Insight#In psychology and psychiatry

File:Duncker candle problem (cropped).jpg by Karl Duncker asks how a candle might be affixed to a wall using only matches and tacks]]

In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning.{{cite book|last1=Robinson-Riegler|first1=Bridget|last2=Robinson-Riegler|first2= Gregory|title=Cognitive psychology: applying the science of the mind|publisher=Pearson Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-205-03364-5|edition=3rd|year=2012}} It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error.{{cite journal| last1= Salvi |first1= Carola |last2= Bricolo |first2= Emanuela |last3= Bowden |first3= Edward |last4=Kounios|first4=John|last5=Beeman|first5=Mark |display-authors= 3 |journal=Thinking and Reasoning |volume= 22 |issue= 4 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798|pmid=27667960|title=Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions |pages= 443–60|pmc=5035115}}{{cite book| last1= Weiten| first1= W. |last2= McCann| first2= D.|title=Themes and Variations|year=2007|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Nelson Education ltd|isbn=978-0176472733|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologythemes0002weit}} Solutions via insight have been proven to be more accurate than non-insight solutions.

Insight was first studied by Gestalt psychology, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic view of learning.{{cite book| editor-last=Sternberg|editor-first=Robert J.|editor2-last=Davidson|editor2-first= Janet E.| title=The nature of insight |year= 1996|publisher=The MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London|isbn=978-0-262-69187-1 |edition= Reprint}} Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger, coherent context.

File:Nine Dot Problem, DLW.png

Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. Problems of insight commonly fall into three types:

File:RAT problem, DLW.png

The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their functional fixedness). An example is the "Duncker candle problem", in which people are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to light the room.{{cite journal|last1=Duncker|first1=Karl|last2=Lees|first2=Lynne S.|title=On problem-solving|journal=Psychological Monographs|year=1945|volume=58|issue=5|pages=i–113|doi=10.1037/h0093599}} The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and light the candle with the matches.

The second type of insight problem requires spatial ability to solve. An example is the "Nine-dot problem" which requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.{{cite book|last=Sloan|first=Sam Loyd |title=Cyclopedia of puzzles |year=2007|publisher=Ishi Press International|location=Bronx, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-923891-78-7}}{{page needed|date=February 2018}}

The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the Remote Associates Test (RAT), in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words.{{cite journal|last=Mednick|first=Sarnoff|title=The associative basis of the creative process |journal= Psychological Review| year=1962|volume=69|issue=3|pages=220–232 |doi= 10.1037/h0048850 |pmid= 14472013 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.170.572|s2cid=6702759 }} RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.{{cite journal|last1=Kounios|first1=John|last2=Beeman|first2= Mark|title=The Aha! Moment: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|date=1 August 2009 |volume= 18 |issue= 4 |pages=210–216|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01638.x|citeseerx=10.1.1.521.6014|s2cid=16905317}}

Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed.{{cite journal|last1=Gilhooly|first1=K.J.|last2= Murphy| first2= P.|title=Differentiating insight from non-insight problems| journal= Thinking & Reasoning|date=1 August 2005|volume=11|issue=3|pages=279–302 |doi= 10.1080/13546780442000187| s2cid=144379831}} A person's cognitive flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast, fluid intelligence is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. More recent research suggests that rather than {{clarify|text=insight versus search|reason=what's that?|date=August 2023}}, that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of Aha than others.{{multiref2

|1={{Cite journal|last1=Webb| first1= Margaret E. |last2= Little |first2= Daniel R.| last3= Cropper| first3= Simon J. |year= 2016 |title= Insight Is Not in the Problem: Investigating Insight in Problem Solving across Task Types |journal= Frontiers in Psychology |language= en| volume= 7 |page= 1424 |doi= 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01424 |pmid= 27725805 |pmc= 5035735|issn=1664-1078| doi-access= free }}

|2={{Cite journal|last1=Danek|first1=Amory H. |last2= Fraps |first2= Thomas |last3= von Müller| first3= Albrecht |last4= Grothe |first4= Benedikt |last5= Öllinger |first5= Michael |display-authors= 3 |date=2014-12-08 |title=It's a kind of magic—what self-reports can reveal about the phenomenology of insight problem solving|journal=Frontiers in Psychology| volume= 5|page=1408|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01408|issn=1664-1078 |pmc= 4258999 |pmid=25538658|doi-access=free}} }}

