Iris bloudowii
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|genus = Iris
|display_parents = 2
|parent = Iris sect. Psammiris
|species = bloudowii
|authority = Ledebour
|synonyms = {{Species list
| Iris flavissima var. bloudowii |(Ledeb.) Baker
| Iris flavissima var. umbrosa |Bunge}}
|synonyms_ref = {{cite web |title=Iris bloudowii Ledeb. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321630 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List) |access-date=29 April 2015}}
}}
Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Description
It is similar in form to Iris humilis (another Psammiris species).{{cite web |first=Alain |last= Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris bloudowii Bunge |date=4 December 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecBloudowii |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| access-date=29 April 2015}}
It has a thick, short, irregularly shaped, fibrous rhizome.{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 309 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028153 |publisher=efloras (Flora of China) |access-date=30 April 2015}}{{cite web |title=Irises Psammiris |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_hum.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |access-date=30 April 2015}}{{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 6) Psammiris |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/categorie-0.html&usg=ALkJrhh70LNmXSsW7XWSPOAq9g9rjg4IpQ |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213065219/http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/categorie-0.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=dead }} They are {{convert|0.5|-|1.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{cite web |title=Bludova Iris (Iris bloudowii) |url=http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html |publisher=agbina.com |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314065254/http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html |url-status=dead }} Under the rhizome are numerous yellow-white, secondary roots.{{cite web |title=Central Iris Iris bloudowii Ledeb. |url=http://www.plants.csdb.cn/eflora/View/Search/chs_contents.aspx%3FCPNI%3DCPNI-252-06653&usg=ALkJrhh_pUr3QVolTR5xMLyDez3VyrozdA |publisher=plants.csdb.cn |access-date=1 May 2015}} On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=58}} The rhizome has many branches, creating a slowly, creeping plant.{{cite web |title=Iris bloudowii |url=http://wiki.plantae.se/index.php/Iris_bloudowii |publisher=wiki.plantae.se |access-date=30 April 2015}}
It has 2–4 linear, lanceolate, or sword-shaped basal leaves. They are slightly curved or sickle-shaped. They appear in spring, as broad, brown shoots,{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |author-link=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |access-date=1 November 2014}} before turning greyish green or light green.{{cite web |title=Wintering Perennials |url=http://humangarden.ru/bd/novosad/novosad.php?id_rast=274 |publisher=humangarden.ru |access-date=1 May 2015}} They can grow up to between {{convert|8|and|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and between 4 and 8 mm wide at blooming time. Later, they extend up to between {{convert|15|and|25|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and between 8 and 13 mm wide. They have 5–6 longitudinal veins, but no central mid-vein.{{cite web |first=D. |last=Kramb |title=Iris bloudowii |date=14 September 2004 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-bloudowii |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |access-date=30 April 2015}} The leaves are deciduous, and die away after flowering.
It has a slender, erect stem, that can reach up to between {{convert|8|and|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long. After flowering, the stem extends up to {{convert|35|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | page=125 | isbn=978-0-88192-089-5}}{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=23 November 2014}}{{cite web |title=Iris Bludova |url=http://www.oookorni.ru/Details/Iris-bludova.html |publisher=oookorni.ru |access-date=1 May 2015}} It is not branched and carries the flowers above the foliage.
The stem has 2 or 3 keeled, oblong-lanceolate, reddish purple, membranous spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud). They are {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.6–2 cm wide.
The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,{{cite web |title=Rainbow |date=9 December 2014 |url=http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |publisher=wdtns.ru |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082414/http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }} blooming in late spring,{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb|url-access=registration |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb/page/16 16] |isbn=978-0715305393 }} between April and May, or June (in Russia). The flowers are held on pedicels (stalks) that are 0.5–2 cm long.
The flowers are {{convert|5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, come in shades of yellow, from bright yellow,{{cite web |title=Iris bloudowii |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/171458/#b |publisher=davesgarden.com |access-date=30 April 2015}} to clear yellow, to dark yellow.
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0881927306 }} The falls are obovate, or ovate, with purple or brown veins, leading to the haft (the section closest to the stem), and have a central yellow or golden beard. They are 4 cm long and 2 cm wide. The upright standards are oblanceolate and 3–4.5 cm long and 1–1.2 cm wide. They are narrower and shorter than the falls.
