Israel Russell

{{Infobox scientist

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| image = Israel Russell.jpg

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| caption = Israel Russell circa 1900

| birth_date = {{birth date |1852|12|10}}

| birth_place = Garrattsville, New York

| death_date = {{death date and age |1906|5|1|1852|12|10}}

| death_place = Ann Arbor, Michigan

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| resting_place = Forest Hill Cemetery, Ann Arbor, Michigan

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| nationality = American

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| workplaces = Columbia School of Mines, United States Geological Survey, University of Michigan

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| education = Hasbrooks Institute, Jersey City, NJ

| alma_mater = University of the City of New York, BS Civil Engineer(1872), MS (1875)

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| spouse = Julia Augusta Olmsted

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| children = Ruth, Helen, Edith, and Ralph

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Image:ICRussellUSGSMalaspinaGlacierMoraine1890ric00568.jpg

Israel Cook Russell, LL.D. (December 10, 1852 – May 1, 1906) was an American geologist and geographer known for his seminal work on paleolakes of the Great Basin and exploration of Alaska in the late 19th century.[https://rock.geosociety.org/net/gsatoday/archive/19/2/pdf/i1052-5173-19-2-14.pdf "ROCK STARS: Israel Cook Russell (1852-1906)"] GSA Today, pp 14-15, February 2009

Early life and education

Russell was born at Garrattsville, New York, on December 10, 1852. He received B.S. and C.E. degrees in 1872 from the University of the City of New York (now New York University), and later studied at the School of Mines, Columbia College.

Career

In 1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out by the United States government to observe the transit of Venus, and was stationed at Queenstown, New Zealand. On his return in 1875 he was appointed assistant in geology at the School of mines, and in 1878 he became assistant geologist on the United States geological and geographical survey west of the 100th meridian.

In 1880, he became a member of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Between 1881 and 1885 he worked at Mono Lake in east-central California. Originally employed in support of surveys for construction of the Bodie Railway connecting the Lake with Bodie, he stayed for four years making field observations that culminated in publication of The Quaternary History of Mono Valley, California (1889).John Hart: Storm over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future. University of California Press, Berkeley 1996, {{ISBN|0-520-20121-3}}, pp 27/28 ([http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft48700683;brand=ucpress online] at the University of California Press E-Books Collection) Russell's investigations of pluvial stages of Lake Lahontan Russell, I.C., 1885, Geological history of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary lake in northwestern Nevada:

U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 11.

and Mono LakeRussell, I.C., 1889, The Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey

Annual Report 8, p. 267–438 (later named pluvial "Lake Russell" in recognition of his work) combined evidence from observations of shoreline deposits, sediments preserved in outcrop, terraces, and moraines to infer lake basin history and may be considered to be the first limnogeological studies. He represented the USGS in 1889 in an expedition sent to Alaska by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to establish a portion of Alaska's eastern boundary. During the next two years, he explored, under the joint auspices of the USGS and the National Geographic Society, the slopes of Mount Saint Elias and the Yakutat Bay area. In 1890 he made the first reported sighting of Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada, and gave the mountain its name.{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Israel C.|date=1891|title=An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63553|journal=National Geographic Magazine|volume=III|pages=141}}

In 1892 he became professor of geology at the University of Michigan. At the time of his death, he was President of the Geological Society of America.Fairchild, Herman LeRoy, 1932, The Geological Society of America 1888-1930, a Chapter in Earth Science History: New York, The Geological Society of America, 232 p.Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p., {{ISBN|0-8137-1155-X}}.

In May 1902, Russell was one of a party of scientists who travelled on the USS Dixie to document the eruptions of La Soufriere, St Vincent and Mont Pelee, Martinique.{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1628081 | jstor=1628081 | title=Expedition to Martinique | journal=Science | year=1902 | volume=15 | issue=386 | pages=836–837 | doi=10.1126/science.15.386.836.b | s2cid=239849503 | url-access=subscription }} Russell was sent by the National Geographic Society along with Robert T. Hill and Carsten Borchgrevink.

=Death=

Russell died suddenly on May 1, 1906, after suffering pneumonia.{{cite journal |url=http://faculty-history.dc.umich.edu/faculty/israel-cook-russell/obituary |title=Obituary: Israel Cook Russell |journal=The Michigan Alumnus |volume=XII |date=May 1906 |number=114 |page=353 |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2023-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213080007/http://faculty-history.dc.umich.edu/faculty/israel-cook-russell/obituary |url-status=dead }}

Honours

In 1902, Marcus Baker of the USGS named Russell Fiord in his honor. Mount Russell in Alaska, Mount Rainier's Russell Glacier in Washington,Baker, Marcus. Geographical Dictionary of Alaska; 1st ed 1902, 2nd ed 1906[http://hdl.handle.net/10217/1670 The art and science of natural discovery: Israel Cook Russell and the emergence of modern environmental exploration] by Sylvestre, Patrick David{{Cite book| last = Majors | first = Harry M. | title = Exploring Washington | publisher = Van Winkle Publishing Co | year = 1975 | page = 125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ| isbn = 978-0-918664-00-6}} Mount Russell (California), and the prehistoric Lake Russell in California's Mono Basin are also named for him.

[https://community.geosociety.org/limnogeologydivision/home The Limnogeology Division] of the Geological Society of America annually gives the [https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Awards/about_Division_Awards.aspx#russell Israel C. Russell Award] to outstanding geoscientists in recognition of major achievements in limnogeology through contributions in research, teaching, and service.

Writing

Besides many contributions on geological subjects to various scientific periodicals, he published scientific memoirs, which were issued as annual reports of the Geological Survey, or as separate monographs.

=Works=

Sketch of the Geological History of Lake Lahontan (1883)
A Geological Reconnaissance in Southern Oregon (1884)
Existing Glaciers of the United States (1885)
Geological History of Lake Lahontan (1885)
Geological History of Mono Valley (1888)
Sub-Aerial Decay of Rocks (1888)
{{cite book|title=A geological reconnoissance in central Washington|author1-first=Israel Cook|author1-last=Russell|author1-link=Israel Russell|series=Bulletin|volume=108|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Geological Service|year=1893|doi=10.3133/b108|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc957843/ }}
Lakes of North America (1895)
Glaciers of North America (1897)
Volcanoes of North America (1897)
Rivers of North America (1898)
North America (1904)

References

External links

{{Gutenberg author | id=38034}}
{{Internet Archive author |sname=Israel Cook Russell}}
{{Librivox author |id=10339}}
Geological Society of America Rock Stars article about [https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/2/pdf/i1052-5173-19-2-14.pdf Israel Cook Russell]
{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Russell, Israel Cook|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Russell, Israel Cook |short=x}}
[https://books.google.com/books?id=4XXzAAAAMAAJ&dq=Israel+Cook+Russell+1906&pg=PA663 G.K. Gilbert "Israel Cook Russell" Journal of Geology 14, Nov-Dec 1906, pp 663-667]