Impact of alcohol on aging
{{Short description|General health article}}
The impact of alcohol on aging is multifaceted. Evidence shows that alcoholism or alcohol abuse can cause both accelerated (or premature) aging – in which symptoms of aging appear earlier than normal – and exaggerated aging, in which the symptoms appear at the appropriate time but in a more exaggerated form.[http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-4/272-283.pdf Alcohol, Aging, and the Stress Response, RL Spencer and KE Hutchison, Alcohol Research & Health, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211163358/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-4/272-283.pdf |date=2018-12-11 }} ...alcohol-related overactivity of the HPA axis and the resulting elevated cortisol levels may contribute to premature or exaggerated aging in many people with a long history of alcohol abuse. The effects of alcohol use disorder on the aging process include hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmia, cancers, gastrointestinal disorders, neurocognitive deficits, bone loss, and emotional disturbances especially depression.{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson JS |year=2005 |title=Alcohol use, misuse, abuse, and dependence in later adulthood |journal=Annu Rev Nurs Res |volume=23 |pages=245–80 |doi=10.1891/0739-6686.23.1.245 |pmid=16350768 |s2cid=24586529}} On the other hand, research also shows that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol may protect healthy adults from developing coronary heart disease.National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, "Understanding the impact of alcohol on human health and well-being." The American Heart Association cautions people not to start drinking, if you are not already drinking. {{Cite web |title=Is drinking alcohol part of a healthy lifestyle? |url=https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/alcohol-and-heart-health}}
Brain
Alcohol is a potent neurotoxin.{{Cite book |last=Thomas P. Beresford |title=Alcohol and Aging |last2=Edith Lisansky Gomberg |last3=Edith S. Gomberg |pages=85}} The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has found, "Alcoholism may accelerate normal aging or cause premature aging of the brain."{{Cite web |title=National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) |url=https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ |website=www.niaaa.nih.gov}} Another report by the same agency found, "Chronic alcohol consumption, as well as chronic glucocorticoid exposure, can result in premature and/or exaggerated aging." Specifically, alcohol activates the HPA axis, causing glucocorticoid secretion and thus elevating levels of stress hormones in the body. Chronic exposure to these hormones results in an acceleration of the aging process, which is associated with "gradual, but often dramatic, changes over time in almost every physiological system in the human body. Combined, these changes result in decreased efficiency and resiliency of physiological function." Chronic stress and chronic heavy alcohol use cause a similar premature aging effect, including nerve cell degeneration in the hippocampus.
Heart
According to the National Institutes of Health, researchers now understand that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol can protect the hearts of some people from the risks of coronary artery disease."Beyond Hangovers: understanding alcohol's impact on your health," NIH Publication No. 10–7604, revised May 2011
But, it's not possible to predict in which people alcoholism will become a problem. Given these and other risks, the American Heart Association cautions people not to start drinking.
Life expectancy
A study published in August 2010 in the journal, "Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research," followed 1,824 participants between the ages of 55 and 65 and found that even after adjusting for all suspected covariates, abstainers and heavy drinkers continued to show increased mortality risks of 51 and 45%, respectively, compared to moderate drinkers.{{Cite journal |last=Holahan CJ, Schutte KK, Brennan PL, Holahan CK, Moos BS, Moos RH |date=November 2010 |title=Late-life alcohol consumption and 20-year mortality |journal=Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=1961–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01286.x |pmid=20735372}} A follow-up study lists several cautions in interpreting the findings. For example, the results do not address nor endorse initiation of drinking among nondrinkers, and persons who have medical conditions which would be worsened by alcohol consumption should not drink alcohol.{{Cite journal |last=Holahan |first=Charles |last2=Kathleen K. Schutte |last3=Penny L. Brennan |last4=Rebecca J. North |last5=Carole K. Holahan |last6=Bernice S. Moos |last7=Rudolf H. Moos |date=January 2012 |title=Wine Consumption and 20-Year Mortality Among Late-Life Moderate Drinkers |journal=J Stud Alcohol Drugs |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=80–88 |doi=10.15288/jsad.2012.73.80 |pmc=3237714 |pmid=22152665}} Additional research suggests that the reasons for alcohol abstinence may be a determining factor in the outcomes for abstainers: those who do not drink because of existing medical conditions or because of previous substance use disorder issues have the highest rates of early death among the abstainers. Other groups of abstainers, such as those who do not drink because of family upbringing or moral/religious reasons, have mortality risks that are as low as those who drink in moderation. Rogers, R.G., Krueger, P.M., Miech, R. et al. Popul Res Policy Rev (2013) 32: 325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9268-7
Demographics
Excessive alcohol consumption, especially of distilled alcohol, is responsible for higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy for men in Eastern Europe, especially the former Soviet Union.{{Cite journal |last=Korotayev |first=Andrey |last2=Khaltourina |first2=Daria |last3=Meshcherina |first3=Kira |last4=Zamiatnina |first4=Elena |date=2018 |title=Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=742–752 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/agy054 |pmid=30113627 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Yakovlev |first=Evgeny |date=1 July 2015 |title=Alcoholism and mortality in Eastern Europe |url=https://wol.iza.org/articles/alcoholism-and-mortality-in-eastern-europe/long |journal=IZA World of Labor |doi=10.15185/izawol.168 |access-date=29 August 2020 |doi-access=free}}