Irreligion in the United Kingdom

Organised activism for irreligion in the United Kingdom derived its roots from the legacy of British nonconformists. The South Place Religious Society, which would later become associated with the Ethical movement, was founded in 1793 as an organisation of Philadelphians or Universalists.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In 1811, The Necessity of Atheism was published by a young Oxford student, Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was one of the first printed, open avowals of irreligion in England.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The Oracle of Reason, the first avowedly atheist periodical publication in British history, was published from 1841 to 1843 by Charles Southwell. It suffered from numerous imprisonments of its staff, including Southwell, George Holyoake and Thomas Paterson, for missives deemed "blasphemous" by the authorities (Holyoake was the last person in Britain convicted of blasphemy in a public lecture). Holyoake took to publishing The Movement (1842–1845) following his six-month sentence, which later became The Reasoner (1845–1860) and shifted to a larger focus on social issues facing the British working class, increasing the publication's readership. It was during this time that Holyoake developed his idea for the replacement of Christianity with an ethical system based upon science and reason, terming his proposal "secularism".{{cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/PRholyoak.htm |title=George Holyoake : Biography |publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com |access-date=2019-02-27}}

File:Charles Bradlaugh.jpg, Member of Parliament for Northampton and founder of the National Secular Society in 1866.]]

George Holyoake's coining of the word secularism in 1851 offered the English-speaking world the clarification of the nascent movement for separation of religion and state. The National Secular Society, founded in 1866 by politician Charles Bradlaugh, spearheaded the advocacy for freeing citizens from absolute government requirements involving religious observances; the Leicester Secular Society was founded in 1851. Bradlaugh's 1880 election to Parliament brought on a decade-long dispute over the demanded right to affirm declarations of office rather than swear oaths, as he was denied his seat for five years by a ruling that he had no right to affirm and resolutions preventing him from swearing an oath. When Bradlaugh was ultimately admitted in 1886, he took up the issue and saw the Oaths Act 1888 passed, which confirmed the right to optionally affirm declarations for inaugurations to office and offering testimony to government bodies.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oY0nsXwPJ3AC&q=Irreligion+in+the+netherlands&pg=PA54 |title=Religion and Mental Health - Google Books |date= 15 October 1992|isbn=9780195361490 |access-date=2012-08-09|last1=Schumaker |first1=John F. |publisher=Oxford University Press }}

In 1881, The Freethinker began circulation as Britain's longest-running humanist periodical. In 1896, the Union of Ethical Societies was formed in the United Kingdom by American Stanton Coit as a union of pre-existing British Ethical movement societies; this group would later become known as the Ethical Union and the British Humanist Association.{{cite web |url= http://www.humanism.org.uk/about/our-history-since-1896/ |title= Our History since 1896 |access-date= 2 November 2013}} In 1899, the Rational Press Association was formed by a group of free-thinkers including Charles Albert Watts and George Holyoake.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Meanwhile, the South Place Religious Society became further aligned with organised secularist advocacy during the tenure of Moncure D. Conway as minister of the congregation; Conway, an American Unitarian minister who served from 1864 to 1885 and 1892–1897, moved the congregation further away from doctrinal Unitarianism, and spent the break in his tenure (during which Stanton Coit served in his stead) writing a biography of American revolutionary ideologue Thomas Paine. In 1888, the South Place Religious Society became the South Place Ethical Society, now known as the Conway Hall Ethical Society.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

File:Richard Dawkins Cooper Union Shankbone.jpg has been a significant figure in irreligion since the 1970s]]

The 1960s were a significant time for irreligion, as the Ethical Union rebranded as the British Humanist Association, which went on to co-found the International Humanist and Ethical Union and create a symbol for humanism, the Happy Human. Broadcasters such as Margaret K. Knight sensationalised Britain with open advocacy of non-religious values and secular education.{{cite web|url=https://humanism.org.uk/humanism/the-humanist-tradition/20th-century-humanism/margaret-knight/|title=Margaret Knight|access-date=13 May 2016}} Senior figures in the British humanist movement went out to take on leading roles in institutions such as UNESCO, the World Health Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization.{{cite web|url=http://david-pollock.org.uk/welcome/humanism/humanism-beliefs-and-values/|title=Humanism: Beliefs and Values|last=Pollock|first=David|author-link=David Pollock (humanist)|work=david-pollock.org.uk|access-date=13 May 2016}}

John William Gott, a working man of Bradford, West Yorkshire, attacked religion, especially Christianity, seeing it as reducing the opportunity for a socialist revolution. His lectures on rationalism and scepticism, and anti-Christian pamphlets, saw him jailed for blasphemy in 1911. Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith was one of a group of Members of Parliament who proposed an ultimately unsuccessful piece of legislation to abolish blasphemy offences. Gott was jailed again ten years later for a pamphlet showing Jesus as a clown, and died in 1922 soon after his nine-month sentence which included hard labour despite his worsening physical condition. There was a public backlash against his sentence.{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/47/101047693/ |title=John Gott |publisher=Oxforddnb.com |access-date=2013-08-18}}