People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems using insight.{{cite journal|last1=Subramaniam|first1=Karuna |last2=Kounios|first2=John |last3=Parrish|first3= Todd B. |last4=Jung-Beeman|first4= Mark |display-authors= 3 |title=A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect|journal= Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | date=1 March 2009|volume=21|issue=3|pages=415–432|doi=10.1162/jocn.2009.21057|pmid=18578603|s2cid=7133900 |doi-access=free}} Self-reported positive affect of participants increased insight before and during the solving of a problem,{{cite journal | last1 = Shen | first1 = W. | last2 = Yuan | first2 = Y. | last3 = Liu | first3 = C. | last4 = Luo | first4 = J. | display-authors= 3| year = 2015 | title = In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving | journal = British Journal of Psychology | volume = 107| issue = 2| pages = 281–298| doi = 10.1111/bjop.12142 | pmid = 26184903 }} {{clarify|text=as indicated by differing brain activity patterns|reason=did this study use "self-reporting" or "brain activity patterns"?|date=August 2023}}. People experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved fewer problems by insight. Emotion can also be considered: whether this is a positive Aha or negative Uh-oh moment. In order to have insights it is important to have access to one's emotions and sensations, as these can cause insights. To the degree that individuals have limited introspective access to these underlying causes, they have only limited control over these processes as well.{{cite book|editor-first1=Howard|editor-last1=Tennen|editor-first2=Jerry|editor-last2=Suls|year=2013|title=Handbook of Psychology|volume=5: Personality and Social Psychology|publisher=Wiley|location=New Jersey|page=53}}

Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break.{{cite journal |last= Segal |first= Eliaz |title=Incubation in Insight Problem Solving|journal=Creativity Research Journal|date=1 March 2004| volume= 16 |issue= 1 |pages=141–48|doi=10.1207/s15326934crj1601_13|s2cid=145742283}} However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).

Research has shown sleep to help produce insight.{{cite journal |last1= Wagner|first1=Ullrich |last2=Gais|first2=Steffen |last3=Haider|first3= Hilde |last4=Verleger|first4= Rolf |last5=Born|first5=Jan| display-authors= 3| title= Sleep inspires insight|journal=Nature|date=22 January 2004|volume=427|issue=6972|pages=352–355 |doi= 10.1038/nature02223|pmid=14737168|bibcode=2004Natur.427..352W |s2cid=4405704 }} People were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.

{{See also|Eureka effect#Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies}}

Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions.{{cite journal|last1=Bowden|first1=Edward M.|last2=Jung-Beeman|first2=Mark|title=Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|date=1 September 2003|volume=10|issue=3|pages=730–737|doi=10.3758/BF03196539|pmid=14620371|doi-access=free}} Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight.

fMRI and EEG scans of participants completing RATs demonstrated particular brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight. For example, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight problems. Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the posterior cortex corresponded to non-insight problems. The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. This conclusion has been supported also by eye-tracking data that shows an increased eye blink duration and frequency when people solve problems via insight. This latter result, {{clarify|text=paired with an eye pattern oriented to look away from sources of visual inputs|reason=paired how, by whom? is this observed or induced?|date=August 2023}} (such as looking at blank wall, or out the window at the sky) proves different attention involvement in insight problem solving vs. problem solving via analysis.{{cite journal |last1= Salvi |first1= Carola |last2= Bricolo |first2= Emanuela |last3= Franconeri |first3= Steven|last4=Kounios|first4=John|last5=Beeman|first5=Mark|title=Sudden insight is associated with shutting out visual inputs|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|date=December 2015|volume=22|issue=6|pages=1814–1819|doi=10.3758/s13423-015-0845-0|pmid=26268431|doi-access=free|hdl=10281/93524|hdl-access=free}}

Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals.{{cite journal| last1= Smith |first1= C. M.| last2= Bushouse| first2= E. | last3 =Lord| first3= J. |title=Individual and group performance on insight problems: The effects of experimentally induced fixation|journal=Group Processes & Intergroup Relations|date=13 November 2009 |volume= 13 |issue= 1|pages=91–99|doi=10.1177/1368430209340276|s2cid=35914153|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=psy_articles|url-access=subscription}}

File:RAT Problem, DLW.png

Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues.

Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Wei-Lun |last2=Hsu|first2=Kung-Yu |last3=Chen|first3=Hsueh-Chih |last4=Wang|first4=Jenn-Wu |display-authors= 3 |title=The relations of gender and personality traits on different creativities: A dual-process theory account |journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts|year=2011| doi= 10.1037/a0026241 |volume= 6 |issue= 2 |pages=112–123|s2cid=55632785 }}

Higher intelligence (higher IQ) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.

A large-scale study in Australia suggests that insight may not be universally experienced, with almost 20% of respondents reporting that they had not experienced insight.{{Cite journal|last1=Ovington|first1=Linda A. |last2= Saliba|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Moran|first3=Carmen C.|last4=Goldring|first4=Jeremy|last5=MacDonald|first5=Jasmine B.|display-authors= 3| date=2015-11-01|title=Do People Really Have Insights in the Shower? The When, Where and Who of the Aha! Moment|journal=The Journal of Creative Behavior|volume=52|language=en|pages=21–34|doi=10.1002/jocb.126|issn=2162-6057}}

People are poorer at predicting their own metacognition for insight problems, than for non-insight problems.{{cite journal|last1=Metcalfe|first1=Janet|first2=David|last2= Wiebe|title=Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving|journal=Memory & Cognition|year=1987|volume=15|issue=3|pages=238–246| doi= 10.3758/BF03197722 |pmid= 3600264|doi-access=free}} People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during insight.

Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded.{{cite journal| last1= Klein |first1= G.| last2= Jarosz| first2= A.|title=A Naturalistic Study of Insight |journal= Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making |date=17 November 2011|volume=5|issue=4|pages=335–351|doi=10.1177/1555343411427013|doi-access=free}} Insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem. Insight in nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.

Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory,{{Cite journal|last=Jarman|first=Matthew S.|date=2014-07-01| title= Quantifying the Qualitative: Measuring the Insight Experience|journal=Creativity Research Journal| volume= 26| issue= 3|pages=276–288|doi=10.1080/10400419.2014.929405|s2cid=144300757|issn=1040-0419}} verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three "B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath.

Studies on primate cognition have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in animals. In 1917, Wolfgang Köhler published his book The Mentality of Apes, having studied primates on the island of Tenerife for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of food). He observed that the animals would continuously fail to get the food, and this process occurred for quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes.{{cite book|last=Köhler|first=Wolfgang|title=The mentality of apes|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-20979-3|edition=Repr.}} A more recent study suggested that elephants might also experience insight, showing that a young male elephant was able to identify and move a large cube under food that was out of reach so that he could stand on it to get the reward.{{Cite journal |last1= Foerder|first1=Preston|last2=Galloway|first2=Marie|last3=Barthel|first3=Tony III|last4= Moore |first4=Donald E.| last5= Reiss|first5=Diana |display-authors= 3 |date=2011-08-18|title=Insightful Problem Solving in an Asian Elephant| journal= PLOS ONE| volume= 6 |issue= 8|pages=e23251|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023251|pmid=21876741|pmc=3158079|bibcode=2011PLoSO...623251F|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}

There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation.

According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems. The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. Research has demonstrated that insight probably involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.

According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight.{{cite journal |last1= Davidson|first1=J. E. |last2=Sternberg|first2= R. J. |title=The Role of Insight in Intellectual Giftedness| journal= Gifted Child Quarterly |date=1 April 1984|volume=28|issue=2|pages=58–64|doi=10.1177/001698628402800203|s2cid=145767981 }} Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems:

; selective encoding : focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant

; selective combination : combining the information previously deemed relevant

; selective comparison : the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution

According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving:{{cite book |last=Hadamard|first=Jacques|title=An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field |year= 1954|orig-year=1945| publisher=Dover Publ.|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-486-20107-8 |lccn=54-4731|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/essayonpsycholog00hada}}

1. The person prepares to solve a problem.
2. The person incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc.
3. The insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated.
4. The verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.

Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.

{{See also|Egosyntonic and egodystonic|Introspection|Self-awareness}}

In psychology and psychiatry, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own mental illness.{{multiref2

|1={{cite book|last=Marková|first=I. S.|year=2005|title=Insight in Psychiatry|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

|2={{cite journal |last1= Pijnenborg|first1= G.H.M. |last2= Spikman|first2= J.M. |last3= Jeronimus|first3= B.F. |last4= Aleman|first4= A. |year=2012|title= Insight in schizophrenia: associations with empathy |journal= European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume= 263|issue=4|pages=299–307|pmid=23076736|doi=10.1007/s00406-012-0373-0|s2cid=25194328}}

}} This form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness.{{Cite book | last1 = Ghaemi | first1 = S. Nassir | title = Polypharmacy in Psychiatry | year = 2002 | publisher = Informa Healthcare | location = Hoboken | isbn = 978-0-8247-0776-7}}{{page needed|date=February 2025}} A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme form is anosognosia, the total absence of insight into one's own mental illness. Mental illnesses are associated with a variety of levels of insight. For example, people with obsessive compulsive disorder and various phobias tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, although they feel compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless.{{cite journal | last1 = Markova | first1 = I. S. | last2 = Jaafari | first2 = N. | last3 = Berrios | first3 = G. E. | year = 2009 | title = Insight and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A conceptual analysis | journal = Psychopathology | volume = 42 | issue = 5| pages = 277–282 | doi = 10.1159/000228836 | pmid = 19609097 | s2cid = 36968617 }} Patients with schizophrenia, and various psychotic conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them.{{cite journal | last1 = Marková | first1 = I. S. | last2 = Berrios | first2 = G. E. | last3 = Hodges | first3 = J. H. | year = 2004 | title = Insight into Memory Function|journal = Neurology, Psychiatry & Brain Research | volume = 11 | pages = 115–126 }}{{cite journal |last1=Silberstein |first1=J |last2=Harvey |first2=PD |title=Impaired introspective accuracy in schizophrenia: an independent predictor of functional outcomes. |journal=Cognitive Neuropsychiatry |date=January 2019 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=28–39 |doi=10.1080/13546805.2018.1549985 |pmid=30477401|pmc=6370513 }}

Psychiatric insight can be broken into a number of dimensions. Clinical insight, awareness of one's own disease and associated symptoms, is the oldest formulation. Aaron Beck et al. published a Beck cognitive insight scale (BCIS) in 2004, measuring the new concept of cognitive insight, that is, one's ability to recognize and distance oneself from distorted beliefs, and to re-evaluate and update existing beliefs.{{cite journal |last1=Belvederi Murri |first1=M |last2=Amore |first2=M |title=The Multiple Dimensions of Insight in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders. |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |date=7 March 2019 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=277–283 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sby092 |pmid=29939361 |pmc=6403083}}{{Cite journal | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-27| pmid= 20377914| pmc= 2873466|title = The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS): Translation and validation of the Taiwanese version| journal= BMC Psychiatry| volume=10| pages=27|year = 2010|last1 = Kao|first1 = Yu-Chen| last2=Liu| first2=Yia-Ping| doi-access= free}} Finally, the concept of introspective accuracy, or one's ability to assess their own skills and capabilities, was developed from self-assessment questionnaire research in the 2000s.{{cite journal |last1=Wels |first1=Linda |last2=Dalkner |first2=Nina |last3=Lenger |first3=Melanie |last4=Fellendorf |first4=Frederike T. |last5=Schönthaler |first5=Elena M.D. |last6=Harvey |first6=Philip D. |last7=Reininghaus |first7=Eva Z. |title=Cognitive insight and introspective accuracy in individuals with bipolar disorder: A scoping review |journal=Neuroscience Applied |date=2023 |volume=2 |pages=101132 |doi=10.1016/j.nsa.2023.101132|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Mervis |first1=JE |last2=Vohs |first2=JL |last3=Lysaker |first3=PH |title=An update on clinical insight, cognitive insight, and introspective accuracy in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: symptoms, cognition, and treatment. |journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics |date=March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=245–255 |doi=10.1080/14737175.2022.2049757 |pmid=35244496}}

