International status and usage of the euro

Several European microstates outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency. For EU sanctioning of this adoption, a monetary agreement must be concluded. Prior to the launch of the euro, agreements were reached with Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City by EU member states (Italy in the case of San Marino and Vatican City, and France in the case of Monaco) allowing them to use the euro and mint a limited amount of euro coins (with their own national symbols on the obverse side) to be valid throughout the eurozone. However, they cannot print banknotes. All of these states had previously had monetary agreements to use yielded eurozone currencies. San Marino and Vatican City had their currencies pegged to the Italian lira (Vatican and Sammarinese lira) and Monaco used the Monegasque franc, which was pegged to the French franc.{{cite web |url= http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25040_en.htm |title= Agreements on monetary relations (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City) |date= 30 September 2004 |access-date=12 September 2006 |publisher=European Communities}} Between 2010 and 2012, new agreements between the EU and Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City came into force.

A similar agreement was negotiated with Andorra and came into force on 1 April 2012. Andorra did not previously have an official currency. Prior to 1999, it used both the French franc and Spanish peseta as de facto legal tender currencies, though they never had an official monetary arrangement with either country, and switched to the euro (without any monetary agreement) when it was introduced on 1 January 2002. After years of negotiations, partially over concerns with banking secrecy,{{cite web |url=http://www.andorra-intern.com/news_2006/andorraeuros.htm |title=Andorranische Euros nicht zu jedem Preis |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=3 January 2007 |author=Boldt, Hans H. and Sant Julià de Lòria |language=de |publisher=Andorra-Intern}} the EU and Andorra signed a monetary agreement on 30 June 2011 which made the euro the official currency in Andorra and allowed them to mint their own euro coins as early as 1 July 2013, provided they comply with the agreement's terms.{{cite web |url=http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=13395&Itemid=380 |title=Martí rubrica l'acord monetari que permet encunyar euros propis |language=ca |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511011004/http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=13395&Itemid=380 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.elperiodicdandorra.com/politica/12026-lacord-monetari-el-cami-cap-lespai-economic-adaptat-als-microestats.html |title=L'acord monetari, el camí cap l'espai econòmic adaptat als microestats |language=ca |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191152/http://www.elperiodicdandorra.com/politica/12026-lacord-monetari-el-cami-cap-lespai-economic-adaptat-als-microestats.html |url-status=dead }} However, the first Andorran euro coins did not enter into circulation until January 2015.{{cite web |url=http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&id=38445&view=item&Itemid=380 |title=Cues per comprar els euros andorrans dels col·leccionistes|date=2015-01-16|access-date=2015-01-16 |newspaper=Diari d'Andorra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208210833/http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&id=38445&view=item&Itemid=380 |archive-date=8 February 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.andorra-mint.com/?p=286 |title=1ª Emissió dels euros andorrans|date=2014-12-23 |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430090434/http://www.andorra-mint.com/?p=286 |url-status=dead}}

{{Euro accession map}}

{{see also|Special member state territories and the European Union}}

Outside the EU, there are currently three French territories and a British territory that have agreements to use the euro as their currency. All other dependent territories of eurozone member states that have opted not to be a part of EU, usually with Overseas Country and Territory (OCT) status, use local currencies which are often pegged to the euro or U.S. dollar. As non-sovereign entities, dependent territories which have adopted the euro are not permitted to mint euro coins like the European microstates, nor do they get a seat at the European Central Bank (ECB) or the Eurogroup. France is responsible for ensuring that the laws governing the EMU are applied in territories of theirs using the euro.{{cite journal |url=http://www.banque-france.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/banque_de_france/publications/QSA-24_05.pdf |journal=Quarterly Selection of Articles |volume=24 |title=French overseas territories and the euro |publisher=Bank of France|date=Winter 2011–2012 |access-date=2013-01-25}}{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25042.htm |title=Agreements concerning the French territorial communities |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=31 December 1998 |access-date=31 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126072100/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25042.htm |archive-date=26 January 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:189:0003:0004:EN:PDF|title=Monetary agreement between EU and the French Republic on keeping the euro in Saint-Barthélemy following the amendment of its EU status|publisher=EUR-lex (Official Journal of the EU) |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=23 January 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sbaadministration.org/home/legislation/01_02_09_05_ORDINANCES/01_02_09_05_48_ORD_2007/20070101_Ord-18_G1470_u.pdf |title=Euro Ordinance 2007: An Ordinance to provide for the adoption of the euro as legal tender in the Sovereign Base Areas and for related matters|work=Gazette |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=23 January 2013}}