Gott was the last Briton jailed for blasphemy, but the offence remained a technical crime through common law until being abolished in the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, who first came to prominence in 1976 following the release of The Selfish Gene, increasingly figured in British irreligion with the release of his 1986 work The Blind Watchmaker, in which he argued in favour of evolutionary natural selection as opposed to intelligent design and creationism.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=180

| image1 = Lerwick, view from a ferry.jpg

| image2 = Caerphilly aerial.jpg

| image3 = Buildings of Brighton and Hove Seafront (Norfolk Hotel to Adelaide Crescent) (April 2013).JPG

| footer = The most irreligious local authority from each country of Great Britain. In descending order, Shetland Islands (62.8%) in Scotland; Caerphilly (56.7%) in Wales; and Brighton and Hove (53.5%) in England.}}

In the 21st century, New Atheism became a popular topic of debate, support and critique in the United Kingdom. Dawkins' 2006 book The God Delusion and Christopher Hitchens' 2007 book God Is Not Great were considered emblematic works of the era among British authors, and Dawkins advocated for the Brights movement.{{cite news|author=James Wood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/aug/26/james-wood-the-new-atheism |title=The New Atheism | Books |work=The Guardian |date= 2011-08-26|access-date=2012-08-09 |location=London}} The Atheist Bus Campaign was inaugurated during this time, in which advertisements on double-decker buses were purchased by the British Humanist Association in order to advocate non-belief in the supernatural; the campaign caused controversy and complaints to authorities, but soon spread to other countries and continents, taking root in the United States as a variety of atheist billboard campaigns.{{cite news|author=Andrew Brown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2012/apr/26/persistence-superstition-irreligious-britain |title=The persistence of superstition in an irreligious Britain | Andrew Brown | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2012-08-09 |location=London}} A 2009 survey of 1,000 teenagers aged 13 to 18 reports that two-thirds of British teenagers do not believe in God.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/5603096/Two-thirds-of-teenagers-dont-believe-in-God.html |title=Two thirds of teenagers don't believe in God |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=2009-06-22 |access-date=2012-08-09 |location=London}}

The rise in irreligion was confirmed in the UK's 2011 census, which saw irreligion rise from 7.7 million in 2001 to 14.1 million, a rise of 10.3 percentage points. The local authority in England with the highest level of irreligion was Norwich, the county town of Norfolk, where the level was 42.5%.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Religion has the least influence on youth.{{cite web|url=http://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/06/24/british-youth-reject-religion/ |title=British Youth reject Religion |publisher=Yougov.co.uk |access-date=2013-08-18}} According to the 2011 census, 25% of England has no religion, 7% of Northern Ireland,{{cite news|last=Devenport |first=Mark |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20673534 |title=BBC News - Census figures: NI Protestant population continuing to decline |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2013-09-28}} one third in Scotland and one-third of Wales.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20678136 |title=BBC News - Census 2011: One third in Wales have no religion |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2013-09-28}} In 2015, over 110 Parliamentarians in the UK are members of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, which means the non-religious have substantial representation among MPs and Lords.{{cite web|title=Humanists in Parliament|url=https://humanism.org.uk/about/humanists-in-parliament/|work=British Humanist Association|access-date=9 July 2015}}

According to YouGov, Christianity is perceived to be on the decline.{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/hard-evidence-is-christianity-dying-in-britain-20734 |title=Hard evidence: is Christianity dying in Britain? |date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Theconversation.com |access-date=2013-11-27}}{{cite news|title= Secularism in Britain|publisher= YouGov|url= http://yougov.co.uk/news/2012/03/06/secularism-britain/|access-date=2013-09-06}} Mori Polls have shown that British Christians support a secular state.{{cite web|url=http://c3414097.r97.cf0.rackcdn.com/IpsosMORI_RDFRS-UK_Survey_Topline_15-02-2012.pdf |title=Religious and Social Attitudes of UK Christians in 2011 |publisher=C3414097.r97.cf0.rackcdn.com |access-date=2013-09-28| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152811/http://c3414097.r97.cf0.rackcdn.com/IpsosMORI_RDFRS-UK_Survey_Topline_15-02-2012.pdf| archive-date=2013-10-29}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9081215/Christians-dont-want-religion-to-influence-public-life.html |title=Christians don't want religion to 'influence public life' |publisher=Telegraph |date= 2012-02-14|access-date=2013-09-28 |location=London}}{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/church-of-england-drop-religion-take-up-politics/#.UqsaE9JdXp5 |title=Ye of little faith |publisher=Prospect Magazine |access-date=2015-02-17}} Britons are amongst the most skeptical about religion.{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10771044/UK-among-most-sceptical-in-world-about-religion.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=UK among most sceptical in world about religion | date=2014-04-17}}

