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants – was the lowest since the year 2000.

Russia has a low fertility rate with 1.42 children per woman in 2022, below 2.1 children per woman, which must be the number reached to maintain its population. As a result of their low fertility for decades, the Russian population is one of the oldest in the world with an average of 40.3 years.

File:Fertility rate of Russia from 1843 to 2016.svg

The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=RUS|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation}}

In many of the years from 1843 to 1917, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world. These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to high mortality rate, the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and to a lesser extent the political killings.

File:RUS_births_deaths_195601-202202.png

File:Russian population by age and sex (demographic pyramid) on 01 January, 1927.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1927

File:Russia Sex by Age 19410101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1941

File:Russia Sex by Age 19460101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 1946

File:Russia Sex by Age 20150101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 2015

File:RUS_SbA1y20210101.png|alt=|Population pyramid in 2021

File:Russia animated population pyramid.gif|alt=|Russia animated population pyramid 1946-2023

; Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012){{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724234458/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}:

{{Historical populations

|type =

|align = left

|footnote = Source:{{cite web |title=Russia Population 0 to 1800 – Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-past-future?tab=chart&time=0..1800&country=~RUS |website=www.ourworldindata.org |language=en |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127024604/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-past-future?tab=chart&time=0..1800&country=~RUS |url-status=live }}{{cite web|title=Russia: historical demographical data of the whole country|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm|website=Populstat.info|access-date=6 July 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707234550/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/russiac.htm|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|format=XLS|script-title=ru:Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2020 года и в среднем за 2019 год|trans-title=Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2020 and on the average for 2019|language=ru|work=Rosstat|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113215738/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/population-by-country.htm|url-status=live}}{{failed verification|date=December 2020|reason=Two references are offered; one is inaccessible, and the other doesn't contain any of this historical data.}}{{cite web |url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ |title=Population of Russia 2022 {{!}} Religion in Russia |publisher=Findeasy.in |date=3 May 2021 |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208170941/https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-russia/ |url-status=live }}

| percentages = pagr

|0 | 9000000

|1000 | 9000000

|1200 | 14500000

|1500 | 14700000

|1600 | 18000000

|1700 | 18000000

|1800 | 25000000

|1900 | 73000000

|1926 | 93000000

|1930 | 100000000

|1960 | 119000000

|1970 | 130079000

|1979 | 137552000

|1989 | 147386000

|2000 | 146597000

|2010 | 142849000

|2021 | 144700000

}}

{{clear|left}}

File:Life expectancy in Russia.svg in Russia since 1896]]

:total: 40.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 51st

:male: 37.6 years

:female: 43.5 years (2021 est.)

File:Life expectancy in RSFSR and RF (by Human Mortality Database and Rosstat) -diff.png

:total population: 70.06 years for a child born in 2021, decreasing from 73.34 in 2019

:male: 65.51 years (2021)

:female: 74.51 years (2021)

Infant mortality rate

:total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)

:male: 5.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)

:female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)

Notable events in demography of Russia:

• 1930–33 South Soviet Famine
• 1940–1945 Second World War
• 1988–1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Shock therapy (economics)
• 2014–present Russian invasion of Ukraine

{{notelist}}

All numbers for the Russian Federation in this section do not include the Ukrainian regions of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Luhansk, which Russia annexed in September 2022 and which are currently partly under Russian military control. The annexation is internationally recognized only by North Korea.