It has a 1–1.5 cm long perianth tube, which is equal in length to the green, spindle-shaped ovary. The ovary also has 6 purple stripes. The plant also has {{convert|1.8|-|2.2|cm|0|abbr=on}} long stamens, and bright yellow style branches that are flat and 2.5 cm long.
After the iris has flowered, between June and August, it produces an oval or ovoid seed capsule, on a 1–1.2 cm long stalk. Inside are dark brown, ellipsoid or oval seeds, which are 5 mm long and 3 mm wide. They are wrinkled and have a white aril (appendage).
=Genetics=
In a 1986 study, the chromosomes of 3 iris species in China, Iris mandshurica, Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii, were counted. Iris bloudowii had a count of 2n=26.{{cite journal |last= Yutang |first=Zhao |last2=Jingmei |first2= Lu |date=February 1986 |title=Karyotype Studies Of 3 Species Of Genus Iris In China |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DBSZ198602008.htm |journal=Journal of Northeast Normal University |access-date=5 May 2015}}
In 2005, a study was carried out on Iris bloudowii.{{cite journal |last=Ning |first=Li |last2=YuZhi |first2=Dong |last3=FengLi |first3=Liang |date=2005 |title=Studies on microsporogenesis and the formation of male gametophyte (plant cell) in Iris bloudowii. |url=http://eurekamag.com/research/004/476/004476873.php |journal=Bulletin of Botanical Research |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=140–143 |access-date=30 April 2015}}
In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and it is from several closely related iris species, including Iris ensata, Iris setosa, Iris halophila, Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii, Iris tenuifolia, Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea.{{cite journal |last=Sun |first=Ming-Zhou |last2=Li |first2=Ming-Rui |last3=Shi |first3=Feng-Xue |last4=Li |first4=Lin |last5=Liu |first5=Ying |last6=Li |first6=Lin-Feng |last7=Xiao |first7=Hong-Xing |date=July 2012 |title=Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=7 |pages=286–288 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100608 |pmid=22739712 }} {{subscription required}}
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
It has been counted several times, 2n=22 (Marc Simonet, 1934), 2n=22 (Randolph, 1947), 2n=26 (Simonet, 1952) and 2n=26 (Doronkin, 1984).
It is commonly published as 2n=22, 26, or 2n = 26.
Taxonomy
It has the common names of 'Bludov iris' or 'Bludova iris' (in Russia).{{cite web |first=Olga |last=Kuznetsova |title=Iris bloudowii |date=19 January 2015 |url=http://mycoweb.ru/Notes/Iris_bloudowii_Ledeb.html |publisher=mycoweb.ru |access-date=30 April 2015}} It was also known as 'Blondow's iris'{{Google Books|Bl8CAAAAYAAJ|Annals of Horticulture|page=73}} due to a spelling translation mistake.
It is written as 中亚鸢尾 in Chinese script, and known as Zhōng Yà yuān wĕi in Pinyin in China.{{GRIN | access-date=30 April 2015}} 'Zhong ya yuan wei' is translated into English as 'Central Asian iris', or 'central iris'.
The Latin specific epithet bloudowii refers to von Bloudow (or Count Dmitri N. Bludova, 1785–1864{{cite web |title=President of the Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.ras.ru/presidents/28331381-be50-4315-872e-88f22c6c8e34.aspx |publisher=ras.ru |access-date=5 May 2015}}), a former President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in Saint Petersburg.
It was first published and described by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour in Icones Plantarum (Icon. Pl.) Vol. 2 on page 5 in 1830.{{cite web |title=Iris bloudowii Ledeb. |url=http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=558099&lay_out=1&hd=0 |publisher=plantillustrations.org |access-date=1 May 2015}}{{cite web |title=Iris bloudowii Ledeb., Icon. Pl. 2: 5 (1830) |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=321630 |publisher=kew.org |access-date=29 April 2015}}{{cite web |first=N.B. |last=Alekseeva |title=The history of the introduction of wild species of Iris (Iridaceae) flora Russia (Botanical Institute Komarov Academy of Sciences St Petersburg) |url= http://www.binran.ru/files/publications/Proceedings/Proceedings_300-years/Proceedings_300-years_Alexeeva.pdf |publisher=binran.ru |access-date=2 May 2015}}
The type specimen for description was collected from the Altai Mountains.