The first OCTs to adopt the euro through a monetary agreement were the French overseas territories of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, located off the coast of Canada, and Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. They both adopted the euro on 1 January 1999 when the currency was first introduced at the electronic level. Mayotte subsequently held a referendum in 2009 in which it decided to become an integral part of France. Its status was changed from an OCT to an OMR, where EU laws apply without separate agreements, on 1 January 2014,{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14957924,00.html |title=EU shores spread to Indian Ocean island |last=Cannuel |first=Elise |publisher=Deutsche Weller |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=6 July 2011}} which rendered the previous monetary agreement unnecessary.

On 22 February 2007, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin were politically separated from the French Outermost region (OMR) Guadeloupe to form two new French overseas collectivities. This caused their status in the EU to briefly enter legal limbo, until ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon reaffirmed that both territories were part of the EU. The euro continued to be used in both territories throughout this period without incident. When Saint Barthélemy subsequently became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, changing its status to an OCT, the territory had to sign a monetary agreement to continue using the euro.{{cite web |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/policies/agreements/search-the-agreements-database.aspx?command=details&id=&lang=en&aid=2011042&doclang=EN%22 |title=CONSILIUM – Search the agreements database |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=2012-01-31 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114741/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/policies/agreements/search-the-agreements-database.aspx?command=details&id=&lang=en&aid=2011042&doclang=EN%22 |url-status=dead }}

With the adoption of the euro by Cyprus on 1 January 2008, the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which had previously used the Cypriot pound, also decided to adopt the euro. The base areas are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom and under military jurisdiction. Even when the UK was an EU member state, the base areas were not considered part of the EU. The euro was instead adopted to align the base areas with the laws and currency of the Republic of Cyprus.{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3097521.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510204604/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3097521.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2011 |title=The Times |access-date=2012-01-31}}

{{Further|Kosovo and the euro|Montenegro and the euro|Currency substitution#Euro}}

Montenegro and Kosovo have also used the euro since its launch, as they previously used the German mark instead of the Yugoslav dinar. Unlike the states above, they do not have a formal agreement with the EU to use the euro as their currency, and have never minted marks or euros; rather, they depend on bills and coins already in circulation.{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/business/euro.php |title=Euro used as legal tender in non-EU nations – Business – International Herald Tribune – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=2012-01-31}}{{cite web |url=http://www.unmikonline.org/press/unmik/dpi/press/html/2001/press/pr40.html |title=UNMIK/PR/40. Press Release. KOUCHNER SIGNS REGULATION ON FOREIGN CURRENCY |date=2 September 1999|website=www.unmikonline.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202041730/http://www.unmikonline.org/press/unmik/dpi/press/html/2001/press/pr40.html |archive-date=2 December 2008}}{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/euro/use-euro/euro-outside-euro-area_en#whoelseusestheeuro|title=The euro outside the euro area | European Commission}}

Due to concerns that Serbia could use the dinar to destabilise Kosovo and Montenegro (the latter was in a political union with Serbia until 2006), both received Western help in adopting and using the mark (though there was no restriction on the use of the dinar or any other currency). They switched to the euro when the mark was replaced. In North Kosovo, mainly populated by the Serbian minority, the Serbian dinar, which replaced the Yugoslav dinar, continues to be used despite its lack of recognition or use elsewhere in Kosovo.{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidate-countries/kosovo/economic_profile_en.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707171032/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidate-countries/kosovo/economic_profile_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=European Commission – Enlargement – Kosovo – Economic profile – Enlargement |publisher=European Commission |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=2012-01-31}}