{{see also|List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate}}

{{Main|Immigration to Russia}}

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} New citizenship rules introduced in April 2014 allowing eligible citizens from former Soviet republics to obtain Russian citizenship, have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68299|title=The Caucasus Concerned over Born-Again Russians|first=Giorgi|last=Lomsadze|date=23 April 2014|website=Eurasianet.org|access-date=1 September 2017|via=EurasiaNet|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426213323/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68299|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68936|title=Uzbekistan: Minorities Taking Advantage of New Russian Citizenship Rules|work=EurasiaNet.org|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425121054/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68936|url-status=live}}

There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html |title=Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами |website=Newsru.com |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903012218/http://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html |url-status=live }} In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in undocumented migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants){{cite news|title=Russia reports surge in undocumented migration from Asia|work=Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/russia-reports-surge-in-illegal-migration-from-asia/623952/|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205183901/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/russia-reports-surge-in-illegal-migration-from-asia/623952/|url-status=live}} Under legal changes made in 2012, undocumented immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.{{cite news |title= Illegal immigrants can be barred from Russia for 5–10 years |work= The Voice of Russia |url= http://english.ruvr.ru/2012/01/26/64674045.html |access-date= 6 April 2012 |archive-date= 10 July 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120710180943/http://english.ruvr.ru/2012/01/26/64674045.html |url-status= dead }}{{cite news|title=Russia closed for immigration?|work=Russia|url=http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/01/27/russia_closed_for_immigration_14261.html|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712061805/http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/01/27/russia_closed_for_immigration_14261.html|url-status=dead}}

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, from poor areas of China, and from Vietnam and Laos.{{cite web|url=http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/|title=ФМС России|website=fms.gov.ru|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316142557/http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Migrant workers in Russia}}

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people. Most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia (mostly from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan), the South Caucasus (mostly from Armenia and Azerbaijan), and East Asia (mostly from poor areas of China, from Vietnam and Laos). Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow and Moscow Oblast, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nijniy Novgorod, Vladivostok, Samara, Krasnodar, Ufa, Sochi, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov on Don, Volgograd, Omsk, Tyumen, Voronezh, Perm and others. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws.

{{main|Russian diaspora}}

{{see also|Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine}}

{{see also|Fourth-wave Russian emigration}}

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to considerable emigration, with over 300,000 Russian citizens and residents estimated to have left Russia by mid-March 2022, at least 500,000 by the end of August 2022,{{cite news |last1=Ebel |first1=Francesca |last2=Ilyushina |first2=Mary |title=Russians abandon wartime Russia in historic exodus |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/13/russia-diaspora-war-ukraine/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=13 February 2023}} and an additional 400,000 by early October. The total number of political refugees, economic migrants, and conscientious objectors{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fleeing-putin-thousands-of-educated-russians-are-moving-abroad-11649583003|title=Fleeing Putin, Thousands of Educated Russians Are Moving Abroad|first1=Georgi|last1=Kantchev|first2=Evan|last2=Gershkovich|first3=Yuliya|last3=Chernova|date=10 April 2022|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2022-04-12 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412193407/https://www.wsj.com/articles/fleeing-putin-thousands-of-educated-russians-are-moving-abroad-11649583003|url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Demytrie |first=Rayhan |date=13 March 2022 |title=Russia faces brain drain as thousands flee abroad |no-pp=y |work=BBC News |location=Tbilisi, Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60697763 |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314123323/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60697763 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Bershidsky |first=Leonid |date=15 March 2022 |title=Russia's Brain Drain Becomes a Stampede for the Exits |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-16/russia-emigration-up-after-putin-s-ukraine-invasion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220316060940/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-16/russia-emigration-up-after-putin-s-ukraine-invasion |archive-date=2022-03-16 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Bloomberg }}{{cite news |title=Russia's war migrants find mixed reception in Georgia |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/04/world/russia-war-migrants-mixed-reception-georgia/ |work=Japan Times |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-10 |archive-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410172458/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/04/world/russia-war-migrants-mixed-reception-georgia/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Who are the Russians leaving their country? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-10 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407005734/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390 |url-status=live }} is thought to be more than 900,000. In addition to evading criminal prosecution for opposing the invasion, and fear of being conscripted after President Vladimir Putin's 21 September 2022 announcement of partial mobilization, those fleeing voiced reasons such as disagreement with the war, the uselessness and cruelty of the war, sympathy for Ukraine, disagreement with the political roots of the war with Ukraine, the rejection of killing, and an assessment that Russia is no longer the place for their family.{{Cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Ivan |last2=Lomashvili |first2=Masho |last3=McCarthy |first3=Simone |last4=Lister |first4=Tim |last5=Pavlova |first5=Uliana |date=23 September 2022 |title=Traffic jams and desperation at the border as Russians flee Putin's 'partial mobilization' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/europe/russians-flee-putin-partial-mobilization-draft-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924031223/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/europe/russians-flee-putin-partial-mobilization-draft-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}