It was also published in Flora Altaica, Volume 4 on page 331 in 1833.Carl Friedrich von Ledebour {{Google books|OZcCAAAAYAAJ|'Flora Altaica', Volume 4|page=14}} Then in February 2007, Brian Mathew published an article in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volume 24, Issue 1, pages 30–33.{{cite journal |volume=24 |pages=30–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00556.x |year=2007 |last1=Mathew |first1=Brian |title=577. Iris Bloudowii |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine }}
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.
Iris bloudowii is an accepted name by the RHS.{{cite web|title=Iris bloudowii |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/22902/Iris-bloudowii/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| access-date=30 April 2015}}
Distribution and habitat
Iris bloudowii is native to temperate regions of central Asia.
=Range=
It is found within the Siberian region,{{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris| url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | access-date=21 November 2014}} of the Russian Federation, in the states of Aga Buryat, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva and Primorye. It is also found in Kazakhstan,{{cite web |title=Three irises of the Altai |date=26 April 2014 |url=http://prairiebreak.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/three-irises-of-altai.html |publisher=prairebreak.blogspot.co.uk |access-date=30 April 2015}} and Mongolia.
It is also found in China, within the Chinese province of Xinjiang (also known as 'Chinese Turkestan').
This includes the Altai Mountains,{{cite web| url=http://www.greentours.co.uk/Asia/THE-ALTAI/ | title=THE ALTAI, CENTRAL ASIA'S GOLDEN MOUNTAINS | publisher=greentours.co.uk | access-date=5 November 2014}} and Tien Shan Mountains.
It is listed with Iris glaucescens, Iris humilis, Iris ruthenica, Iris sibirica, Iris tenuifolia and Iris tigridia being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).{{cite web |title=Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion |url=http://www.bioaltai-sayan.ru/regnum/eng/species_all.php?right=box-spec-p/iris.php |publisher=bioaltai-sayan.ru |access-date=15 August 2015}}
=Habitat=
Cultivation
It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 and Zone 9.
It is very cold hardy but prefers dry winter conditions.
It prefers to be grown in well-drained, light sandy soils. It can grow in gravelly soils.
It can tolerate mildly acidic or mildly alkaline soils (pH levels between 6.1 and 7.8).
It can tolerate positions in full sun.
It has average water needs during the growing season, but it should be kept dry during the winter.
In the UK, it is best grown in a covered frame, but it can grown in the open in Russia.
It is rare in cultivation in the UK.
It has been grown in Russia since 1829. It was tested in botanical gardens of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Chita and Barnaul.
Aphis newtoni Theobald can be found on Iris bloudowii, Iris latifolia, Iris spuria and Tigridia pavonia.Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 {{Google books|MUIohJLKGOYC|Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002|page=128}}
=Propagation=
It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.
In 2003, a study was carried out on pollinating and germinating seeds of Iris bloudowii. It was concluded that if the pollination was around 12:00 in the morning. It is self-incompatibile.{{cite journal |last=Dong |first=Yuzho |last2=Zan |first2=Shaoping |last3=Ning |first3= Li |last4=Wei |first4=Wu |last5=Lin |first5=Zhang |date=2003 |title=The Pollen Living Ability and Pollination of Iris bloudowii |url=http://europepmc.org/abstract/CBA/546479 |journal=Journal of Northeast Forestry University |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=78–79 |access-date=30 April 2015}}
=Hybrids and cultivars=
Iris bloudowii is rarely used in hybridizing, but a cross with Iris lutescens called 'Promise' was successful.
It also has 2 cultivars, 'Bloudowii Rupestris' and 'Bloudowii Turkestanica'.
Toxicity
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
- Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:177.
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. [lists as I. bloudowi Bunge].
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 39.
- Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
External links
- [http://bruset.net/2013/06/iris-bloudowii/comment-page-1/ Two photos of Iris bloudowii in flower in the Altai Mountains]
- {{Wikispecies-inline|Iris bloudowii}}
{{Clear}}
{{Iris subg. Iris}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10871713}}