Good cognitive insight predicts favorable outcomes in cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/17522430903147520|title = Cognitive insight predicts favorable outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis| journal=Psychosis| volume=2| pages=23–33|year = 2010|last1 = Perivoliotis|first1 = Dimitri| last2=Grant| first2=Paul M.| last3=Peters| first3=Emmanuelle R.| last4=Ison| first4=Rebecca| last5=Kuipers| first5= Elizabeth| last6= Beck| first6=Aaron T. |display-authors= 3 |s2cid = 143474848}} On the other hand, for people with schizophrenia, good cognitive insight is associated with higher self-stigma, higher insight into treatment, and lower medication compliance. It is not associated with a change in quality-of-life.{{cite journal |last1=Lien |first1=Yin-Ju |last2=Chang |first2=Hsin-An |last3=Kao |first3=Yu-Chen |last4=Tzeng |first4=Nian-Sheng |last5=Lu |first5=Chien-Wen |last6=Loh |first6=Ching-Hui |title=The impact of cognitive insight, self-stigma, and medication compliance on the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |date=February 2018 |volume=268 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1007/s00406-017-0829-3|pmid=28756468 }} Among people with schizophrenia, introspective accuracy is a very powerful predictor for functional outcomes.

Some psychiatrists believe antipsychotics may contribute to the patient's lack of insight.{{multiref2

|1={{cite journal| url= https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/doi/10.1093/schbul/sbw165/2730504/Mistakes-I-Have-Made-in-My-Research-Career | title= Mistakes I Have Made in My Research Career| first= Robin M.| last= Murray| journal= Schizophrenia Bulletin| volume= 43| number= 2| year= 2017| pages= 253–256| doi= 10.1093/schbul/sbw165| pmid= 28003469| pmc= 5605250| doi-access= free}}

|2={{cite journal | pmid = 22340278 | doi=10.1017/S0033291712000220 | volume=42 | issue=10 | title=Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study | date=October 2012 | journal=Psychological Medicine | pages=2145–55 | last1 = Harrow | first1 = M. | last2 = Jobe | first2 = T.H. | last3 = Faull | first3 = R.N.| s2cid=29641445 | url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10757432 }}

|3={{cite journal | pmc= 4524699 | pmid=26241954 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001861 | volume=12 | issue=8 | title=Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment: Time to Rethink? | journal=PLOS Med | page=e1001861 | last1 = Moncrieff | first1 = J.| year=2015 | doi-access=free }}

}}

The Pali word for "insight" is {{transliteration|pi|vipassana}}, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of Buddhist mindfulness meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.{{cite journal |last1=Ren|first1=Jun|last2=Huang|first2= ZhiHui |last3=Luo|first3= Jing |last4=Wei|first4= GaoXia |last5=Ying|first5= XiaoPing |last6=Ding|first6= ZhiGuang |last7=Wu|first7= YiBin |last8= Luo|first8= Fei |display-authors= 3 |title=Meditation promotes insightful problem-solving by keeping people in a mindful and alert conscious state|journal=Science China Life Sciences|date=29 October 2011|volume=54|issue=10|pages=961–965|doi=10.1007/s11427-011-4233-3|pmid=22038009|doi-access=free}}

Similar concepts in Zen Buddhism are {{transliteration|ja|kenshō}} and {{transliteration|ja|satori}}.

• {{annotated link|Christian ethics}}
• {{annotated link|Genius}}
• {{annotated link|Grok}}
• {{annotated link|Human self-reflection}}
• {{annotated link|Introspection}}
• {{annotated link|Bernard Lonergan}}
• {{annotated link|Psychological mindedness}}
• {{annotated link|Sagacity}}
• {{annotated link|Self awareness}}
• {{annotated link|Virtue ethics}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Nigel|year=2007|title=Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928196-1}}
• Kounios, John, and Yvette Kounios, "The Wonder of Insight: Scientists are finally getting a grasp on the aha! moment – how and when it happens and why it matters", Scientific American, vol. 332, no. 3 (March 2025), pp. 20–27.

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