Russia has encouraged or even forced people in occupied or annexed regions to become Russian citizens, a procedure known as passportization. This includes the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine,[https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft/ "Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803102238/https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft/ |date=3 August 2023 }}, Politico, 1 January 2023 as well as South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia.[https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/73289.pdf "Human Rights in the Occupied Territories of Georgia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155701/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/73289.pdf |date=17 January 2023 }}, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 18 October 2010

;Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

:

:total: 12%. Country comparison to the world: 72nd

:male: 15.3%

:female: 16.9% (2015 est.)

{{Main|Healthcare in Russia}}

File:Metallurg Sochi.jpg in Sochi{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Elise |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |work=Calvert 22 Foundation |title=Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022 |quote=First intended for the treatment of metalworkers, Metallurg combines elements of baroque and neoclassical architecture, and is surrounded by lavish gardens. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |url-status=live }}]]

Russia's constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Linda |url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |date=February 2015 |work=United Nations Research Institute for Social Development |publisher=United Nations |title=Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation |location=Geneva |access-date=3 January 2022 |quote=Russian citizens have a constitutional right to free health care... |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930172133/https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |url-status=live }} The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.{{cite web |url=https://www.expatica.com/ru/healthcare/healthcare-basics/healthcare-in-russia-104030/ |title=Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained |work=Expatica |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411092025/https://www.expatica.com/ru/healthcare/healthcare-basics/healthcare-in-russia-104030/ |url-status=live }}

Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018.{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |work=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225003/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }} Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.{{cite journal |last1=Reshetnikov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Arsentyev |first2=Evgeny |last3=Bolevich |first3=Sergey |last4=Timofeyev |first4=Yuriy |last5=Jakovljević |first5=Mihajlo |date=24 May 2019 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |page=1848 |volume=16 |issue=10 |title=Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101848 |pmc=6571548 |pmid=31137705|doi-access=free }} Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female with more older females than males prevailing, due to its high male mortality rate in later age.{{cite news |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=7 January 2022 |title=Why Russian Men Don't Live as Long |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/why-russian-men-dont-live-as-long.html |work=The New York Times |quote=Russia's life expectancy is exceptionally low compared with that in other developed countries. While American men have a 1-in-11 chance of dying before their 55th birthday, in Russia the odds are 1 in 4. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/why-russian-men-dont-live-as-long.html |url-status=live }} In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |title=Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2020 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150130/https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |url-status=live }} and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births).{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Russian Federation |work=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419225532/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |url-status=live }}