The use of the euro in Montenegro and Kosovo has helped stabilise their economies, and for this reason the adoption of the euro by small states has been encouraged by former Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia. Former European Central Bank president Jean-Claude Trichet stated that the ECB – which does not grant representation to those who unilaterally adopt the euro – neither supports nor deters those wishing to use the currency.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In October 2012, Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli suggested that he was considering making the euro the third official currency of Panama, alongside the U.S. dollar and Panamanian balboa.{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/panama-leader-tells-germany-wants-adopt-euro-062025009.html |title=Panama leader tells Germany he wants to adopt euro |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=2014-03-18 |agency=Reuters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024082514/http://news.yahoo.com/panama-leader-tells-germany-wants-adopt-euro-062025009.html |archive-date=24 October 2012}}File:Swiss Petrol Station Sign.jpg

In various countries, the euro is accepted by some merchants despite not being the official currency there. Additionally, it is sometimes used for pricing purposes even when actual payments are made in the official currency (e.g., for real estate).

The euro is often accepted in shops in countries neighboring the eurozone, like the border areas and capitals of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, which are near to Germany, Austria, Slovenia and Slovakia; the border areas of Switzerland, which is almost entirely surrounded by eurozone members except for Lichtenstein, which also uses the Swiss franc; the border areas between Sweden and Finland; and more.

Also, a large number of petrol stations and motorway service areas in European countries outside the eurozone accept euros, and Poland (as well as non-EU members Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia) allow payment of highway tolls in euros.

The euro is explicitly included in some laws in non-eurozone countries, including EEA countries, based on EU directives. The laws, for example in money laundering, include specific euro amounts above which certain rules apply.

In some areas of New Caledonia and French Polynesia, both non-EU territories of an EU member state (France), euro payments can be accepted, alongside the territorial CFP Franc.

File:Euros and blood accepted.jpgSome tourist-oriented shops in the United Kingdom accept the euro.{{Cite web |title=Can You Use Your Leftover Euros in Britain? |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/spending-leftover-euros-around-the-uk-1662409 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=TripSavvy |language=en}} In Northern Ireland, which shares a land border with the eurozone, the euro is accepted in some shops, including many chain stores.{{Cite web |url=https://www.discovernorthernireland.com/faqs |title=FAQ |website=www.discovernorthernireland.com |publisher=Tourism Northern Ireland|access-date=21 April 2021}}

The application of EU law and treaties to Northern Cyprus is currently suspended.{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/acc_2003/act_1/pro_10/sign|title=EUR-Lex - 12003T/PRO/10 - EN - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}} Its territory is claimed by the Republic of Cyprus, one of the EU member states, but is under the control of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). The TRNC is not recognised by the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union, or by any country other than Turkey. EU law would start to apply in Northern Cyprus if it came under control of the Republic of Cyprus (if the Cyprus dispute were resolved through unification), whose official legal tender is the euro.

Presently, the TRNC government has declared the Turkish lira to be its legal tender. The euro (along with other major currencies, such as the U.S. dollar and British pound) can be used to pay for goods and services in many shops associated with or situated near tourist hotspots, as well as some major supermarkets.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7165622.stm |title=Euro is widely used alongside Turkish Lira|date=January 2008 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=29 May 2014}}{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/cyprus/9175684/Cyprus-a-true-experience-in-north-and-south.html |title=Most places in north Cyprus will accept euros|work=The Telegraph|date=April 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}} However, the exchange rate used by these businesses may not always reflect the true value of the currencies involved.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/guideline.html|title=North Cyprus: Tourist Guideline - Useful Information|website=www.cypnet.co.uk}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ercanairportnorthcyprus.com/services/car-park/ |title=Car Park | Ercan International Airport (ECN) Northern Cyprus |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316012624/http://www.ercanairportnorthcyprus.com/services/car-park/ |archive-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead }} Cypriot euro coins, using both Greek and Turkish languages, have been designed to avoid any bias towards any particular area of the island,{{cite news|author=Helena Smith in Nicosia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cyprus/story/0,,2234003,00.html |title=Arrival of euro boosts Cyprus peace hopes | World news |work=The Guardian |access-date=2012-01-31 |location=London |date=1 January 2008}} in keeping with both Greek and Turkish being the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus.[http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001544/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |date=3 December 2013}} 1960 date accessed 1 Jan 2014 p.2 Some in northern Cyprus have called for the unilateral adoption of the euro.{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/153749|title=Could north Cyprus unilaterally join euro to escape Turkey's lira?|date=2021-12-08|access-date=2021-12-08|website=euobserver|last1=Feridun|first1=Mete|last2=Dr.}}

