Invertebrate mitochondrial code

:   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG

:Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------

: Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

: Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG

: Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V).

Note: The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Yang X, Higgs PG | title = The mechanisms of codon reassignments in mitochondrial genetic codes | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 64 | issue = 6 | pages = 662–88 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17541678 | pmc = 1894752 | doi = 10.1007/s00239-006-0284-7 | arxiv = q-bio/0703066 | bibcode = 2007JMolE..64..662S }}

• ATA/AUA
• ATT/AUU
• ATC/AUC: Apis{{cite journal | vauthors = Crozier RH, Crozier YC | title = The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization | journal = Genetics | volume = 133 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–117 | date = January 1993 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/133.1.97 | pmid = 8417993 | pmc = 1205303 }}
• GTG/GUG: Polyplacophora{{cite journal | vauthors = Boore JL, Brown WM | title = Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the black chiton, Katharina tunicata | journal = Genetics | volume = 138 | issue = 2 | pages = 423–43 | date = October 1994 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/138.2.423 | pmid = 7828825 | pmc = 1206160 | url =http://www.genetics.org/content/138/2/423.long }}
• TTG/UUG: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis.

• Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis;
• Mollusca: Bivalvia);{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffmann RJ, Boore JL, Brown WM | title = A novel mitochondrial genome organization for the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis | journal = Genetics | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 397–412 | date = June 1992 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/131.2.397 | pmid = 1386586 | pmc = 1205014 }} Polyplacophora;
• Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia;{{cite journal | vauthors = Batuecas B, Garesse R, Calleja M, Valverde JR, Marco R | title = Genome organization of Artemia mitochondrial DNA | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 16 | issue = 14A | pages = 6515–29 | date = July 1988 | pmid = 3135541 | pmc = 338311 | doi = 10.1093/nar/16.14.6515}}
• Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila [Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), Apis mellifera (honeybee)].

• Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code).{{cite journal | vauthors = Abascal F, Posada D, Knight RD, Zardoya R | title = Parallel evolution of the genetic code in arthropod mitochondrial genomes | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = e127 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16620150 | pmc = 1440934 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040127 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Richard |title=For Arthropod Mitochondria, Variety in the Genetic Code Is Standard |journal=PLOS Biology |date=25 April 2006 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e175 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040175|pmid=20076581 |pmc=1440929 |doi-access=free }}
• GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila.{{cite journal | vauthors = Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR | title = The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 252–71 | date = 1985 | pmid = 3001325 | doi = 10.1007/BF02099755| bibcode = 1985JMolE..22..252C | s2cid = 12384495 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Gadaleta G, Pepe G, De Candia G, Quagliariello C, Sbisà E, Saccone C | title = Nucleotide sequence of rat mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. GTG, a new initiator codon in vertebrate mitochondrial genome | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 16 | issue = 13 | pages = 6233 | date = July 1988 | pmid = 3399396 | pmc = 336868 | doi = 10.1093/nar/16.13.6233}} AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus
• "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster{{cite journal | vauthors = de Bruijn MH | title = Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA, a novel organization and genetic code | journal = Nature | volume = 304 | issue = 5923 | pages = 234–41 | date = 1983 | pmid = 6408489 | doi = 10.1038/304234a0| bibcode = 1983Natur.304..234D | s2cid = 35948584 }} and D. yakuba,{{cite journal | vauthors = Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR | title = Nucleotide sequence of a segment of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA that contains the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits II and III and ATPase subunit 6 | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | pages = 4211–27 | date = June 1983 | pmid = 6306579 | pmc = 326036 | doi = 10.1093/nar/11.12.4211}} since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame."{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox TD | title = Natural variation in the genetic code | journal = Annual Review of Genetics | volume = 21 | pages = 67–91 | date = 1987 | pmid = 3327473 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ge.21.120187.000435 }}

• List of genetic codes

{{NLM content}}{{cite web | first1 = Andrzej | last1 = Elzanowski | first2 = Jim | last2 = Ostell | first3 = Detlef | last3 = Leipe | first4 = Vladimir | last4 = Soussov | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#thetop |title= The Genetic Codes|access-date=26 August 2015 | work = Taxonomy browser | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine }}

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Category:Molecular genetics

Category:Gene expression

Category:Protein biosynthesis

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