Intifada

Intifada is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering".Mary K.Roberson, 'Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada,' in Ellen Cole, Esther D Rothblum, Oliva M Espin (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fXWPa4bZVoQC&pg=PA42 Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives,] Routledge, 2013 p.42.Ellen Canterow, 'Beita,' in Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin, (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA81 Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation,] South End Press, 1989 pp.81-98 p.81 It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of",{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Laura |title=The Politics of Mass Violence in the Middle East |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=9780198825036}} as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep,David Pratt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_NE9jbFTrsC&pg=PA20 Intifada,] Casemate Publishers, 2009 p.20 or dirt from one's sandals.

{{Further|Iraqi Intifada (1952)}}In the Palestinian context, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas,Sharif Kanana, 'Women in the Legends of the Intifada,' in Suha Sabbagh (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1-uwfJhuEC&pg=PA114 Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank,] Indiana University Press, 1998 p.114. where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance", a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence.Mary Elizabeth King, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5dmy-mWlcsC&pg=PA208 A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance,] Nation Books 2007 p.208 The First Intifada was characterized by protests, general strikes, economic boycotts, and riots, including the widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the Israeli army and its infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.

{{Main|Globalize the Intifada}}

{{See also|First Intifada|Second Intifada|Unity Intifada}}

The term Intifada, in context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict refers to major Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control, with the First Intifada occurring between 1987 and 1993 and the Second Intifada between 2000 and 2005, both involving numerous attacks against Israeli civilians and security forces.

The phrase "Globalize the Intifada" is a slogan used to promote worldwide activism in solidarity with the Palestinian resistance. The chant and its associated chants have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics claimed it encourages widespread violence or terrorism.{{cite web |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Amid terror wave in Israel, New York BDS group calls to 'globalize intifada' at rally |url=https://www.jns.org/amid-terror-wave-in-israel-new-york-bds-group-calls-to-globalize-intifada-at-rally/ |website=JNS}}{{cite web |title=Pro-Palestinian NYC Rally Features "Globalize the Intifada" Chants |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=Jewish Journal |date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111750/https://jewishjournal.com/news/339317/pro-palestinian-nyc-rally-features-globalize-the-intifada-chants/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author=Luke Tress |date=October 25, 2023 |title=Antisemitic incidents have spiked in New York since Hamas attack on Israel, NYPD says |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/566798/antisemitic-incidents-have-spiked-in-new-york-since-hamas-attack-on-israel-nypd-says/ |website=The Forward}}

In Arabic texts, uprisings anywhere can be referred to using the Arabic word "intifada", including, for example, the 1916 Easter Rising ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة الفصح}}),{{Cite web |title=الإيرلنديون يحيون ذكرى انتفاضة الفصح ضد البريطانيين |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2003/4/20/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%ad |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}} the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة غيتو وارسو}}),{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8080-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%80-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88/a-65374699|title=في الذكرى الـ80 للانتفاضة ـ هذا ما حدث في "غيتو وارسو"|language=Arabic|work=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=3 May 2024|date=19 April 2023|quote=في 19 أبريل 1943، بدأت الانتفاضة الأولى ضد النظام النازي On 19 April 1943, the first intifada began against the Nazi regime}} and the 1949 Jeju uprising ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة جيجو}}).{{Cite news |title=في أسبوع: "القيامة" و"رهبان صبية" وانتفاضة "جيجو" |url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-43698497 |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=BBC News عربي |language=ar}}

In English, the word may refer to these events, overwhelmingly in the Arabic-speaking world:

• Iraqi Intifada, a series of strikes and riots in Iraq in 1952, aimed against the Hashemite monarchy rule{{cite web|url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/042312336_Sorby.pdf|title=THE 1952 UPRISING IN IRAQ AND REGENT'S ROLE IN ITS CRUSHING (Iraq from al-watba to al-intifāda: 1949 - 1952)|accessdate=3 May 2024|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences|author=Karol Sorby}}
• October Revolution, a series of strikes, riots, and demonstrations in Sudan, that ended with the dissolution of the Abbud military regime and the beginning of second civilian rule in 1964{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_rrBQAAQBAJ | title=Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985 | isbn=978-1-4725-7402-2 | last1=Berridge | first1=W. J. | date=29 January 2015 | publisher=Bloomsbury }}
• March Intifada, a leftist uprising against the British colonial presence in Bahrain in March 1965{{cite web | url=http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707121746/http://www.alwaqt.com/art.php?aid=101780 | archive-date=7 July 2011 | title=لندن ناقشت أحداث البحرين مع واشنطن وسط مؤشر تحويل النفوذ في الخليج لأميركا - بانوراما - صحيفة الوقت البحرينية - يومية سياسية مستقلة }}
• Zemla Intifada, against Spanish colonial rule in then Spanish Sahara, in June 1970{{cite news|title=Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406191074.html|access-date=6 November 2016|work=allafrica.com|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174818/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406191074.html|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}
• In Lebanese internal conflicts:
• February 6 Intifada (1984), during the Lebanese Civil War{{cite magazine|url=http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2006/07/lebanon_agonist.html |title=Lebanon Agonistes |access-date=2009-10-17 |last=Glass |first=Charles |date=July 2006 |authorlink=Charles Glass |magazine=CounterPunch |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105182548/http://www.charlesglass.net/archives/2006/07/lebanon_agonist.html |archive-date= 5 January 2009 }}
• Cedar Revolution or "Intifada of Independence", the events in Lebanon after Rafic Hariri's 2005 assassination{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27933971 | jstor=27933971 | last1=Haugbolle | first1=Sune | title=Spatial Transformations in the Lebanese "Independence Intifada" | journal=The Arab Studies Journal | date=10 May 2024 | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=60–77 }}
• The 1984 Egyptian intifada, (October 1, 1984 - October 2, 1984), a bloody uprising and civil resistance movement{{cite news|title=Egypt cuts food prices|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|accessdate=28 April 2013|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post|date=1984-10-02|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302205945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4090,381919&dq=food+riots+egypt&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• 1990s uprising in Bahrain, an uprising demanding a return to democratic rule, also known as the "1990s Intifada"{{cite book | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-repression-in-bahrain/political-repression-in-bahrain/FA168D3B3DAF58ADD3A802E5CD5DDE7E | isbn=978-1-108-47143-5 | title=Political Repression in Bahrain | series=Cambridge Middle East Studies | date=10 May 2024 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
• 1991 Iraqi uprisings, an armed uprising against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, also known as "Iraqi Intifada of 1991"{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/slippery-slope-libya-and-lessons-previous-no-fly-zones | title=Slippery Slope: Libya and the Lessons of Previous No-Fly Zones | the Washington Institute }}
• In the Western Sahara conflict:
• First Sahrawi Intifada, protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Sahara, south of Morocco (1999–2004){{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|title=Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria|publisher=JSTOR|accessdate=3 May 2024|year=2010|author=Randa Farah|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|volume=11|issue=2|pages=59–66|jstor=43133843|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133843|url-status=live}}
• Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada, demonstrations and riots in Western Sahara, south of Morocco, beginning in May 2005
• Gdeim Izik protest camp, also referred as Third Sahrawi Intifada or simply Third Intifada{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/looking-back-looking-forward-inheriting-the-revolutions-of-the-arab-spring/|title=Looking back, looking forward: inheriting the revolutions of the 'Arab Spring' | openDemocracy|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=9 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509094257/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/looking-back-looking-forward-inheriting-the-revolutions-of-the-arab-spring/|url-status=live}}
• 2005 French riots referred to be the historian Andrew Hussey as "the French Intifada"{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2015.1101954 | doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1101954 | title=The French intifada: The long war between France and its Arabs | date=2016 | last1=MacDonald | first1=Megan C. | journal=The Journal of North African Studies | volume=21 | pages=156–158 | url-access=subscription }}
• Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave which began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia, sometimes referred to as "Intifada":
• Tunisian Revolution, or Tunisian Intifadahttps://www.dohainstitute.org/en/lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/The_Tunisian_Revolution_An_Analysis_of_Analyses.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}
• Yemeni Revolution, or Yemeni Intifada{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi0BDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 | title=Fault Lines, the New Updated Edition: Understanding America's Role in the Middle East and the Circumstances Leading to the Rise of ISIS | isbn=978-1-943425-60-0 | last1=Liebich | first1=Don | date=24 May 2016 | publisher=Elevate }}