The principal causes of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.{{cite journal |last1=Lakunchykova |first1=Olena |last2=Averina |first2=Maria |last3=Wilsgaard |first3=Tom |last4=Watkins |first4=Hugh |last5=Malyutina |first5=Sofia |last6=Ragino |first6=Yulia |last7=Keogh |first7=Ruth H |last8=Kudryavtsev |first8=Alexander V |last9=Govorun |first9=Vadim|last10=Cook|first10=Sarah |last11=Schirmer |first11=Henrik |last12=Eggen |first12=Anne Elise |last13=Hopstock |first13=Laila Arnesdatter |last14=Leon |first14=David A |doi=10.1136/jech-2020-213885 |doi-access=free |title=Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |year=2020 |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=698–704 |pmid=32414935 |pmc=7577103}} Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016.{{cite journal |url=https://ourworldindata.org/obesity |title=Obesity |journal=Our World in Data |first1=Hannah |last1=Ritchie |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |first2=Max |last2=Roser |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222357/https://ourworldindata.org/obesity |url-status=live }} However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,{{cite journal |last=McKee |first=Martin |title=Alcohol in Russia |date=1 November 1999 |pages=824–829 |volume=34 |issue=6 |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |doi=10.1093/alcalc/34.6.824 |pmid=10659717|doi-access=}}{{cite web |last=Fedun |first=Stan |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/how-alcohol-conquered-russia/279965/ |title=How Alcohol Conquered Russia |work=The Atlantic |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=30 December 2021 |quote=Today, according to the World Health Organization, one-in-five men in the Russian Federation die due to alcohol-related causes, compared with 6.2 percent of all men globally. In her 2000 article “First Steps: AA and Alcoholism in Russia,” Patricia Critchlow estimated that some 20 million Russians are alcoholics in a nation of just 144 million. |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230200353/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/how-alcohol-conquered-russia/279965/ |url-status=live }} as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.{{cite journal |title=Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story |journal=The Lancet |quote="Russians are officially drinking less and, as a consequence, are living longer than ever before...Russians are still far from being teetotal: a pure ethanol per capita consumption of 11·7 L, reported in 2016, means consumption is still one of the highest worldwide, and efforts to reduce it further are required." |date=5 October 2019 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32265-2 |last1=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10205 |page=1205 |pmid=31591968|doi-access=free}} Smoking is another health issue in the country.{{cite journal |last1=Shkolnikov |first1=Vladimir M. |last2=Churilova |first2=Elena |last3=Jdanov |first3=Dmitry A. |last4=Shalnova |first4=Svetlana A. |last5=Nilssen |first5=Odd |last6=Kudryavtsev |first6=Alexander |last7=Cook |first7=Sarah |last8=Malyutina |first8=Sofia |last9=McKee |first9=Martin |last10=Leon |first10=David A. |title=Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources |date=23 March 2020 |journal=BMC Public Health |doi=10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4 |doi-access=free |volume=20 |number=378 |page=378 |pmc=7092419 |pmid=32293365 |quote=The prevalence of smoking among Russian men has been very high for many years. The WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) found that, in the 2000s, it was among the highest in the world with Russia having the world’s second-largest tobacco market by volume of sales in 2014...}} The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU |title=Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU |url-status=live }} remains a significant social issue.{{cite web |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |title=Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool |publisher=World Health Organization |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 |quote=The Russian Federation is one of the European Region countries where suicide remains a significant cause of death and disease burden. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |url-status=dead }}

{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Russia}}

Russia had one of the highest number of confirmed cases in the world. Analysis of excess deaths from official government demographic statistics, based on births and deaths and excluding migration, showed that Russia had its biggest ever annual population drop in peacetime, with the population declining by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, which demographer Alexei Raksha interpreted as being primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

{{Main|Ethnic groups in Russia}}

{{multiple image

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| image1 = Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people 2010 Census English.png

| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people in 2010}}

| image2 = Percentage of Russians by Federal Subjects (2021 Census).png

| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=Percentage of ethnic Russians by region in 2021 (excluding non-stated ethnicity people)}}

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Russia is a multinational state, with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/32.htm |title=Russia – Ethnic Composition |year=1998 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927170852/http://countrystudies.us/russia/32.htm |url-status=live }} There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 census, nearly 71.73% of the population identified as ethnic Russians (among those stating their ethnicity), and while approximately 19% of the total population identified with various ethnic minority groups.{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |accessdate=30 December 2022 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=ru |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}* {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%. }}

• {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6 |quote=And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country’s population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one.. }}
• {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru }}
• {{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |accessdate=30 December 2022 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=ru |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }} The percentage of total Russian population that did not publicly indicate any ethnic identity in the census increased from 3.94% in 2010 to 11.27% in 2021.{{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru |quote="...одним из главных победителей прошедшей переписи стала группа, увеличившая свою численность с 5 629 429 человек в 2010 году до 10 965 330 человек в 2021 году и соответственно долю в населении с 3,94% до 11,27%. Эта группа — лица, не указавшие свою национальность." |trans-quote='...one of the main winners of the last census was a group that increased its number from 5,629,429 people in 2010 to 10,965,330 people in 2021 and, accordingly, its share in the population from 3.94% to 11.27%. This group consists of people who have not indicated their nationality.'}}

According to the 2021 Russian census, the number of ethnic Russians decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.