From April 2009 to June 2019,{{cite web |last1=Sguazzin |first1=Anthony |title=Zim's dollar returns, a decade after it became worthless |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/Africa/zims-dollar-returns-a-decade-after-it-became-worthless-20190624 |website=Fin24 |access-date=25 June 2019 |ref=fin24-sguazzin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624221947/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/Africa/zims-dollar-returns-a-decade-after-it-became-worthless-20190624 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |url-status=live }} the Zimbabwean dollar was no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), South African rand (R), Botswanan pula (P), pound sterling (£), euro (€), Indian rupee (₹), Australian dollar (A$), Chinese yuan (元/¥), and Japanese yen (¥) were used instead, along with U.S.-cent denominated Zimbabwean bond coins and bond notes.{{Cite web |url=http://uselessk.com/facts/in-zimbabwe-there-are-nine-official-currencies-amongst-others-the-euro-and-the-us-dollar |title=In Zimbabwe there are nine official currencies, amongst others the euro and the US dollar - uselessk.com |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115095927/http://uselessk.com/facts/in-zimbabwe-there-are-nine-official-currencies-amongst-others-the-euro-and-the-us-dollar |archive-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/and-the-currency-of-zimbabwe-is|title=And the Currency of Zimbabwe Is???|date=29 May 2012 }}

In 1998, Cuba announced that it would replace the U.S. dollar with the euro as its official currency for the purposes of international trading.{{cite news |title= Cuba to adopt Euro in foreign trade |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/210441.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=8 November 1998 |access-date=2 January 2008}} On 1 December 2002, North Korea did the same. (Its internal currency, the wŏn, is not convertible and thus cannot be used to purchase foreign goods. The euro also enjoys popularity domestically, especially among elites and resident foreigners.) Syria followed suit in 2006.{{cite news |title= US row leads Syria to snub dollar |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4713622.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=14 February 2006 |access-date=2 January 2008}}

Since 2007, Iran has asked all petroleum customers to pay in non-U.S. dollar currency in response to American sanctions. This has resulted in the Iranian oil bourse trading in several currencies, predominantly the euro for European trade, and either the yen or euros for sales in Asia.

In 2018, in response to U.S. sanctions, the Venezuelan Minister of Industries and National Production Tareck El Aissami announced that all foreign exchange government auctions will no longer be quoted in U.S. dollars and would use euros, Chinese yuan and other hard currencies instead. El Aissami said the government would open bank accounts in Europe and Asia as potential workarounds to financial sanctions. In addition, Venezuela's banking sector will now be able to participate in currency auctions three times a week, adding that the government would sell some 2 billion euros amid a rebound in oil prices.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-16/dollars-are-out-euros-are-in-as-u-s-sanctions-sting-venezuela |title=Dollars Are Out, Euros Are in as U.S. Sanctions Sting Venezuela |last1=Rosati |first1=Andrew |date=17 October 2018|work=Bloomberg |access-date=17 June 2019 |last2=Zerpa |first2=Fabiola}}

Currently, there are several currencies pegged to the euro, some with fluctuation bands around a central rate and others with no fluctuations allowed around the central rate. This can be seen as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies. The euro is seen as a stable currency, i.e., there are no dramatic appreciations or depreciations of its value that might suddenly damage the economy or harm trade. Thus it provides security to traders and people holding that currency.

In 2011, the Swiss franc was rapidly appreciating against the euro, harming its exports to the eurozone. In response, Switzerland implemented a cap to the Swiss franc's value. This was not so much a peg, as they were merely limiting its highest value and not its lowest.