• 2011 Egyptian revolution, or Egyptian Intifada{{cite web | url=https://saisreview.sais.jhu.edu/the-egyptian-uprising-a-case-study-in-intifadat-and-the-difficulty-of-lasting-change/ | title=The Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study in Intifadat and the Difficulty of Lasting Change - the SAIS Review of International Affairs | date=16 April 2013 }}
• 2011–2013 Sudanese protests, or Sudanese Intifada{{Cite web |title=Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan | ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303288272}}
• Second Arab Spring, a series of anti-government protests in several Arab countries starting in late 2019, also known as "Arab Spring 2.0":
• 17 October Revolution, nicknamed the Tax Intifada{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/10/18/lebanon-protests-thousands-demand-fall-of-the-regime-in-beirut | title=Lebanon protests: Thousands demand 'fall of the regime' in Beirut }}
• 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, nicknamed Iraqi Intifada{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VD2mtgAACAAJ | title=Iraq's Democratic Moment | isbn=978-1-84904-218-5 | last1=Hadid | first1=Foulath | date=10 May 2024 | publisher=Hurst & Company }}
• In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict:
• First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation lasting from December 1987 to 1993{{cite web |title=History Illustrated: The first Intifada against Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/8/history-illustrated-the-first-intifada-against-israel}}
• Second Intifada, also called Al-Aqsa Intifada, an uprising against Israeli occupation leading to intensification of Israeli-Palestinian violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005{{cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=What were the intifadas? |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110215245/https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024}}
• 2014 Jerusalem unrest, a series of violent acts and attacks in Jerusalem in 2014 sometimes referred to as "Intifada"{{cite book |last1=Marder |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FJPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Senses of Upheaval |date=16 November 2021 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-83998-228-6}}
• 2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict – 2015 escalation in Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes referred to as "Al-Quds Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" or "Knife Intifada"[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218091947/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23974-ngo-israeli-army-has-killed-49-children-since-october|date=2016-02-18}}. MEMO, 17 February 2016
• 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, also known as the "Unity Intifada"{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Why there is no uprising in the West Bank – yet |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/07/why-there-is-no-uprising-in-the-west-bank-yet/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}
• Ongoing Gaza war, referred to by some commentators as the Third Intifada{{cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas-Israel escalation: What we know so far, and whether it could lead to the Third Intifada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007160227/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}
• 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, nicknamed the "student intifada" by activists and critics{{multiref|{{Cite web |first=Akhtar |last=Makoii |date=2024-05-08 |title=Pro-Palestinian protesters project 'student intifada' slogan onto university |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |quote=Police cleared a pro-Palestinian tent encampment at George Washington University on Wednesday after protesters projected a US flag in flames and slogans including "Long live the student intifada" onto a building overnight. |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The Telegraph |language=en |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220155/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/05/08/police-pro-palestine-camp-george-washington-university/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Maximillian |date=2024-05-03 |title=Inside the 'Student Intifada': A roundtable with campus organizers |url=http://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |quote=It is being called the Student Intifada, a grassroots protest movement spreading to different college and university campuses around the country involving students at over a hundred campuses, setting up encampments, occupations and protests (...) |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The Real News Network |language=en-US |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509220156/https://therealnews.com/inside-the-student-intifada-a-roundtable-with-campus-organizers |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Starr |date=2024-05-07 |title='Student intifada here to stay': Harvard activists defy suspension threat |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |quote=Anti-Israel activists groups defied Harvard University warnings that their protest encampment must dissolve under threat of suspension, proclaiming the campus occupation movement a "student intifada" in a press conference on Monday. |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en |archive-date=May 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510193327/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-800216 |url-status=live }}}}

• The Electronic Intifada, an online publication which covers the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from a Palestinian perspective
• Serhildan, sometimes considered the Kurdish equivalent to "intifada".{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2006 |title=Children of the repression |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211075559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=the Guardian}}
• International Conference on Supporting Palestine Intifada
• Revolution

{{Reflist}}

{{wiktionary|intifada}}

• {{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Hussey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/french-intifada-arab-banlieues-fighting-french-state-extract |title=The French Intifada: how the Arab banlieues are fighting the French state |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 February 2014}}

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Category:Social concepts

Category:Arabic words and phrases