• {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru}}
• {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6}}
• {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.}}

In 2010, four-fifths of Russia's population originated from West of the Ural Mountains — of which the vast majority were Slavs,{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |title=Russia – The Indo-European Group |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote="East Slavs—mainly Russians but including some Ukrainians and Belarusians—constitute more than four-fifths of the total population and are prevalent throughout the country." |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |url-status=live }} with a substantial minority of Finno-Ugric and Germanic peoples.{{cite journal |last1=Kowalev |first1=Viktor |last2=Neznaika |first2=Pavel |title=Power and Ethnicity in the Finno-Ugric Republics of the Russian Federation: The Examples of Komi, Mordovia, and Udmurtia |jstor=41103741 |volume=30 |number=3 |pages=81–100 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |journal=International Journal of Political Economy|doi=10.1080/08911916.2000.11644017 |s2cid=152467776 }}{{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Roger |title=The Russian Germans and Their Neighbours |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=73 |number=3 |pages=499–504 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |date=July 1995 |jstor=4211864}} Turkic peoples form a large minority, and are spread around pockets across the vast nation.{{cite journal|last=Hostler|first=Charles W.|title=The Turks and Soviet Central Asia|volume=12|number=3|journal=The Middle East Journal|year=1958|pages=261–269|publisher=Middle East Institute|jstor=4323021}} Various distinct ethnic groups also inhabit the North Caucasus.{{cite journal|last=Sagramoso|first=Domitilla|title=Violence and Conflict in the Russian North Caucasus|volume=83|number=4|pages=681–705|journal=International Affairs|year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00647.x |jstor=4541805|s2cid=153552543 }} Other minorities include Mongolian peoples (Buryats and Kalmyks),{{cite journal|last=Zhukovskaya|first=Natalya L.|title=Religion and ethnicity in eastern Russia, republic of Buryatia: A panorama of the 1990s|date=13 September 2007|volume=14|number=1|journal=Central Asian Survey|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=25–42|doi=10.1080/02634939508400890}}{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-only-buddhist-region-in-europe/a-57572543|title=The only Buddhist region in Europe|work=DW News|publisher=Deutsche Welle|last=Szilagyi|first=Patricia|date=26 May 2021|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811230733/https://www.dw.com/en/the-only-buddhist-region-in-europe/a-57572543|url-status=live}} the Indigenous peoples of Siberia,{{cite journal|last=Vinokurova|first=Uliana|title=Indigenous Peoples of Siberia and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century|volume=17|number=3|journal=Sibirica|publisher=Berghahn Books|date=December 2018|doi=10.3167/sib.2018.170302|pages=3–15|s2cid=149567661 }} a historical Jewish population,{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-forces-russia-jews-adapt-new-life-home-abroad/|title=Russia's Jews fear resurgent anti-Semitism amid Ukraine war|work=Politico|date=4 July 2022|last=Jack|first=Victor|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811174305/https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-forces-russia-jews-adapt-new-life-home-abroad/|url-status=live}} and the Koryo-saram (including Sakhalin Koreans).{{cite journal|last=Park|first=Hyun-gwi|title=The Migration Regime among Koreans in the Russian Far East|volume=15|number=1|pages=77–99|year=2013|publisher=Brill|journal=Inner Asia|doi=10.1163/22105018-90000056 |jstor=23615082}}