The Bulgarian lev is pegged to the euro through a currency board. As part of ERM II, the currencies have a fluctuation band of ±15%. Denmark, however, has committed to a tighter fluctuation band of 2.25%.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalbanken.dk/DNUK/MonetaryPolicy.nsf/side/Exchange_Rate_Mechanism__ERM_II!OpenDocument |title=Nationalbanken // Monetary Policy // Web document // Foreign-exchange policy / ERM II |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201162335/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/DNUK/MonetaryPolicy.nsf/side/Exchange_Rate_Mechanism__ERM_II!OpenDocument |archive-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}

The Moroccan Dirham has been historically pegged to a basket of currencies including the Euro and the US Dollar. In 2015, the Central Bank updated the weights of the peg to 60% for the Euro and 40% for the US dollar, against respectively 80% and 20% previously, to better reflect the current structure of foreign trade of the country.{{cite web | url=https://www.finances.gov.ma/en/Pages/detail-actualite.aspx?fiche=3256 | title=Updating of the Dirham's basket weighting – MEF – Kingdom of Morocco }}

The convertible mark, the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was fixed to 1 German mark when it was introduced on the basis of the Dayton agreement. Consequently, after introduction of the euro, the convertible mark has used the German-mark-to-euro rate at 1.95583 BAM per euro.

Since 2005, stamps issued by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta have been denominated in euros, although the Order's official currency remains the Maltese scudo.{{cite web |url=http://www.orderofmalta.int/catalogue/stamps/35675/associate-countries/?lang=en |title=Home |website=www.orderofmalta.int |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309233918/http://www.orderofmalta.int//catalogue/stamps/35675/associate-countries/?lang=en |url-status=dead }} The Maltese scudo itself is pegged to the euro and is only recognised as legal tender within the Order.

{{Reserve currencies plot}}

The euro is a major global reserve currency, the second most widely held international reserve currency after the U.S. dollar.{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/error.htm?URL=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf|title=International Monetary Fund|website=www.imf.org}} Inheriting this status from the German mark, its share of international reserves has risen from 23.65% in 2002 to a peak of 27.66% in 2009 before declining due to the European debt crisis, with Russia and Eastern Europe being the most significant users.

{{cite web |url=http://english.pravda.ru/business/finance/107581-dollar_russia-0 |title=Dollar stops being Russia's basic reserve currency |publisher=English pravda.ru |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=2012-01-31}}

{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Frances |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=axsVayf83Ow4 |title=Euro Grows as Reserve Currency at Dollar's Expense (Update1) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=8 July 2009 |access-date=2012-01-31}}

The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency was widely discussed before 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.wage.wisc.edu/uploads/Working%20Papers/chinnfrankel_NBER_eurotopcurrency.pdf |title=Will the Euro Eventually Surpass the Dollar As Leading International Reserve Currency?|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825070016/http://www.wage.wisc.edu/uploads/Working%20Papers/chinnfrankel_NBER_eurotopcurrency.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2013}}

Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan gave his opinion in September 2007 that the euro could indeed replace the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency. He said it is "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency."{{cite news |title=Reuters |work=Euro could replace dollar as top currency – Greenspan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSL1771147920070917 |access-date=17 September 2007 |date=17 September 2007}}

As of 2021, however, the euro has not displaced the U.S. dollar as primary reserve currency due to the European debt crisis.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The euro's stability and future existence was doubted and its share of global reserves fell to 19% by year-end 2015 (compared to 66% for the U.S. dollar). As of year-end 2020, these figures stand at 21% for the euro and 59% for the U.S. dollar.

{{Portal|Money}}

• Dollarisation
• International use of the U.S. dollar
• Internationalization of the renminbi
• Central banks and currencies of Africa
• Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
• Reserve currency

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.ecb.int/press/pr/date/2005/html/pr050502.en.html ECB latest press release on central rates and bands for ERM II]

{{Euro topics|state=expanded}}

{{European Union topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Currencies of Africa}}

{{Currencies of the Americas}}

{{Currencies of Asia}}

{{Currencies of Oceania}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Status And Usage of the Euro}}

Category:Currencies of Zimbabwe

Category:Euro

Category:Monetary hegemony

Category:Monetary policy of the European Union

Category:Currencies of Africa

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Category:Currencies of Oceania

Category:Currencies of Asia