Statistics from the Office of National Statistics published in 2019 showed that the number of non-religious people in Britain has increased by 46% since 2011 (up to a total of 39% of the population), with over 8 million more people declaring that they do not belong to any religious group. As well as this, the figures also show a 14% decline (from 59.3% to 51%) in the number of people identifying as Christian.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/adhocs/009830religionbylocalauthoritygreatbritain2011to2018|title=Religion by Local Authority, Great Britain, 2011 to 2018 - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk|access-date=2020-03-26}}{{Cite web|url=https://humanism.org.uk/2019/04/09/number-of-non-religious-people-in-britain-jumps-by-46-new-figures-show/|title=Number of non-religious people in Britain jumps by 46%, new figures show|website=Humanists UK|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}

According to the 2021 United Kingdom census the number of Christians in England and Wales decreased for the first time to less than half of the population (46.2%, 27.5 million people), a 13.1 percentage point decrease from 59.3% (33.3 million) in 2011.{{Cite news |date=2022-11-29 |title=Less than half of England and Wales population Christian, Census 2021 shows |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63792408 |access-date=2023-07-15}}{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}} with the number of those identifying as non religious becoming the second most common response, increasing by 12.0 percentage points to 37.2% (22.2 million) from 25.2% (14.1 million) in 2011.{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}{{Cite news |date=2022-11-29 |title=Less than half of England and Wales population Christian, Census 2021 shows |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63792408 |access-date=2023-07-22}} The equivalent census for Scotland in 2022 recorded, for the first time, a majority (51.1%) of the population holding no religious beliefs.{{cite news |title=Most Scots have no religion - census |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czddp0j488qo |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2024}}

Humanists UK is the most prominent organisation espousing irreligion in the United Kingdom.{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://humanists.uk/about/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Humanists UK |language=en}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} The organisation reported recent polling suggesting that the population with no religion may have reached 34 million.{{cite web | title=Alice Roberts hands Humanists UK Presidency to Adam Rutherford | website=Humanists UK | date=2022-06-06 | url=https://humanists.uk/2022/06/06/alice-roberts-hands-humanists-uk-presidency-to-adam-rutherford/ | access-date=2023-06-29}}

In 2023, research from the World Value Survey found that only 49% of Britons said they believed in God. Nick Baldwin, LGBT Humanists coordinator, told PinkNews the findings underline what Humanists "already know": "The UK population is largely non-religious and getting increasingly more so." He said: "This is at odds with our state set-up which is overly religious in nature, from faith-based discrimination in schools to having bishops in the House of Lords. Our politicians need to wake up to the facts: we live in a diverse and plural society. We should strive to build a country that treats everyone equally regardless of religion or belief."{{cite web | url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/05/19/religious-belief-god-uk-lgbtq-kings-college-london-research/ | title=UK belief in God among lowest in world, according to science | date=19 May 2023 }}

In 2024, the UK elected its least religious Parliament of all time, with 40% of new MPs choosing to make a secular affirmation rather than swear a religious oath, up from 24% in 2019. This included 50% of the new Cabinet and the new Prime Minister. Analysis showed this was because of the greatly increased intake of Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs, who were younger and less religious than the Conservative MPs they replaced. While some religious MPs take the affirmation for religious or other reasons, commentators noticed that this was likely outnumbered by self-declared atheist MPs who took the more traditional oath.{{cite web|url=https://humanists.uk/2024/07/11/highest-number-of-mps-ever-take-secular-affirmation/|title=Highest number of MPs ever take secular affirmation|date=11 July 2024|accessdate=1 August 2024|work=Humanists UK}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/most-irreligious-parliament-history-atheism-8nnzm0gpp|title=Britain has elected the most godless parliament in its history|author1=Chris Smyth|author2=Kaya Burgess|work=The Times|date=11 July 2024|accessdate=1 August 2024}}

{{Historical populations

|title = Historical population

|type =

|footnote = Religious Affiliation was not recorded in the census prior to 2001.

|align =

|width =

|state =

|shading =

|pop_name =

|percentages =

|source = Office for National Statistics

|2001|9,103,727{{efn-lg|name=fn1}}

|2011|16,221,509

|2021|25,273,945}}

File:Irreligious in the United Kingdom, 2021 Census.png

The 2021 United Kingdom census recorded an irreligious population of 25.3 million or 37.8% of the population in the United Kingdom. When broken down by country, England recorded 20.7 million (36.7%), Wales recorded 1.4 million (46.5%) and Northern Ireland recorded 331,000 (17.4%). The equivalent census was recorded a year later in Scotland with a population of 2.8 million, or 51.1% of the population. The five local authorities with the largest proportion of those who identified as holding no religious beliefs were all located in Scotland: Shetland Islands (62.75%), Fife (60.55%), Midlothian (60.54%), Aberdeenshire (58.96%) and Clackmannanshire (58.33%). In Wales, the highest proportion was in Caerphilly at 56.70%; in England, the highest proportion was in Brighton and Hove at 55.20%; and in Northern Ireland, the highest concentration was in Ards and North Down at 30.63%.

• Disestablishmentarianism
• Religion in the United Kingdom

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