According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million in 2016;{{cite news |last=Kirk |first=Ashley |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/12111108/Mapped-Which-country-has-the-most-immigrants.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/12111108/Mapped-Which-country-has-the-most-immigrants.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? |date=21 January 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=30 June 2021}}{{cbignore}} most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly from Central Asia.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome |title=Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |first=Leonid |last=Ragozin |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729193704/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-14/russia-s-alternative-universe-immigrants-welcome |url-status=live }} There are 22 republics in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 12 of them in 2021, ethnic Russians constitute a minority:

{{Main|Russian language|Languages of Russia}}

{{see also|List of endangered languages in Russia}}

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| image1 = Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png

| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=Altaic and Uralic languages spoken across Russia}}

| image2 = Caucasus-ethnic en.svg

| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=The North Caucasus is ethno-linguistically diverse.{{cite web |last=Laub |first=Zachary |title=Background Briefing: Why is Russia's North Caucasus region unstable? |work=PBS NewsHour |publisher=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russias-north-caucasus-region |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |quote=With 10 million inhabitants, the North Caucasus Federal District is the smallest of Russia's eight federal districts, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not constitute a majority. Some forty ethnic groups reside in the region, making it one of Russia's most diverse. |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105160126/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russias-north-caucasus-region |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Lazarev |first1=Vladimir |last2=Pravikova |first2=Ludmila |title=The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity |publisher=Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University |quote=The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism. |page=1325 |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120213143/http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |url-status=live }}}}

}}

Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian is the fifth-most used language on the Internet,{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language |title=Usage statistics of content languages for websites |website=W3Techs |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817192928/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all/ |url-status=live }} and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,{{cite web |last=Wakata |first=Koichi |author-link=Koichi Wakata |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |title=My Long Mission in Space |publisher=JAXA |quote="The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian." |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |url-status=live }} as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.{{cite web |url=https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |title=Russian |publisher=University of Toronto |quote="Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics." |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628022427/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |url-status=live }}

Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.{{cite journal |date=2011 |last=Iryna |first=Ulasiuk |title=Legal protection of linguistic diversity in Russia: past and present |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |publisher=European University Institute |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=71–83 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2010.536237 |s2cid=145612470 |issn=0143-4632 |quote=Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.}}{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |title=Russia – Ethnic groups and languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote="Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders." |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |url-status=live }} According to the Russian Census of 2002, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke Tatar, and 1.8 million spoke Ukrainian.{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian Census of 2002 |website=4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian) |publisher=Rosstat |access-date=16 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |archive-date=19 July 2011}} The constitution allows the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |title=Chapter 3. The Federal Structure |publisher=Constitution of Russia |quote="2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation. 3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development." |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132251/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |url-status=live }} However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining.{{cite journal |last1=Jankiewicz |first1=Szymon |last2=Knyaginina |first2=Nadezhda |last3=Prina |first3=Federic |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf |title=Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity |date=13 March 2020 |volume=45 |number=1 |pages=59–91 |journal=Review of Central and East European Law |doi=10.1163/15730352-bja10003 |publisher=Brill |s2cid=216273023 |issn=0925-9880 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021735/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Bondarenko |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Nasonkin |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Shagieva |first3=Rozalina V. |last4=Kiyanova |first4=Olga N. |last5=Barabanova |first5=Svetlana V. |date=2018 |title=Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? |url=https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |journal=Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods |pages=166–182 |volume=8 |number=5 |issn=2251-6204 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174607/https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Religion in Russia}}

{{Further|Russian Orthodox Church|Christianity in Russia|Islam in Russia|Buddhism in Russia}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Religion in Russia (2024 estimate){{cite web|title=Русская православная церковь|url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=2 May 2024|access-date=10 June 2024|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060957/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Русская православная церковь

|url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=2 May 2024|access-date=10 June 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192150/https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011|url-status=live}}

|label1 = Russian Orthodoxy

|value1 = 61.8

|color1 = Red

|label2 = Other Christian

|value2 = 2.6

|color2 = Maroon

|label3 = Islam

|value3 = 9.5

|color3 = Green

|label4 = Other religions

|value4 = 1.4

|color4 = Yellow

|label5 = No religion

|value5 = 21.2

|color5 = WhiteSmoke

|label6 = Undeclared

|value6 = 3.5

|color6 = Black

}}

File:Кафедральный собор Благовещения Пресвятой Богородицы.jpg in Voronezh]]

Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Christianity. It has the world's largest Orthodox population.{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|url-status=live}} As of different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% and over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, [http://sreda.org/arena ARENA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012064011/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 October 2012 }} determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the [http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman Levada Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020830/http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman |date=31 December 2012 }} determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the [http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 Public Opinion Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415213226/https://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 |date=15 April 2020 }} determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with [http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ Pew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510181111/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ |date=10 May 2020 }}'s 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with [http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 VTSIOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201730/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365%2F |date=29 September 2020 }}'s 2010 survey (≈77% Christian), and with [http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf#page=40 Ipsos MORI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf |date=17 January 2013 }}'s 2011 survey (69%).[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 Верю — не верю] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 |date=27 August 2012 }}. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|script-title=ru:Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше|language=ru|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081009/http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|archive-date=2 December 2015|url-status=dead}} Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers.[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=6 December 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. Ogonek, No. 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived]. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism; pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

In 2017, a survey made by the Pew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were Orthodox, 1% were Catholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were unaffiliated, 10% were Muslims, and 1% followed other religions.{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|date=10 May 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224200050/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}} According to various reports, the proportion of Atheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|last=Zuckerman|first=P.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Martin|chapter=Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns}}

Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion among most peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region.{{cite book|title=Europe: Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC&pg=PA1387|series=World and Its Peoples|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7900-0|page=1387|chapter=Russian Federation}} Buddhists have a sizable population in three Siberian republics: Buryatia, Tuva, and Zabaykalsky Krai, and in Kalmykia, the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion.{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/russias-buddhist-republic/|title=Russia's Buddhist Republic|work=The Diplomat|quote="Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist Republic. The region's people are descended from the nomads who wandered the vast Central Asian steppes under Genghis Khan's empire. When the empire began to collapse, the Kalmykians migrated toward the Caspian Sea settling what is today called Kalmykia – Kalmyk means "remnant" in the local language."|first=Bradley|last=Jardine|date=4 January 2017|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106155005/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/russias-buddhist-republic/|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Education in Russia}}

File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg, the most prestigious educational institution in Russia.{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |title=Lomonosov Moscow State University |work=QS World University Rankings |access-date=28 June 2021 |quote=...Considered one the most prestigious universities in Russia, It houses the tallest educational building in the world, and hosts more than 47,000 students, welcoming 4,000 international students every year. |archive-date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064014/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |url-status=live }}]]

Russia has an adult literacy rate of 100%.{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025746/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }} It grants free education to its citizens under its constitution.{{cite book |date=1997 |last=Oleg |first=Kouptsov |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |title=Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries |location=Bucharest |series=UNESCO-CEPES |publisher=UNESCO |page=25 |quote=The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to free primary education, basic and secondary general education, and to vocational education; and on a competitive basis, to free non-university and university level higher educational and to postgraduate education |isbn=929-0-69146-8 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |url-status=live }} The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education.{{cite web |url=https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |title=Education system Russia |publisher=Nuffic |version=3 |location=The Hague |date=October 2019 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726203317/https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |url-status=dead }} Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the third-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62%.{{cite book |url=https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |title=Population with tertiary education |publisher=OECD |doi=10.1787/0b8f90e9-en |year=2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925040912/https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |url-status=live }} It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104184344/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live }}

Russia has compulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18. Its pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,{{cite web |last1=Taratukhina |first1=Maria S. |last2=Polyakova |first2=Marina N. |last3=Berezina |first3=Tatyana A. |last4=Notkina |first4=Nina A. |last5=Sheraizina |first5=Roza M. |last6=Borovkov |first6=Mihail I. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |title=Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation |date=2006 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710134752/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |url-status=live }} some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for 11 years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive: first-degree courses usually take five years.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |title=Russia – Education |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |url-status=live }} The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University.{{cite book |last=Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde de |title=History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMjzvAxHF0C |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=A History of the University in Europe |pages=80–89 |isbn=978-0-521-36106-4}} There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300,000.{{cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |title=Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207195957/http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |url-status=dead }}

{{See also|List of cities and towns in Russia by population|List of cities and towns in Russia}}

File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|Moscow, the capital and largest city of Russia

File:Spb 06-2017 img01 Spit of Vasilievsky Island.jpg|Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-largest city

File:E-burg asv2019-05 img46 view from VysotSky.jpg|Yekaterinburg, the fourth-largest city in the country.

Russia is one of the world's most urbanized countries, with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas. Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug – Central Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|publisher=City Population.de|date=8 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025180530/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|url-status=live}} while over 17 million residents in the urban area,{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|publisher=Demographia|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|url-status=live}} and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area.{{cite web|url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis|work=Strelka Mag|author=Alexander Akishin|date=17 August 2017|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|url-status=dead}} Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within Europe, the most populous urban area in Europe, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, and also the largest city by land area on the European continent.{{cite web|url=https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation|title=Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation|work=Planète Énergies|date=11 September 2017|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation|url-status=live}} Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants.{{cite web|title=RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/northwestern/|publisher=City Population.de|date=8 August 2020|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025180530/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/northwestern/|url-status=live}} Other major urban areas are Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Chelyabinsk.

{{Largest cities of Russia}}

• Aging of Russia
• Demographic history of Russia
• Demographics of Siberia
• Demographics of Saint Petersburg
• List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
• List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
• Genetic studies on Russians
• Health in Russia
• Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
• Russian cross
• Russian nationality law

Census information:

• Soviet Census
• Russian Empire Census (1897)
• Russian Census (2002)
• Russian Census (2010)
• Russian Census (2021)
• List of cities and towns in Russia by population

{{reflist|group=fn|refs=

}}

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
• Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
• Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
• Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.
• {{cite journal|title=Do we know the composition of the 18th century Russian society?|last1=Kamenskii|first1=Aleksander|journal= Cahiers du Monde Russe|volume=55|issue=1–2|isbn=9782713224409|issn=1777-5388|pages=135–148|year=2014|doi=10.4000/monderusse.7989 }}

• Igor Beloborodov, [http://demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=71&idArt=1928 Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205801/http://demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=71&idArt=1928 |date=14 October 2022 }} (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit – June 2011)
• Nicholas Eberstadt, [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=446 Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications] (National Bureau of Asian Research Project Report, May 2010)
• Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth [https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124/index.html Russia's Demographic "Crisis"] 1996 RAND {{ISBN|0-8330-2446-9}}
• Jessica Griffith [http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/russianheartland/WP03_Demographics_July04.pdf The Regional Consequences of Russia's Demographic Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412171515/http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/russianheartland/WP03_Demographics_July04.pdf |date=12 April 2012 }} University of Leicester
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235653/http://eng.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2008/06/dalshe_sami/ Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)]
• [https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php Interactive statistics for all countries], site of United States Census Bureau.
• [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx 2009 World Population Data Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608091100/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx |date=8 June 2017 }} by the Population Reference Bureau
• [http://www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra13a.htm Population density and distribution maps] (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029152759/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk.exe?total Ethnic groups of Russia]
• [http://longevity-science.org/Russia-Gavrilova-PAA-2005.pdf Problems with mortality data in Russia]
• V. Borisov [http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=53&idArt=1363 "Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014205755/http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=53&idArt=1363 |date=14 October 2022 }}, 2005 (in English)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104306/http://www.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2007/09/demograficheskaya_situaciya_v_rossii/ Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)]

{{Ethnic groups in Russia}}

{{Russia topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Lists of Russians}}

{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Russia}}

Category:Social groups of Russia